专题1 阅读理解 考法02 推理判断-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破

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专题1 阅读理解 考法02推理判断
备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破
推理判断
推理判断题阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文草的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑天系的能力和识别能力。解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据,推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意,切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。考生切记，推理判断( infer))题必须把握住的一个原则：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。
方法1 针对特定细节信息进行推理
此类试题要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，根据文章中的关键信息进行推断就可以作出正确的判断。
[全国Ⅱ2020·D] I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
32. Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child?
A.Cooperative. B. Uneasy. D. Casual. C. Inseparable.
【解析】根据本段第三句… reading up to three books a day as a child..以及第四句 Stories were like air to me..可知,孩童时期的作者和书是形影不离的。 cooperative意为“合作的”; uneasy意为“不自在的”; inseparable意为“不可分离的;亲密无间的”; casual意为“漫不经心的;随便的”。故选C项。
方法2 整合全文(段)信息进行推断
做推理判断题时，有时需要在弄懂全文或全段意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，提取出来加以推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。
[全国Ⅱ 2020·C] Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year, "says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
【解析】由题干中的 New Orleans and Brooklyn可定位至原文第二段。根据本段可知,在新奥尔良与布鲁克林举办这些不同寻常的时装秀的目的是让人们在重新穿上由海狸鼠毛皮制成的衣物的同时不会产生罪恶感,即为了宣传“零罪恶感”的海狸鼠毛皮。故选A项。
方法3 根据文章的结论推断作者或文中人物的态度及意图
作者或文中人物的态度、倾向是指其对自己或他人陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是中立，对叙述或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的结论中，或流露于修饰性的词语中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中总结全文的措辞，尤其是带有感情色彩的形容词。常见的表达态度的词语有:
(1)、表示积极态度的词： support((支持), supportive(支持的), approve((赞成), approving((赞同的),for(支持), in favor of(支持), optimistic((乐观的), positive((积极的), pleasant((愉快的), humorous((幽默的), confident((自信的), impressive((令人钦佩的), praise((赞扬)等。
(2)、表示消极态度的词：disgusted((厌恶的), critical(批评的), negative((否定的), doubtful(怀疑的), disappointed(失望的), pessimistic((悲观的), opposed((反对的)等。
(3)、表示中立的词： objective((客观的), factual((事实的),neutral((中立的), impartial((不偏不倚的)等。
有些文章的写作意图比较明确，如议论文、说明文，此类文体应关注主题句。而有些文章的写作意图需要考生去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文中，此类文章通常先叙述，然后发表看法。
[全国I2020·C] Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely
contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.(首段)
31. Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C.Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【解析】通读首段可知,作者在本文中主要阐述了竞走的好处(Race walking shares many fitness benefits with
running)及其存在的问题( It does, however, have its own problem.)，提及正反两方面，由此可推知，作者的态度是客观的。故选B项。
方法4 结合文章关键信息和常识推测文章的来源或者推测阅读对象
此类题目要求考生具备一定的常识，这样才能把文章的内容与自己已经具备的常识结合起来作出准确的推断。比如考生要对报告、报纸、杂志、网络、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。
[浙江2020年1月·A] I never knew anyone who' d grownup in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our
librarian. She ran Jackson's Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read....
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of "Little Red Riding Hood"with my brother's two daughters. She'd just look up at the right time, long enough to answer-in character-"The better to eat you with, my dear," and go back to her place in the magazine article.
23. Where is the text probably from?
A. A guidebook. B. An autobiography. C. A news report. D. A book review.
【解析】通读全文可知,本文是作者在回忆自己童年时在图书馆阅读的经历，所以本文最可能出自一部自传。故选B项。
真题题组 滚动训练
A组
Passage 1（2021·全国高考真题）
Leslie Nielsen’s childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career (职业) in acting. Even though he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still be an uphill battle for another eight years until he landed a number of film roles that finally got him noticed.
But even then, what he had wasn’t quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in dramatic roles. It wasn’t until 1980 — 32 years into his career — that he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
Did Nielsen then feel content in his career? Yes and no. He was thrilled to be doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be just around the comer. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen’s devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life.
1．Why did Nielsen want to be an actor?
A．He enjoyed watching movies. B．He was eager to earn money.
C．He wanted to be like his uncle. D．He felt he was good at acting.
2．What do we know about Nielsen in the second half of his career?
A．He directed some high quality movies. B．He avoided taking on new challenges.
C．He focused on playing dramatic roles. D．He became a successful comedy actor.
3．What does Nielsen’s career story tell us?
