主题08 科技与发明-2022年高考英语一轮复习热门主题词汇记忆+题型突破专练

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2022年高考英语一轮复习热门主题词汇记忆+题型突破专练
主题08 科技与发明
【主题词汇记忆】
【高频单词】
·识记 1·
1. accessible　　 　 adj. 易接近的, 可得到的
2. advantage n. 优势
3. artificial adj. 人造的
4. automatic adj. 自动的
5. breakthrough n. 重大进展, 突破
6. brilliant adj. 巧妙的, 使人印象深刻的, 技艺高的
7. click v. 点击
8. convenience n. 方便; 便利
9. criterion (pl. criteria) n. 标准, 准则, 原则
10. demand v. &n. 要求

·识记 2·
1. digital adj. 数字的, 数码的
2. download v. 下载
3. drawback n. 缺点, 不利条件
4. electronic adj. 电子的
5. engine n. 发动机, 引擎
engineer n. 工程师; 技师
6. experiment n. 实验
7. explore v. 探索
8. function n. &v. 作用, 功能, 运转
fundamental adj. 基本的, 根本的
9. guarantee vt. &n. 保证, 担保
10. intelligent adj. 智能的
·识记 3·
1. introduce vt. 介绍
introduction n. 引进, 介绍
2. invent vt. 发明, 创造
invention n. 发明, 创造
inventor n. 发明者, 创造者
3. material n. 材料, 原料
4. mobile adj. 移动的
5. modem n. 调制解调器
6. modern adj. 现代的
7. patent n. 专利权, 专利证书
8. personally adv. 就个人而言
9. potential adj. 潜在的, 可能的
10. predict v. 预言, 预告, 预报
·识记 4·
1. privilege n. 特权, 特殊待遇
2. procedure n. 程序, 手续
3. process n. 过程 v. 加工, 处理
4. progress n. &vi. 前进; 进步, 进展
5. provide vt. 提供
6. replace vt. 取代
7. research n. &v. 研究, 调查
8. revolution n. 革命
9. science n. 科学, 自然科学
scientific adj. 科学的
scientist n. 科学家
10. significance n. 意义, 重要性
·识记 5·
1. simplify vt. 使简化, 使简易
2. software n. 软件
3. spacecraft n. 宇宙飞船
4. standard n. 标准
adj. 标准的
5. succeed vi. 成功
success n. 成功
successful adj. 成功的, 有成就的
6. system n. 体系; 系统
systematic adj. 系统的, 有条理的
7. technical adj. 技术的, 工艺的
technique n. 技术; 技巧
technology n. 技术
8. transform v. 改造, 改革, 变换, 改变
9. update vt. 更新, 使现代化
10. virus n. 病毒
【高频短语】
·识记 1·
1. be used for　　　　　　　 被用来
2. benefit from 从……获益
3. be available 可以利用的
4. be in the lead 领先
5. come true 实现
6. follow the fashion 追随时尚
7. improve the quality of life for humans 提高人类的生活质量
8. in the field of science 在科学领域
9. live a/an. . . life 过……的生活
10. living standard 生活水平
·识记 2·
1. lead to/contribute to/result in/bring about 导致
2. negative effect 负面影响
3. shop on the Internet 网购
4. stand out 脱颖而出
5. scientific breakthrough 科学突破
6. side effects 副作用
7. potential ability 潜能
8. surf the Internet 上网
9. with the development of. . . 随着……的发展
10. change one’s life 改变某人的生活
【佳句品读】
1. Microblog can provide a platform to show our talent and release our pressure, thus making it more and more popular with high school students.
微博能给我们提供一个展示我们的天赋、释放压力的平台, 因此使它越来越受高中生的欢迎。
2. It goes without saying that modern technology brings us convenience and comfort in life. 毫无疑问, 现代科技给我们的生活带来方便和舒适。
3. It is obvious that iPad is of great help to our study, especially to our English listening.
显而易见, iPad对我们的学习有很大的帮助, 尤其是对我们的英语听力。
4. No matter where you go, what you see and when you look, you will easily find there are many ads around you, such as toy ads on TV, food ads on computers, etc.
