Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars -2022年高考英语一轮复习教材词汇通关（人教新课标）

这是一份Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars -2022年高考英语一轮复习教材词汇通关（人教新课标），共9页。试卷主要包含了词汇回顾，助记原文，助记译文，根据所给的汉语意思填空，根据所给词的适当形式填空，课文重点词汇的单句语法填空，语法填空拓展提升等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 一、词汇回顾序号单  词意  思音  标1astronomyn.天文学[əˈstrɒnəmi]2astronomern.天文学家[əˈstrɒnəmə]3solaradj.太阳的；日光的[ˈsəʊlə]4systemn.系统；体系；制度[ˈsɪstəm]5solar system太阳系 6religionn.宗教；宗教信仰[rɪˈlɪdʒən]7theoryn.学说；理论[θɪəˈretɪk(ə)l]8Big Bang宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸 9atomn.原子[ˈætəm]10billionpron.&n.&adj.〈英〉万亿；〈美〉十亿['bɪljən]11globen.球体；地球仪；地球[ɡləʊb]12globaladj.全球性的；全世界的['ɡləʊbl]13violentadj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的[ˈvaɪələnt]14in time及时；终于[ɪn'taɪm]15carbonn.碳[ˈkɑːbən]16nitrogenn.氮[ˈnaɪtrədʒən]17vapourn.（＝vapor)蒸汽；水蒸气['veɪpə]18atmospheren.大气层；气氛[ˈætməsfɪə]19unlikeprep.不同；不像['ʌn'laɪk]20fundamentaladj.基本的；基础的[fʌndəˈment(ə)l]21presencen.出席；到场；存在[ˈprezəns]22dissolvevt.&vi.溶解；解散[dɪ'zɒlv]23harmfuladj.有害的[ˈhɑːmfʊl]24acidn.酸[ˈæsɪd]25chainn.链子；连锁；锁链[tʃeɪn]26reactionn.反应；回应[rɪ'ækʃən]27multiplyvi.&vt.乘；增加['mʌltɪplaɪ]28oxygenn.氧[ˈɒksɪdʒ(ə)n]29shellfishn.水生有壳动物['ʃelfɪʃ]30amphibiann.两栖动物[æmˈfɪbɪən]31reptilen.爬行动物；爬虫['reptaɪl]32lay eggs下蛋 33dinosaurn.恐龙['daɪnəsɔː]34existvi.存在；生存[ɪg'zɪst]35mammaln.哺乳动物[ˈmæml]36give birth to产生；分娩 37thusadv.因此；于是[ðʌs]38in one's turn轮到某人；接着 39dioxiden.二氧化物[daɪˈɒksaɪd]40carbon dioxide二氧化碳 41prevent … from阻止；制止 42puzzlen.谜；难题　vt.&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）为难[ˈpʌz(ə)l]43biologyn.生物学[baɪˈɒlədʒi]44biologistn.生物学家[baɪˈɒlədʒist]45gravityn.万有引力；重力[ˈɡrævɪti]46satelliten.卫星；人造卫星['sætəlaɪt]47gentleadj.温和的；文雅的[ˈdʒent(ə)l]48geologistn.地址学家[dʒiˈɒlədʒist]49physicistn.物理学家[ˈfɪzɪsɪst]50block out挡住（光线） 51extinctadj.灭绝的；绝种的[ɪk'stiŋkt]52climaten.气候[ˈklaɪmɪt]53cometn.彗星[ˈkɒmɪt]54crashvi.&vt.碰撞；坠落[kræʃ]55spaceshipn.宇宙飞船['speɪsʃɪp]56pulln.&vt.拉（力）；拖；牵引力[pʊl]57lessenVt.&vi.减少；减轻[ˈlesən]58cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋 59floatvt.＆Vi.（使）浮动；（使）漂浮　n.漂浮物[fləʊt]60weightlesslyadv.失重地[ˈweɪtlɪslɪ]61cabinn.小屋；船舱[ˈkæbɪn]62now that既然 63get the hang of熟悉；掌握；理解 64break out突发；爆发 65exhaustVt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽[ɪg'zɔːst]66watch out for密切注视；当心；提防　 二、助记原文In our solar system eight planets circle around the sun. The origin of life on earth is a question that puzzles astronomers, geologists, physicists and biologists. But each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth.According to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions and then atoms began to form. Between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became violent and exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. Unlike Mars, the continued presence of water on the earth, which was fundamental to the development of life, allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produces a chain reaction. Gradually the first extremely small plants appeared and multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen. Next, shellfish and green plants were followed by land animals, reptiles and amphibians existed for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. After that, dinosaurs developed. Unfortunately, a comet crashed into the earth, which caused a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight. Then dinosaurs became extinct and the climate changed. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth, which gave birth to young baby animals. Finally human beings appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.Nowadays we can travel to the outer space by spaceship, which must escape the pull of the earth’s gravity. The weight gently lessened. At last we will cheer up because we can float weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin. Now that gravity has changed, we should watch out for walking. After a while we can get the hang of it. But returning to the earth will be very frightening and exhausting as we can watch fire breaking out on the outside of the spaceship.三、助记译文在我们的太阳系，八大行星围绕着太阳转。地球生命的起源问题一直困扰着天文学家、地理学家、物理学家和生物学家们。但是，每一个宗教和文化都有自己关于生命如何起源的说法。根据一个被广泛接受的理论就是，宇宙的起源源自一次“大爆炸”，这次大爆炸把物质炸向四处，然后原子开始形成。在45亿年到38亿年前，尘埃落下形成一个坚固的星球。地球变得很不稳定，火和岩石到处剧烈爆炸。这样及时地生产出二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，这些气体将成为地球的大气层。不象火星，地球上有了持续不断的水存在，水是生命发展的基础，水让地球可以把有害的气体和酸性物质分解到海洋之中。这就产生了一个连锁反应。渐渐地，最初极其微小的植物就出现了，然后不断繁衍，使海洋中充满了氧气。接下来，贝类生物和绿色植物出现，然后是陆地动物、爬行动物和两栖动物第一次出现。他们通过孵化产生幼崽。之后，恐龙出现了。不幸地是，一颗彗星撞击了地球，导致在天空中形成了一层浓密的尘云遮住了光线。接着恐龙就灭绝了，气候也发生了变化。恐龙的消失使在地球上出现哺乳动物成为可能，他们是通过生产产生幼崽。最后人类出现并扩展到全球。因此，这次轮到他们已经成为这个星球最重要的动物。如今我们可以乘坐宇宙飞船去外太空，宇宙飞船必须逃离地球引力。飞向太空时我们的重量变轻了。最后我们都会欢呼起来，因为我们可以在飞船的舱里无重力地四处飘浮。既然重力改变了，我们应该要小心行走。过一会儿我们就可以熟悉了。但是返回地球将是可怕而有使人精疲力尽，因为我们能看到飞船外面有火在不断地爆发着。四、根据所给的汉语意思填空In our   1   (太阳的)    2   (系统) eight planets circle around the sun. The origin of life on earth is a question that    3    (困扰)    4   (天文学家),    5   (地理学家) ,     6   (物理学家) and   7   (生物学家). But each   8   (宗教) and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth.According to a widely accepted   9   (理论) , the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions and then  10    (原子)began to form. Between 4.5 and 3.8   11   (十亿) years ago, the dust settled into a solid   12   (星球). The earth became   13   (猛烈的) and exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were  14           (及时) to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s   15   (大气层).    16   (不象) Mars, the continued   17   (存在) of water on the earth, which was fundamental to the development of life, allowed the earth to   18   (分解)   19   (有害的) harmful gases and   20   (酸性物质) into the oceans and seas. This produces a   21   (连锁的)   22   (反应). Gradually the first extremely small plants appeared and   23   (增加) and filled the oceans and seas with   24   (氧气). Next, shellfish and green plants were followed by land animals, reptiles and amphibians   25   (存在) for the first time. They produced young generally by   26          (产蛋). After that, dinosaurs developed. Unfortunately, a   27   (彗星)   28   (撞击) into the earth, which caused a great dust cloud formed in the sky  29           (阻断) the sunlight. Then dinosaurs became   30   (灭绝) and the     31    (气候) changed. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth, which  32                (生产) young baby animals. Finally human beings appeared and spread all over the earth.   33   (因此) they have,   34                 (轮到他们), become the most important animals on the planet.Nowadays we can travel to the outer space by   35   (宇宙飞船), which must escape the   36   (拉) of the earth’s   37   (重力). The weight    38    (温和地)      39    (减少). At last we will   40          (欢呼) because we can  41    (飘浮)   42   (失重地) around in our spaceship   43   (船舱).   44          (既然) gravity has changed, we should   45              (小心) walking. After a while we can    46                        (熟悉) it. But returning to the earth will be very frightening and   47   (精疲力尽的) as we can watch fire   48         (爆发) on the outside of the spaceship.