A．Art is long, life is short. B．He who laughs last laughs longest.
C．It’s never too late to learn. D．Where there’s a will there’s a way.
Passage 2 （2021·全国高考真题）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
4．What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A．It can be measured by an IQ test. B．It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C．It includes a set of emotional skills. D．It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
5．Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.
6．What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
7．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies.
C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives.
Passage 3（2021·全国高考真题）
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue—sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear: tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
8．What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?
A．He felt disappointed. B．He gave up his hobby.
C．He liked the weather there. D．He had disagreements with his family.
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?
A．Be careful! B．Well done! C．No way! D．Don't worry!
10．Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?
A．To join the skateboarding. B．To make new friends.
C．To learn more tricks. D．To relive his childhood days
11．What message does the author seem to convey in the text?
A．Children should learn a second language. B．Sport is necessary for children's health.
C．Children need a sense of belonging D．Seeing the world is a must for children.
Passage 4（2021·全国高考真题）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A．They're unfair. B．They're conservative.
C．They're objective. D．They're strict.
13．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart. B．They look up to great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys. D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14．Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A．Improved global communication. B．Less discrimination against women.
C．Acceptance of victors' concepts. D．Changes in people's social positions.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
B组
Passage 1（2020·全国高考真题）
Journey Back in Time with Scholars
Classical Provence(13days)
Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence，France，with Prof. Ori Z. Soltes. We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world. Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin. Fields of flowers, tile-roofed(瓦屋顶)villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience.
Southern Spain(15days)
Spain has lovely white towns and the scent(芳香)of oranges，but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities left by the Greeks，Romans and Arabs. As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to historic Toledo，Roman Merida and into Andalucia, we explore historical monuments and architecture.
China’s Sacred Landscapes(21days)
Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities，temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp. Highlights(精彩之处)include China’s most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzbou’s rolling hills，waterways and peaceful temples. We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.
Tunisia(17days)
Join Prof. Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour. Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga，the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata，uique for underground cities. Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.
1．What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain？
A．Historical monuments. B．Fields of flowers.
C．Van Gogh’s paintings. D．Greek buildings.
2．Which country is Prof. Thorp most knowledgeable about？
A．France. B．Spain. C．China. D．Tunisia.
3．Which of the following highlight the Tunisian tour？
A．White towns. B．Underground cities. C．Tile-roofed villages. D．Rolling hills.
Passage 2（2020·海南高考真题）
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
4．What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A．It carried more weight than it could. B．It swayed violently in a strong wind
C．Its roadway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blocked by many people.
5．Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?
A．No design is well received everywhere B．Construction is more important than design.
C．Not all disasters are caused by engineering design D．Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
6．What does the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead to progress. B．Success results in overconfidence
C．Failure should be avoided. D．Success comes from joint efforts.
7．What is the text?
A．A news report B．A short story.
C．A book review D．A research article.
Passage 3（2020·北京高考真题）
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
8．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily.
C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere.
9．What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A．Help to tackle problems. B．Make brains more active.
C．Benefit ambitious people. D．Set up powerful databases.
10．As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A．supportive B．disapproving
C．fearful D．uncertain
11．What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A．It may be only a dream. B．It will come into being soon.
C．It will be controlled by humans. D．It may be more dangerous than ever.
模拟强化 限时训练
A组
Passage 1 （2021·江苏高三三模） 限时：6'
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Passage 2 （2021·广东清新一中高三二模） 限时：8'
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” Although it is not impossible to translate poetry, Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.
His teacher Qian Zhongshu commented on his poetry translation, “You are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shows amazing freedom and beauty, which is quite extraordinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years old. On April 1, China Translation and Publishing House published a series of commemorative (纪念的) books about his life and career to pay tribute to this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching potentially millions of readers at home and abroad. Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. He is also the first Asian winner of the “Aurora Borealis Prize” for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very fastidious in his work. He has dedicated his life to“[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation.
Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.
For instance, when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a controversial healthcare reform during his presidency, some senators (参议员) were opposed at first. But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow (《江雪》) translated by Xu, one senator was so impressed with the fisherman’s independent, non-conformist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chose to part with the party line to support Obama, noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent. He lives alone in an old house near Peking University. In his simple room, decorated with Chinese traditional furniture, he maintains a routine. Every day he translates roughly 1,000 words, working till 3 to 4 am, sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.
“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin,” Xu told NewsChina.
4．What does the article tell us about Xu Yuanchong?
A．He’s the first winner of The Aurora Borealis Prize.
B．He has translated about 100 Chinese literary works into English.
