押天津卷46—50题 阅读理解C篇说明文 -备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（天津卷）

这是一份押天津卷46—50题 阅读理解C篇说明文 -备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（天津卷），文件包含押天津卷4650题阅读理解C篇说明文解析版-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题天津卷docx、押天津卷4650题阅读理解C篇说明文原卷版-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题天津卷docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共48页， 欢迎下载使用。
押天津卷第46—50题
阅读理解C篇说明文

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（天津卷）系统考查学生英语学科的学科素养，出题题型以及试卷整体难度与往年基本保持一致。基础语言语法知识的考查都处于新高考大纲范围之内，题型稳定的同时，更深入考查学生用英语分析问题和解决问题的能力。培养学生既要具备中国人自己的文化信仰和文化自信，又兼具国际性开放包容的视野，同时展现更多的人文关怀，体现了高考在顶层设计上展现立德树人的根本性的素质教育目标。
调研2019至2021年新高考英语天津卷真题阅读理解发现，从考点来看，近两年的阅读理解题均在考纲范围内，主要包括以下几个方面：把握主旨大意、获取文章关键信息、利用上下文推断单词含义、进行逻辑判断和推理、能够梳理文章的发展顺序和组织结构、洞察出作者的意图，观点和态度。从难度上看，这几年比较平稳，但今年更多地考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨题。
阅读理解C篇说明文主要考察梳理文章细节信息、主旨要义、判断推理等，需要弄懂文章中的故事情节。运用语言逻辑思维把握关键信息的能力。
年份

体裁
词数
话题
考点分布
2020.05
C
说明文
403
电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景
细节题 2个
推理题 2个
猜词题 1个
2020.07
C
说明文
399
声音科技领域的发明
细节题 3个
推理题 1个
主旨题 1个
2021.03
C
说明文
382
催眠技术可以减轻病人痛苦和焦虑
细节题 4个
推理题 1个
2021.06
C
说明文
415
许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”
细节题 3个
推理题 2个

在天津新高考英语试卷中，阅读理解C篇基本都是说明文体裁，难度比较大。说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。考生如果能够掌握说明文型阅读理解的文体特征以及解题技巧，一定能在新高考中胜出。
1. 学习说明文文体特征，快速阅读设问。
说明文按照时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)来组织文章。故考生应该在具备相关说明文知识的基础上进行快速阅读短文的设问，精准理解关键词，面对细节判断题，需要以原文中某一句话或某一个短语为入手点，对细节句和短语进行深入判断分析，并理解出题意图，以得出最终答案。
2. 精准定位到原文关键句。
说明文的设题有一定的难度。新高考延续了以往的出题特点和命题规律，考生需要有坚实的阅读基础，才能力保不失分。用平时精读课文的扫读和查读能力，迅速匹配问题中的关键信息和原文中的关键句子，仔细阅读含有关键信息的句子，就能顺利完成此种类型的阅读任务。
3. 掌握说明方法，判断最佳关联，得出正确选项。
说明文的文体特征明显，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例子(by setting examples)、作比较-对比说明相异、类比说明相似(by making comparisons)、析因果(cause and effect)、列数字(by listing statistics /figures/numbers)、作诠释(by explanation)、下定义(by definition)、作引用(by quoting)、作假设(by making assumptions)。因此，考生需要根据说明文的方法，来帮助自己对文章以及文中长难句的理解，将文章与设问建立逻辑语义连接，正确得出答案。

Passage 1（2021•天津6月卷•第46—50题）
In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its “digital humans”, which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a “digital brain”, that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions “felt” and “expressed” by its “digital people”.
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. “They’re humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human,” she says. “Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.” She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors（行业）. “Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind,” says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. “The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize Al,” Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed. “As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology,” she says. “Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals.”
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s）do UneeQ9s “digital humans” resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A. leams to make proper emotional responses
B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D. processes the natural language it hears
48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B. Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It’s well planned.
B. It is promising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It’s quite hopeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。
Passage 2（2021•天津3月卷•第45—50题）
A trial project by the Montreal Children’s Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging (医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia (麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified (改变的) state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient,” Ms. L’Ecuyer said. “The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure.”