无论你走到哪里, 你看到了什么, 你什么时候看, 你会很容易发现有很多的广告在你的周围, 如: 电视上的玩具广告、电脑上的食品广告等。
5. It is announced in the local paper that the factory will take on more experienced workers.
据当地报纸报道, 这家工厂宣布将雇用更多有经验的工人。
6. Since I’m interested in computer science very much, I would very much like to take courses related to computers. 我对电脑科学很感兴趣, 因此非常想学与电脑相关的课程。
7. In a word, if we had such a magic watch, our life would become more convenient.
总之, 如果我们能有这么一块有魔力的手表, 我们的生活将变得更加方便。
8. With the help of the computer, it will be possible for humans to work at home. 在电脑的帮助下, 人们在家办公将是件可行的事。
9. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s. 自从20世纪30年代以来, 发明家一直试图制造飞车。
10. Inventions are created every day because people would like to make life easier. 发明每天都被制造着, 因为人们想让生活变得更加容易。
11. The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient.
科技的发展使得我们的生活更加舒适、方便。
12. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. 现代电讯缩短了人们之间的距离, 使交流变得更加容易。
13. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more.
去外太空和其他星球的旅行不再是个梦。
14. Modern medicine prolongs people’s life and relieves patient of sufferings from many diseases. 现代医学延长了人们的寿命, 减轻了患者许多的疾病痛苦。
15. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many severe problems to our human beings. 然而, 科学发展的过程也对人类产生了许多严重的问题。
16. Science and technology have changed our life thoroughly throughout the history, especially in the last century. 科学和技术在历史上已经彻底改变了我们的生活, 特别是在上个世纪。
17. There is no doubt that we benefit a lot from the scientific advancements in many different ways.
毫无疑问, 我们在许多不同的方面受益于科学的进步。
18. Thanks to the development of science and technology, human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and more convenience.
多亏了科学技术的发展, 人类社会享有了不断的繁荣和更多的便利。
19. Human cloning, which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives, may bring disasters of social morality.
人类克隆, 有望治愈许多严重的疾病, 挽救生命, 也有可能会带来社会道德的灾难。
20. How to deal with the progress of science and technology properly is worth our careful consideration.
如何正确处理科技进步值得我们认真思考。
【题型突破专练】
一、阅读理解
1
Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.
However, unlike the plot of one film—which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist’s bloodstream — this device could not be inserted into blood vessels（管）because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.
To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to be an odd task, but more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus（食道）and stomach made out of silicone(硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine（肠）, and contains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus(肛门). After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing.
The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require help with the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed.
1. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to_________.
A. travel through a scientist’s bloodstream
B. enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairs
C. photograph the body to convey to the doctor
D. operate on a person outside the body completely
2. We learn from Paragraph 3 that _________.
A. the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal
B. the actual size of the robot may be larger than the capsule of ice
C. digesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children
D. the robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnet
3. What may the experiment mean to the medical world?
A. Fewer children will swallow the button cells.
B. A robot will be invented travelling blood vessels.
C. The surgeries will cost patients much money.
D. Patients will suffer less for some surgeries.
4. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Fantastic Robotic Voyage B. The Exploration of Robot Technology
C. Tiny Robot, Significant Role D. An Experiment on Robot
2
Standing desks have become common across Silicon Valley, offering health benefits to those willing to work on their feet. However, due to their high price, they have failed to catch on until now. Recently, Ikea has brought out Bekant convertible(可变换的) standing desk that can become a normal desk at the touch of a button. The $500 adjustable desk can transform from a standard desk to a standing one, and Ikea hopes it could make the standing desk mainstream.
Experts say that changing from a seated to a standing desk can improve productivity. Similar desks have become a common sight at tech firms such as Google, where some employees have even installed treadmill (跑步机) and bicycle desks.