C．He is widely known for his translated rhymed verse.
D．He has mastered at least three foreign languages.
5．What does the underlined word “fastidious” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Particular. B．Satisfied. C．Inventive. D．Productive.
6．Why was Barack Obama mentioned in the article?
A．To show Xu’s popularity. B．To illustrate Xu’s impact.
C．To introduce his reform. D．To stress Xu’s wisdom.
7．Which of the following best describes Xu?
A．Modest and insightful. B．Considerate and cautious.
C．Creative and open-minded. D．Dedicated and passionate.
Passage 3 （2021·安徽高三三模） 限时：7'
In the magnificent range of mountains of northern California, 42 radio telescopes point towards the stars, scanning for signs of life. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence （SETI） Institute has been listening for a signal here since it was founded in 1984. Jill Tarter, its co — founder, says the programmed aim is not just to communicate with remote civilisations. It is also to remind human beings of its own modest, fragile （脆弱的）place in the universe. Thus, for the first time, SETI is cocking its ear towards Earth to look for a signal that can be sent into space to represent the species.
Felipe Perez Santiago, a Mexican musician and composer, has an idea of what might work.Since songs, like the human voices, are common to all languages and nations, he and Ms. Tarter have designed the “Earthling Project”-a call to people everywhere to upload extracts （精华）of song that he plans to melt into a collective human chorus. An initial composition will be launched into space this summer, recorded on a virtually indestructible disk. Future plans and dreams include an eventual landing on Mars.
Human music has been sent to the heavens in 1977. Distant beings can in theory already enjoy Peruvian panpipes, a Navajo chant, Bach, Beethoven and more. But no previous offering, and perhaps no composition undertaken anywhere, has tried to encompass the entire diversity of human song.
Mr. Santiago says he is thrilled about bringing together contributors from around the globe. Unlike other recordings sent into space, says Mr. Santiago, “Everyone's invited. You don't have to be one of the main composers of our history like Beethoven, just someone singing in their shower.” Download the “Earthling Project" app, sing up to three songs of 30 seconds each, and your voice will be sent into the sky.
8．Why does SETI look for a signal to be sent into space?
A．To stand for species on the earth. B．To scan for other liveable planets.
C．To respond to the call of the universe. D．To stress the importance of the earth.
9．What can we infer about the "Earthling Project”?
A．It is a world music organization. B．It intends to create a human chorus.
C．It tries to develop a universal language. D．It aims to search for signals from space.
10．What does the underlined word “encompass" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Include. B．Appreciate.
C．Work out. D．Relate to.
11．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To inspire people to become composers. B．To call on people to protect our planet.
C．To encourage people to explore space. D．To invite people to join a programme.
Passage 4 （2021·福建高三三模） 限时：7'
The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing. These drugs won't let you live longer but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.
The drugs are called senolytics—they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age. Known as “senescent” cells, they can create low-level inflammation (炎症) that prevents normal systems of living cells repair and creates a poisonous environment for neighboring cells.
In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe osteoarthritis (关节炎) of the knee. Results from a larger clinical trial are expected in the second half of this year. The company is also developing similar drugs to treat age-related diseases of the eyes and lungs, among other conditions.
Senolytics are now in human tests, along with a number of other promising approaches targeting the biological processes that lie at the root of aging and various diseases.
A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The company also has drugs for Parkinson's and dementia in human testing.
And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.
The tests reflect researchers' expanding efforts to learn if the many diseases associated with getting older- such as heart diseases, arthritis, cancer, and dementia- can be dealt with to delay their outbreak.
12．Why do the researchers develop the drugs?
A．To rid inflammation. B．To lengthen people's life.
C．To treat age-related diseases. D．To remove cancer cells.
13．What does the underlined word “senescent” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Repairing. B．Cycling. C．Aging. D．Dividing.
14．How does the text mainly develop?
A．By listing data. B．By providing details.
C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing causes.
15．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A diary. B．A guidebook. C．A novel. D．A magazine.
B组
Passage 1 （2021·浙江高三三模） 限时：7'
In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
For thousands of years, salt was an extremely rare commodity. It was difficult to obtain so that the price was very high. Many trading routes were set up to carry salt, people were paid in salt, and salt was sometimes worth more than its weight in gold. Therefore, spilling salt was considered wasteful.
Because of its high value, salt was also associated with friendship and good fortune. Offerings of salt were included in many religious ceremonies, and people might bring salt to a new home for good luck. These associations would have suggested that it would be bad luck to spill salt, since it would seem to violate salt’s fortunate properties.