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head,” Ms. L'Ecuyer said. “It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness.”
“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists,” Ms. L’Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
45. One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A. a better understanding of children
B. less use of certain medicines
C. new medical-imaging technology
D. an improved reputation of the hospital
46. The French technologist came to the children’s hospital to ________.
A. assist in treating a patient
B. carry out hypnosis training
C. start up a new department
D. learn about the procedure
47. According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A. creating a perfect world for patients
B. forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C. putting patients into an unconscious state
D. leading patients' consciousness away from reality
48. What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A. It should keep pace with the procedure.
B. It reflects the patient’s creativity.
C. It is selected by the technologist.
D. It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
49. The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A. uncertainty
B. enthusiasm
C. worry
D. criticism
50. What is the passage mainly about?
A. An easy way to communicate with patients.
B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【答案】45. B 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D
【语篇分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified（改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。
【50题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。
Passage 3（2020•天津7月卷•第46—50题）
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
46. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
A. It causes temporary hearing loss.
B. It slows down a running man.
C. It makes it easy to identify a suspect.
D. It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A. silence the people around you
B. remove the sound of commercials
C. block the incoming sound waves
D. stop unwanted sound from affecting you
48. What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A. They travel in circles.
B. They clear the atmosphere.
C. They can be transformed into energy.
D. They can be directed onto a specific area.
49. Directed sound can be used for ________.
A. creative designs of restaurant menus
B. ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C. different choices of music for businesses
D. strict control over any suspicious customer
50. What does the passage focus on?
A. How professionals invented sound products.
B. Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C. The growing interest in the study of sound.
D. How sound engineers work in their studios.
【答案】46. A 47. D 48. D 49. C 50. B
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”可知它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。由此可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”可知，它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。由此可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。
【48题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,”spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。由此可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。
【50题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。
Passage 4（2020•天津5月卷•第45—50题）
Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries.
Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine.
Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There’s also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.
While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone’s feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can’t just be ignored.
The transition（过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing.
It’s certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years.
45. According to Para.l, what is happening in air transport?
A. New explorations of the sky are being launched.
B. Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled.
C. Efforts are being made to make air travel greener.
D. Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively.
46. Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights?
A. It runs short route
B. It has a strong partner.
C. Its planes can land on the sea.
D. It has planes with powerful engines.
47. The expression “added bonus” refers to the fact that electric planes___________.
A. give passengers more pleasant views
B. bring airlines more financial benefits
C. offer more enjoyable flying experiences
D. cost less in maintenance than traditional ones
48. What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying?
A. To improve the ground service for e-planes.
B. To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry.
C. To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes.
D. To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes.
49. What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight?
A. To produce new electric components.
B. To increase battery consumption.
C. To use mixed-power technology.
D. To expand the landing field.
50. What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying?
A. Short-sighted.
B. Wait-and-see.
C. Optimistic.
D. Skeptical.
【答案】45. C 46. A 47. C 48. D 49. C 50. C
【语篇分析】
本文是说明文。为了使航空旅行更环保, 出现了电动飞行。文章介绍了电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我们想要大的绿色天空解决方案，就需要藍天思维。幸运的是，现在有很多这样的情况发生，尤其是靠电池供电的短途飞行)由此判断出，人们正在努力使航空旅行更加环保。故选C。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飞机航空公司，每年有40架水上飞机搭载3万次商业航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航线的飞行时间都不到30分钟，这使得它完全适合于电动引擎。也就是说 Harbour Air的飞行航线短使电动飞行成了可能。故选A。
【47题详解】
猜测词义题。根据下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静等优点，因此为乘坐电动飞机的乘客提供更愉快的飞行体验。所以added bonus指的是乘客获得的更愉快飞行体验的额外收获。故选C。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知电池不能提供足够的燃料, 而携带足够的电池会使飞机太重而无法起飞。在飞机上，每一点重量都很重要，不能忽视。由此推知平衡电动飞机电池的功率和重量是电动飞机面临的最大挑战。故选D。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The transition(过渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知从燃料飞行到电动飞行过渡过程中，可以使用燃料和电力混合动力技术。故选C。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知电动飞行无疑是激动人心的，电动飞行短途旅行将在 未来几年内成为现实。由此判断出作者对电动飞行的前景是乐观的。故选C。

Passage 1（2021届天津和平区高三下学期一模）
These days, it’s not unusual to see middle-aged men collecting Star Wars action figures, office workers wearing Hello Kitty accessories, or celebrities like David Beckham playing with Lego bricks. It’s becoming more and more common to see adults taking an interest in toys, comic books and the activities that are traditionally associated with children. This phenomenon has given rise to a new word: kidult.