【答案】1.solar   2.system   3.puzzles   4.astronomers  5.geologists6.physicists  7.biologists  8.religion  9.theory    10.atoms11.billion   12.globe   13.violent  14.in time   15.atmosphere16.Unlike  17.presence  18.dissolve  19.harmful   20.acids21.chain   22.reaction  23.multiplied  24.oxygen   25.existed26.laying eggs  27.comet   28.crashed  29.blocking out  30.extinct31.climate  32.gave birth to 33.Thus   34.in their turn  35.spaceship36.pull   37.gravity  38.gently   39.lessened   40.cheer up41.float   42.weightlessly 43.cabin   44.Now that   45.watch out for46.get the hang of     47.exhausting  48.breaking out五、根据所给词的适当形式填空In our solar system eight planets circle around the sun. The origin of life on earth is a question that puzzles    1   (astronomy),     2   (geology),    3   ( physics) and    4   (biology). But each   5   (religious) and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth.According to a widely accepted   6   (theoretical) , the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions and then atoms began to form. Between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, the dust settled into a solid   7   (global). The earth became   8   (violence) and exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.    9   (like) Mars, the continued   10   ( present) of water on the earth, which was fundamental to the development of life, allowed the earth to dissolve   11   (harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produces a chain   12   (react). Gradually the first extremely small plants appeared and multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen. Next, shellfish and green plants were followed by land animals, reptiles and amphibians   13   (existence) for the first time. They produced young generally by   14   ( lay) eggs. After that, dinosaurs developed. Unfortunately, a comet crashed into the earth, which caused a great dust cloud formed in the sky   15   (block) out the sunlight. Then dinosaurs became   16   (extinction) and the climate changed. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth, which gave birth to young baby animals. Finally human beings appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.Nowadays we can travel to the outer space by spaceship, which must escape the pull of the earth’s gravity. The weight    17    (gentle)    18     (less) . At last we will cheer up because we can float   19   (weight) around in our spaceship cabin. Now that gravity has changed, we should watch out for walking. After a while we can get the hang of it. But returning to the earth will be very frightening and   20   (exhausted) as we can watch fire breaking out on the outside of the spaceship.【答案】1.astronomers  2.geologists  3.physicists  4.biologists   5.religion6.theory    7.globe   8.violent   9.Unlike    10.presence11.harmful   12.reaction  13.existed  14.laying    15.blocking16.extinct   17.gently   18.lessened  19.weightlessly  20.exhausting六、课文重点词汇的单句语法填空1. Colour is      （基本的）in home design-something you'll always have in every room. 2. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's      （连锁）shops also set a new standard for dining out. 3.      （不像）fast food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. 4. Beautiful music came      （飘出）out of the window and made people lost in it. 5. This morning,  while I was sorting the reading materials downloaded from some websites,  the computer      （崩溃）.6. The children have already learned to      （乘）and divide. 