The desk is not the first "convertible" on the market. As early as 2013, Stir Kinect brought out an adjustable desk. The $3,890 Stir Kinect desk has a motor to raise and lower itself, changing it into a standing desk or a traditional desk. The desk can even be programmed to move up and down slightly, making it appear to take a gentle breath to remind the user to change their positions. To move between sitting and standing positions, owners simply double tap on the screen. The desk can learn the user's preferences over time and suggest the best seating position.
The Stir Kinect desk was created by a team of ex-Apple and Disney engineers. It has a built-in touch screen to control and track movement, and can tell users exactly how many calories they burn by standing during their working day. It also has devices containing power points and USB ports for charging phones, to keep cables hidden.
"Ikea's height-adjustable desk is great for opening up the lower end of the market, " said JP Labrosse, founder and CEO of Stir.
5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A. Before Bekant desk, similar adjustable desks have been widely used.
B. The seated desks will take the place of the standing desks in the future.
C. Compared to the Stir Kinect desk, the Bekant desk is much cheaper.
D. The adjustable desks were designed by the Apple and Disney Company.
6. The Stir Kinect desk ________.
A. can breathe in and breathe out by pressing the button once
B. can charge phones by using a device containing power point
C. can tell you how many calories you need for a walk
D. can advise you to do more exercise at a proper time
7. What can we infer from the last sentence given by JP Labrosse?
A. Ikea's adjustable desk will be popular with average people.
B. Ikea will have to sell furniture at a lower price in the future.
C. This height adjustable table can only be found in Ikea.
D. It is not necessary for Ikea to open up the market at all.
8. What is the text mainly about?
A. Ikea has brought out an adjustable standing desk.
B. Silicon Valley offered health benefits to officials.
C. Google formed their tech firms to design bicycle desks.
D. The Stir Kinect desk will become mainstream in the market.
3
There's lads of research that shows that spending time in nature is good for your health and well-being. But not everyone lives near a park. And not everyone can easily get outdoors. So, what happens when you bring nature into your home via TV? A new study finds that a virtual nature experience can have some of the same effects.
The researchers wanted to see if the same positive impacts of being out in nature would translate to experiencing nature virtually, study co-author Alex Smalley, PhD student and researcher on the Virtual Nature project in the U. K, tells Treehugger. “We were particularly interested in relieving boredom because it's a negative state commonly experienced by older people in care homes,” he says.
For the study, researchers brought 96 adults into a lab and caused boredom by having them watch a four-minute video of a man discussing his work at an office supply company. In a monotone(单一的) voice, the man described a conversation with a client, eating lunch at his desk, and how they determine the prices of products. Then, the study participants experienced scenes of an underwater coral reef scene from the BBC's “Blue Planet 11” series. They either watched it on TV, watched with a virtual reality headset using 360-degree video, or watched with a virtual reality headset using computer- generated interactive pictures.
Researchers found that all three methods minimized negative feelings like sadness and significantly lowered boredom. “I think we were most surprised that just watching nature on TV led to positive changes a Cross each of our measures, suggesting that even short, five minute bursts of watching natural history programming can have an effect on well-being.” Smalley says.
Originally; the impetus behind the study was to research benefits for people who were stuck indoors, such as those in nursing homes or people recovering from illness. But there are entirely new positive results in today's world due to COVID-19, “We never imagined a pandemic would mean the results might apply to such a wide part of the global population,” Smalley says. “We'd always recommend trying to get out into nature wherever possible but for those who can't, our findings suggest that digital experiences of nature could provide a short-term fix.”
9. What does Paragraph 2 mainly focus on?
A. The analysis of the research results.
B. The purpose of the research.
C. The positive effects of being out in nature.
D. The negative state older people experience.
10. According to the passage, what does Smalley think of the research results?
A. Some of them still remain to be further confirmed.
B. They fall short of researchers' initial expectations.
C. Some of them ate pot practical in times of COVID-19.
D. They are unexpectedly helpful to a wide range of people.
11. What does the underlined word “impetus” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Profit. B. Theory. C. Motivation. D. Application.