What lies behind the phenomenon? One is about adults’ nostalgia（怀旧之情）for the carefree days of childhood, and this is especially true with today's fast-paced, stressful lifestyles. Another is about a societal change in recent decades where people are starting families later. As a result, they have more time and money to spend on themselves. Some adults could only window-shop for their dream toys when they were kids, but now they can afford that radio controlled car or high-priced doll they have always wanted.
Businesses have been quick to exploit the kidult trend, and the number of toy stores that target adults has risen. Companies are repackaging products from past decades and also bringing out new ones for adults. Lego, for example, has brought out an architectural series featuring landmarks from around the world.
Society traditionally disapproves of adults who refuse to put aside childhood interests, viewing the refusal as a sign of social immaturity and irresponsibility. Those who agree with this view sometimes claim that kidults are suffering from the pop-psychology concept known as Peter Pan Syndrome, an anomaly （异常）that people remain emotionally at the level of teenagers. On a grander scale, these kidult opponents （对手）argue that such delayed adulthood causes couples to marry later and have fewer children. This in turn can lead to shrinking national economies, for there needs to be a generational replenishment（补充）of the workforce.
From the standpoint of kidults, though, this phenomenon is seen as nothing but harmless fun. Kidults insist that having youthful interests keeps them young, happy and creative, and their refusal to conform to society’s acceptable tastes shows independent thinking. Besides, they argue that being part of the social trend of delayed adulthood is not purely a personal choice. The real causes include expensive housing, increased educational requirements for employment and poor work opportunities.
Whether the kidult phenomenon will continue to grow or prove to be a passing trend is anyone’s guess. As the debate about it continues, remember that there is nothing wrong with being young at heart.
46. What does the kidult phenomenon refer to?
A. Adults act like children.
B. Adults have child-like tastes.
C. Adults go in for collecting toys.
D. Adults like playing with children.
47. Which of the following might cause the emergence of kidults?
A. Different living conditions.
B. More choices about toys.
C. High pressure of modern life.
D. Good memories of childhood.
48. What does the underlined word “exploit” probably mean?
A. Get used to.
B. Look forward to.
C. Take advantage of.
D. Make way for.
49. How does the text deal with the debate about kidults?
A. By strongly opposing kidult opponents.
B. By convincing readers to accept kidults.
C. By refusing to take a stand on the issue.
D. By presenting both sides of the argument.
50. What can we infer about the author's attitude towards the phenomenon from the last paragraph?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. C 49. D 50. B
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如今社会，成年人对玩具、漫画书以及传统上与孩子有关的活动产生兴趣的现象越来越普遍。这种现象背后的原因及社会上对这种现象的不同看法。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第一段最后句“It's becoming more and more common to see adults taking an interest in toys, comic books and the activities that are traditionally associated with children. This phenomenon has given rise to a new word: kidult.”（成年人对玩具、漫画书以及传统上与孩子有关的活动产生兴趣的现象越来越普遍。这种现象催生了一个新词:kidult。）可知，“大孩子现象”指的是成年人有像孩子的一样的爱好。故选B项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第二段第二句“One is about adults' nostalgia （怀旧之情）for the carefree days of childhood, and this is especially true with today's fast-paced, stressful lifestyles.”（一个原因是成人对童年的无忧无虑的日子的怀旧之情以及当今快节奏和紧张的生活方式。）可知，导致成年儿童的出现的原因是现代生活的高压。故选C项。
【48题详解】
猜测词义题。由文章第三段第一句“Businesses have been quick to exploit the kidult trend, and the number of toy stores that target adults has risen.”（企业迅速利用了这一趋势，以成年人为目标的玩具店数量也在增加。）及第二句“Companies are repackaging products from past decades and also bringing out new ones for adults.”（公司正在重新包装过去几十年的产品，并推出新的成人产品。）可知，第二句是对第一句内容的具体体现，公司之所以重新包装过去几十年的产品，并推出新的成人产品是因为公司要利用这一儿童成年人的趋势。固划线的词的意思是“利用”，A. Get used to.习惯于；B. Look forward to.期盼；C. Take advantage of.利用；D. Make way for.为……让路。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第四段前两句“Society traditionally disapproves of adults who refuse to put aside childhood interests, viewing the refusal as a sign of social immaturity and irresponsibility. Those who agree with this view sometimes claim that kidults are suffering from the pop-psychology concept known as Peter Pan Syndrome, an anomaly （异常）that people remain emotionally at the level of teenagers.”（传统上社会不赞成那些拒绝把童年兴趣放在一边的成年人，认为这种拒绝是社会不成熟和不负责任的表现。那些赞成这种观点的人有时声称儿童成年人患有流行心理学概念称为彼得潘综合症疾病, 一种人们保持情感上的青少年水平的异常。）可知，文章是通过提出论点的两个方面来处理有关成年儿童的辩论的。故选D项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后段最后一句“As the debate about it continues, remember that there is nothing wrong with being young at heart.”（当关于这个问题的争论还在继续时，请记住，心态年轻并没有错。）可知，作者对这一现象持积极的态度。故选B项。