7. The  universities have expanded.       （因此）allowing many more people the chance of higher education. 8. The children grew up in an      （氛围）of violence and insecurity. 9. He is a man      （文雅的）in manner but firm in action and is liked by his colleagues. 10. She took his arm and      （拖）him along, although he was unwilling to go. 11. China accounts for about 30 per cent of total      fertilizer consumption across the ________ ,according to the World Bank. (globe) 12.There was a      look on the little girl's face because a_______problem      her.(puzzle)13. He often says that he doesn't believe in any      but meanwhile he respects others'      freedom. (religion) 14. The experiment has ruled out the possibility of the      of any life on that planet, but it does not mean no life      on other planets. (exist) 15.The         climbers were rescued by helicopter because their trip made them in danger of losing their      lives.(exhaust) 【答案】1.fundamental 2.chain   3.Unlike   4.floating  5.crashed6.multiply  7.thus   8.atmosphere  9.gently   10.pulled11.global, globe 12.puzzled, puzzling, puzzled  13.religion, religious14.existence, exists     15.exhausted, exhausting七、语法填空拓展提升With the development of modem technology, people can stay  1     (connect) with their families and friends easily, however far apart they are from each other. WeChat is one of the most  2   (frequent) used means of communication in China. It is reported that the number of the WeChat users  3    (reach) over 1.1billion so far.Once joining the WeChat, people can find more and more people start to add them   4   friends. They don't have to consider time   5   (zone) when communicating. Another reason why ifs so popular is that it costs nothing. It's also very convenient for people to immediately update   6   they are doing by WeChat.However, addiction to WeChat will rob people of the time that should otherwise   7   (spend) on something more important. And the many so-called friends on it are not really friends at all, who simply want   8   (put) ads or sell items on Moments. Besides, people on the Wechat are more likely to compare    9    (they) with others, which will make them feel bad when finding some people seem to be  10    (success).【答案与精析】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了微信给人们带来方便的同时，也存在着一些弊端。1.connected, 考查系表结构的用法。句意：随着现代技术的发展，人们可以很容易地与家人和朋友保持联系，不管他们相距多远。系动词stay后，用形容词connected“有联系的”，stay connected with“与……保持联系”。故填connected。2.frequently, 考查副词作状语的用法。句意：微信是中国最常用的交流方式之一。修饰形容词used，用副词。故填frequently。3.has reached,考查动词时态和主谓一致性。句意：据报道，到目前为止，微信的用户数量已经超过11亿。so far做时间状语时，应使用现在完成时，the number of做主语时，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填has reached。4.as, 考查介词的用法。句意：一旦加入微信，人们可以发现越来越多的人开始添加他们作为朋友。根据句意，此处使用介词as表示“作为”。故填as。5.zones, 考查名词的用法。句意：他们在交流时不需要考虑时区。“时区”是复数意义，前面没有冠词，应用名词复数形式。故填zones。6.what，考查宾语从句的用法。句意：人们可以很方便地通过微信立即更新他们正在做的事情。____6____ they are doing by WeChat是一个宾语从句，引导词在从句中做doing宾语，表“正在做的事情”，应使用what引导。故填what。7.be spent，考查被动语态的用法。句意：然而，沉迷于微信将会剥夺人们原本应该花在更重要事情上的时间。“时间”和“花费”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，由空前should可知，此处be动词使用原形。故填be spent。8.to put，考查固定短语搭配的用法。句意：而许多所谓的朋友根本不是真正的朋友，他们只是想在朋友圈里放广告或卖东西。固定短语：want to do sth.“想要做某事”。故填to put。9.themselves，考查反身代词的用法。句意：此外，在微信上的人更有可能自己与他人比较，这将使他们当发现一些人似乎更成功，感觉难过。文中表示“人们自己与他人比较”，用反身代词。故填themselves。10.more successful，考查形容词比较级的用法。句意：此外，在微信上的人更有可能自己与他人比较，这将使他们当发现一些人似乎更成功，感觉难过。be后，用形容词作表语，根据语境此处可以使用形容词原级或比较级。故填more successful。