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. The Future of Virtual Nature in Nursing Homes
B. Suitable Methods of Enjoying Virtual Nature for sick People
C. Being Out in Nature Benefits Both Health and Well-being
D. Watching Nature on TV Boosts Mood and Eases Boredom
4
If Mars were the popular kid in school, Venus（金星）would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner, largely ignored. Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth’s, Venus’s surface and atmosphere are unbearable: clouds of sulphuric acid (硫酸) blanket the planet, while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead. Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University, UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine (磷化氢)in Venus’s atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes (微生物). Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look. While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light. As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted: “It’s time to prioritize Venus.”
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus. More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus. A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus. By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
13. Which description about Venus is not true?
A. It is almost as large as Earth.
B. It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C. It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D. It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
14. What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate?
A. This kind of gas is very common.
B. There might exist signs of life.
C. Many products can be made with it.
D. Experiments were once conducted there.
15. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. The approaches to exploring phosphine.
B. The importance of observations.
C. The power of computer simulations.
D. The necessity to analyse phosphine.
16. Which can best describe the author’s attitude to the exploration of Venus?
A. Casual. B. Cautious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful.
二、完形填空
Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the 17 of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in 18 the paths of storms.
Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network 19 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized 20 takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds.
These 21 are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen, giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. 22 , on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm.
If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 23 severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. 24 , the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is 25 when severe weather is around.
On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, 26 from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your 27 area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported.
When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, 28 wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado 29 . Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 30 which areas needed to be warned.
Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek 31 before the storm hit. Paying attention to your local weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety.
17. A. loss B. increase C. protection D. value
18. A. changing B. controlling C. predicting D. guiding
19. A. faced with B. exposed to C. involved in D. made up of
20. A. structure B. system C. mode D. style
21. A. figures B. data C. readings D. statistics
22. A. Most likely B. Most evidently C. Most interestingly D. Most importantly
23. A. decide B. estimate C. handle D. issue
24. A. By the way B. In that case C. To some extent D. On the contrary
25. A. vital B. reasonable C. normal D. available
26. A. expanding B. spreading C. ranging D. extending
27. A. proper B. specific C. typical D. regular
28. A. straight B. unique C. general D. circular
29. A. process B. threat C. warning D. sign
30. A. indicating B. recognizing C. revealing D. recommending
31. A. rescue B. residence C. support D. shelter
三、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
May 15 (UPI)—China landed a rover (火星车) on the surface of Mars for 32. first time on Saturday, the China 33. (nation) Space Administration announced.
The Tianwen-1 orbiter launched from the island province of Hainan 34. July 23 and entered Mars orbit in February. The rover, Zhurong, 35. is named after the Chinese god of fire, set down on the red planet on Saturday morning.
China is the second country after the United States 36. (place) a rover on the surface of Mars. The former Soviet Union landed a probe on Mars in 1971, but lost contact immediately.
The rover descended (下降) from the orbiter via entry capsule, 37. (lower) by parachute before jettisoning (投弃) its outer shield and using a retrorocket (反向火箭) to land. Geng Yan, with the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center at the CNSA, said the rover’s descent took about 9 minutes and 38. (perform) autonomously.
“Each step had only one chance, and the actions were 39. (close) linked. If there had been any flaw, the landing 40. (fail),” he told state-run media Xinhua.
The rover will spend three months searching for 41. (sign) of water and ice on Mars.
四、应用文写作
　　随着智能手机的普及, 出现了众多解答习题和作业的APP。 请写一篇英语短文, 谈谈你对此类APP的看法, 要点如下:
1. 优点;
2. 缺点;
3. 你的观点。
注意: 1. 词数80左右;
2. 可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯;
3. 开头已给出, 不计入总词数。
　　Nowadays, more and more students do their schoolwork with the help of kinds of APPs via the Internet.  
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