Passage 2（2022届天津市南开区高三下学期一模）
A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90-pound person who is physically weak. So what makes him so strong? What other qualities does he need?
Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers—a number that is fixed during childhood—which contract (收缩）when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter's biceps(二头肌）will contract.
Aside from the strength, two other factors go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minute, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial(运动测试). This greater volume means more work for the heart—a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.
Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar—the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it runs out of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.
46. What determines the strength of a world-champion body builder?
A. The thickness of fibers and the number of those contracting contemporarily.
B. The number of fibers and the amount of exercise he does at the same time.
C. The function of fibers and their thickness.
D. The function of fibers and their recovery.
47. What effect does exercise have on muscle fibers according to the passage?
A. It helps fibers more easily to contract.
B. It makes fibers increase quickly in size.
C. It makes more fibers weak or untrained.
D. It helps more fibers to work at one time.
48. What does the author mean by saying “this greater volume means more work for the heart ”?
A.The heart bears the task of making more blood during a vigorous trial.
B. The heart needs to bear the fast heart beating during a vigorous trial.
C. The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becomes stronger routinely during a vigorous trial.
49. What could be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The more sugar muscles store, the thicker the fibers in them become.
B. The more sugar a muscle consumes, the less it tends to store next time.
C. The more sugar the muscles of an athlete store, the longer time they can work.
D. The amount of sugar in muscles largely depends on when they refuel at the nest meal.
50. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Strong Heart and World-champion
B. Strength, Fitness and Endurance
C. Body Building and Muscles
D. Resources of Strength
【答案】46. A 47. D 48. C 49. C 50. B
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍健美运动员为什么会这么强壮，需要具备哪些品质。作者首先阐明了力量产生的原因，在于肌肉的功能以及肌肉纤维同时收缩的数量，还论述了心脏的健康度以及肌肉工作的耐力都对运动员具有重要意义。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据 Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.（力量不取决于纤维的数量而是肌肉纤维厚度的功能，以及同时收缩时有多少肌肉纤维。）可知，A项The thickness of fibers and the number of those contracting contemporarily符合。故选A项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time.（锻炼也能训练肌肉纤维同时工作。）根据文章意思，D项 It helps more fibers to work at one time符合。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据 During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles.（锻炼过程中，血液会极大增加由肌肉回流到心脏）由此判断出，C项The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial符合。故选C项。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar—the muscles can store. （耐力，或者肌肉工作的时间长度，取决于肌肉能储存多少能量，在这种情况是糖。）由此可知，C项 The more sugar the muscles of an athlete store, the longer time they can work符合。故选C项。
【50题详解】
主旨大意题。根据整篇文章，第一段导入话题，第二段讲力量的来源，第三段讲锻炼时肌肉的工作，第四段讲健康，第五段论述耐力。由此判断出，B项Strength, Fitness and Endurance符合。故选B项。
Passage 3（2022届天津市河西区高三下学期一模）
“Hi, how are ya,” some people say when they see a familiar face. The words run together into a mass, all sense and meaning lost. All the same, people do care how you are. After they greet you, it’s likely you will greet them back, with an equally meaningless phrase like, “Can’t complain, can’t complain.” You could probably complain, at length, or share a brilliant thought you were just beginning when a greeting interrupted you. You don’t though, you say, “Great, you?”
You are not giving each other information about your health and well-being. All the same, you are sharing information. You’re acknowledging each other’s positions as acknowledged friends, or at least as accepted acquaintances. And you are reestablishing the ties that may have lapsed since yesterday.
It’s what anthropologist Bronislaw Malinoski called a phatic communication. Its message is not in the words you use, but in the fact that you speak ritually accepted words. In Asia, for example, people may ask one another if they have eaten, or if they are busy. They’re not really asking for their lunch menu or their agenda, they are saying hello. A phatic signal says hi.
There’s embarrassment of being near people without acknowledging them. That uncomfortable feeling is one reason why lonely passengers in the subway may behave as if they cannot see anyone around them or may escape their uncomfortable situation with a book. Some people read all the way home, and never turn a page.
Your friend isn’t asking how you are, and you aren’t telling him. However, he is recognizing your existence, and when you answer, you are recognizing his. In addition, the set speech you have shared opens the door to closer communications if both agree. Someday, you may come to real close friendship, and really tell one another how you are.
Meanwhile, people who greet one another this way do care. They care enough to recognize someone’s essential humanity. They send a signal across the space between, to share, very briefly and lightly, in awareness of one another.
Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social outcast. How are you? You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day.
46. When people greet, they ________.
A. want to show their different educational backgrounds
B. rarely show something related to the words themselves
C. want to know other people’s privacy
D. often complain about the bad weather
47. According to Bronislaw Malinoski, a phatic communication ________.
A. is rarely used by Asian people
B. is too complex to be used often
C. helps establish or keep certain relationships
D. often ruins the normal relationships between friends
48. Some people seldom greet strangers because ________.
A. they want to be polite to others B. they feel uncomfortable to do it
C. they don’t know when to greet them D. they want to do something meaningful
49. The underlined word “outcast” in the last paragraph probably means ________.
A. a person who is well-educated B. a person who succeeds suddenly
C. a person who is a burden to society D. a person who is not accepted by others
50. What does the text mainly tell us?
A. Greetings should be better expressed.
B. Greetings convey different meanings to different people.
C. Greetings help prove an individual’s social independence.
D. Greetings help an individual be connected with the society.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. D
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了问候本身没有意义，这一行为的作用是承认彼此是公认的朋友，或者至少是公认的熟人以及重建昨天就已经失去的关系。论述了问候有助于个人与社会联系。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中““Hi, how are ya,” some people say when they see a familiar face. The words run together into a mass, all sense and meaning lost. All the same, people do care how you are. After they greet you, it’s likely you will greet them back, with an equally meaningless phrase like, “Can’t complain, can’t complain.(“嗨，你好吗？”有些人在看到熟悉的面孔时会这样说。这些词聚在一起，失去了所有的意义。尽管如此，人们还是很关心你的。在他们问候你之后，你很可能也会用一句同样毫无意义的话来回应他们，比如：“还行，过得去。”)”可知，当人们打招呼时，他们很少会表现出与这些话本身有关的东西。故选B。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“And you are reestablishing the ties that may have lapsed since yesterday.(你正在重建昨天就已经失去的关系)”以及第三段“It’s what anthropologist Bronislaw Malinoski called a phatic communication. Its message is not in the words you use, but in the fact that you speak ritually accepted words. In Asia, for example, people may ask one another if they have eaten, or if they are busy. They’re not really asking for their lunch menu or their agenda, they are saying hello. A phatic signal says hi.(这就是人类学家Bronislaw Malinoski所说的“交际”。它的信息不在于你所使用的语言，而在于你在仪式上所说的话。例如，在亚洲，人们可能会互相问对方是否吃过了，或者是否很忙。他们并不是真的要他们的午餐菜单或日程安排，他们只是在打招呼。一个客套话表示“你好”)”可推知，根据Bronislaw Malinoski的说法，客套话有助于建立或保持某些关系。故选C。
【48题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“That uncomfortable feeling is one reason why lonely passengers in the subway may behave as if they cannot see anyone around them or may escape their uncomfortable situation with a book.(这种不舒服的感觉是为什么在地铁里孤独的乘客可能会表现得好像看不到周围的人，或者可能会用一本书来逃离这种不舒服的情况的原因之一)”可知，有些人很少和陌生人打招呼，因为他们觉得这样做不舒服。故选B。
【49题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social”以及后文“You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day.”可知，问候证明你仍然是地位很好的社会的一员。 你仍然是那个知道每天上班必须例行公事的人，即你们的问候证明你们俩都没有成为社会上不被别人接受的人。故画线词意思是“不被别人接受的人”。故选D。
【50题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social outcast. How are you? You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day. (你们的问候证明你们俩都没有成为社会的弃儿。你好吗？你仍然是地位很好的社会的一员。你仍然是那个知道每天上班必须例行公事的人)”结合文章主要说明了问候本身没有意义，这一行为的作用是承认彼此是公认的朋友，或者至少是公认的熟人以及重建昨天就已经失去的关系。论述了问候有助于个人与社会联系。可知，文章主要告诉我们问候有助于个人与社会联系。故选D。

Passage 1
EVERY few hundred years, a sleeping giant in southern Italy awakens with a bang, spewing volcanic ash across the countryside. The volcano, called Mount Vesuvius, formed 25,000 years ago. During its most explosive eruptions, the volcano could blanket nearby cities with hot ash, sometimes also burying them with deadly flows of mud and rocks. One famous eruption occurred nearly 2,000 years ago, in the year AD 79. It lasted 18 hours and destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing thousands of people as they tried to escape.
Scientists and city officials had supposed that Naples, one of Italy’s most populous cities, was far enough away that it would be safe from the volcano’s wrath. New evidence suggests that this might not be the case.
Researchers recently discovered 4000-year-old layers of ash and mud under present-day Naples. Just outside the city, they also uncovered abandoned villages, as well as human and animal skeletons. Most surprising of all, the researchers say, was the discovery of thousands of footprints from the same time period, pressed into layers of wet ash that had rained from the sky. The footprints show that thousands of people were fleeing to the northwest, away from the volcano, as it erupted.
Mount Vesuvius hasn't had a major eruption since 1631, but it’s still very active. The discovery of the ancient ash layers, skeletons, and footprints is a warning that modern Naples, a city of 3 million people, isn’t safe from the volcano, scientists say. So, when the volcano begins to rumble again, Naples should have an emergency evacuation plan ready - just in case.
46. Which of the following is true with Mount Vesuvius?
A. It formed 2,500 years ago.
B. Its latest eruption occurred 2,000 years ago.
C. It is an active, destructive volcano.
D. It is where the city Naples is located.
47. What does the word underlined possibly mean?
A. Path. B. Heat. C. Fear . D. Eruption.
48. The researchers found the new evidence EXCEPT _________.
A. ancient layers of ash and mud
B. animal footprints
C. abandoned villages
D. human skeletons
49. What can we conclude from the passage?
A. City Pompeii has been rebuilt now.
B. City Naples isn’t suitable for living.
C. Mount Vesuvius will not erupt in a hundred years.
D. Mount Vesuvius is a potential danger to Naples.
50. The author of the passage intends to ________.
A. introduce Mount Vesuvius
B. describe the city Naples
C. present new discoveries by researchers
D. propose a plan for escape
【答案】46. C 47. D 48. B 49. D 50. A
【语篇分析】
考查说明类短文阅读。文章介绍了意大利南部一座活火山——维苏威火山。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Mount Vesuvius hasn't had a major eruption since 1631, but it's still very active.可知维苏威火山仍然是一座活火山。故C正确。
【47题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段Scientists and city officials had supposed that Naples, one of Italy's most populous cities, was far enough away that it would be safe from the volcano's wrath.可以推测出wrath含义为“喷发”之意。故D正确。
【48题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段Researchers recently discovered 4000-year-old layers of ash and mud under present-day Naples. Just outside the city, they also uncovered abandoned villages, as well as human and animal skeletons.可知新证据中并没有动物足迹。故B项正确。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段So, when the volcano begins to rumble again, Naples should have an emergency evacuation plan ready - just in case.可知维苏威火山对那不勒斯有潜在的危险。故选C项正确。
【50题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章大意：文章介绍了意大利南部一座活火山——维苏威火山。故A项正确。
Passage 2
In a story from Aesop’s Fables (伊索寓言), a thirsty crow (乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow bottle to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have experiments to back up that story. The experiments show that crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (排水量) work to their advantage. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some cases, as smart as first-graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with bottles, containing water. Inside the bottles, a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating (漂浮), just out of reach of the crows. In front of the bottles, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the bottles in order to raise the water level and get their meat.
However, the birds were awkward in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide bottle or a narrow one to get the meat, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow bottle would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the meat to the same level in the wide bottle. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide bottle first.
Previous studies showed that chimps (大猩猩) and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a bottle to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
46. What does the text focus on?
A. The truth of Aesop’s fables. B. Crows’ intelligence.
C. The development of crows. D. Human-animal communication.
47. How did the crows get the meat in Sarah’s experiment?
A. By breaking the bottle. B. By dropping erasers.
C. By standing on the wood. D. By removing the wood.
48. What does the underlined part “the treat” refer to?
A. The bottle. B. The objects. C. The meat. D. The water.
49. What does the experiments in Paragraph 4 want to prove?
A. Crows are unable to tell different shapes.
B. Crows prefer narrow bottles.
C. Crows are good at counting numbers.
D. Crows are not clever all the time.
50. Examples of chimps and kids are used to show that ________.
A. crows are as smart as them.
B. crows are smarter than them.
C. crows are less smart than them.
D. crows can not be compared with them.
【答案】46. B 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. A
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了科学家通过喝水实验研究了乌鸦的智商。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The experiments show that crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (排水量) work to their advantage. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some cases, as smart as first-graders.”（实验表明，乌鸦确实知道如何让排水量对它们有利。结果表明，至少在某些情况下，这些鸟和一年级学生一样聪明。）可知，整篇文章都是在研究乌鸦的智商。故选B项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the bottles in order to raise the water level and get their meat.”（乌鸦发现，他们可以把橡皮擦扔进瓶子里，以提高水位，得到肉。）可知，乌鸦是通过把橡皮擦扔到瓶子里，让食物上升来得到食物的。故选B项。
【48题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段“while it took around seven drops to raise the meat to the same level in the wide bottle.”（而在宽瓶中，大约需要七滴才能将肉提升到相同的高度。）可知，此处the treat指代的是食物the meat。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, the birds were awkward in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide bottle or a narrow one to get the meat, the researchers said.”（然而，研究人员说，这些鸟在选择把物体扔进宽瓶或窄瓶来得到肉的实验中显得很笨拙。）可知，这个实验室为了表明乌鸦并不是一直都很聪明。故选D项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a bottle to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom ”（先前的研究表明，黑猩猩和人类儿童能够解决类似的任务。在2011年的一项研究中，黑猩猩和孩子们发现，他们可以把水放进瓶子里，以得到漂浮在底部少量水中的花生）可知，举猩猩和小孩子的例子是为了说明乌鸦和他们一样聪明。故选A项。
Passage 3
How does an ecosystem (生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator (掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator ________.
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D
【语篇分析】
这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些食物网运行的关键原则。科学家们说一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。科学家们已经建立了一个基于数学模型的预警系统，该系统将会发出信号告诉我们人类活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，允许我们采取措施将生态系统从边缘拉回来。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked.可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.可知，无计划的人类活动证明了由顶级掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正确的。在海洋中，我们大规模捕捞鳕鱼等顶级捕食者，而在陆地上，我们杀死狼等大型捕食者。这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动会极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
【50题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中Scientists have built an early-warming system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期预警系统通过发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。