Salt is also an excellent preservative. It prevents food from going bad. As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.
The fear of spilling salt was also adopted into the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned out to be the betrayer of Christ, spilled salt is considered unlucky by many Christians.
Should you be unfortunate enough to spill salt, you might throw a pinch over your left shoulder to blind the Devil.
1．Spilling salt was probably thought to bring bad luck because ________.
A．it was a Christian faith B．salt was linked with misfortune
C．it would decrease one’s lifespan D．salt was always expensive than gold
2．What does the underlined word “preservative” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A．Protector. B．Flavor. C．Medium. D．Solution.
3．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To introduce the history of salt. B．To show ways to avoid misfortune.
C．To explain the beliefs about spilling salt. D．To entertain readers with some anecdotes.
Passage 2 （2021·江西高三二模） 限时：8'
After beating bone cancer, Hayley Arceneaux thinks rocketing into orbit on SpaceX’s first private flight should be no problem at all. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital announced the 29-year-old doctor’s assistant will rocket into space later this year.
Arceneaux, a former patient at St. Jude, will become the youngest American in space, beating NASA record-holder Sally Ride by over two years. She will travel with businessman Jared Isaacman, who is using the spaceflight he bought to raise money for charity. Two other yet-to-be-chosen space flyers will join them. Arceneaux will be the first person to launch with a prosthesis an artificial device that replaces a missing or injured part of the body. When she was 10, Arceneaux had an operation at St. Jude to replace her knee and a piece of metal was put in her left leg. She still limps and has occasional leg pain.
“My battle with cancer really prepared me for space travel,” she recently told The Associated Press. “It made me tough, and then also I think it really taught me to expect the unexpected and go along for the ride.” Arceneaux wants to show her young patients and other cancer survivors that “the sky is not even the limit anymore.” “It’s going to mean so much to these kids to see a survivor in space.” she said.
Isaacman announced his space flight on February 1, promising to raise $200 million for St. Jude. As the flight’s self-appointed commander, he offered one of the four seats aboard SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft to St. Jude. The hospital chose Arceneaux from among its many workers who had once been patients. The idea was that one of them could represent the new generation, noted Rick Shadyac, president of St. Jude’s financing organization.
Arceneaux was at home in Memphis, Tennessee, when she got a surprising call in January. She was asked if she would represent St. Jude in space. As a lifelong space fan who loves adventures, Arceneaux has traveled widely and loves roller coasters. Isaacman, who flies fighter airplanes for fun, considers her a perfect fit. The launch is planned for this fall at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, with the spacecraft orbiting Earth for two to four days.
4．Which statement is true about Hayley Arceneaux?
A．She works where she used to be a patient. B．She is an adventure hater.
C．She is the youngest American in space. D．She is the first woman space flyer.
5．What’s the correct order for what happened to Hayley Arceneaux?
a. She received a surprising call. b. She was diagnosed with a serious disease.
c. She was chosen to rocket into space. d. She was operated on at St.Jude.
A．a c d b B．b c d a C．b d a c D．c a b d
6．What’s the purpose of the space flight?
A．To carry out medical research. B．To explore space.
C．To expect the unexpected. D．To collect money.
7．How can we describle Hayley Arceneaux?
A．Generous and strong. B．Caring and optimistic. C．Brave and honest. D．Patient and representative.
Passage 3 （2021·四川成都市·树德中学高三月考） 限时：8'
It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at viewers, following them with her eyes no matter where they are in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.
A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle of 15.4° off to the viewer’s right — well outside the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, “She’s not looking at you.”
This is ironic (讽刺), because the entire phenomenon of a person’s gaze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the “Mona Lisa effect”, which is absolutely real. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.
Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him.
To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers gathered 24 people to view images of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected (相交) Mona Lisa’s gaze. To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the “Mona Lisa” portrait was not looking straight at them, but slightly off to their right.
So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first coined the term “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name.
8．It is generally believed that the woman in the painting “Mona Lisa” ________.
A．attracts the viewers to look back B．seems mysterious because of her eyes
C．fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers D．looks at observers wherever they stand
9．What did the new study find?
A．The Mona Lisa effect does not really exist. B．The mystery of the woman’s smile in the painting.
C．The angle of the gaze in Mona Lisa effect. D．Mona Lisa effect does not occur with Mona Lisa.
10．The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to ________.
A．confirm Horstmann’s belief B．create artificial-intelligence avatars
C．calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze D．show how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied
11．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Horstmann thinks it cool to coin the term “Mona Lisa effect”.
B．The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence.
C．Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention.
D．The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers’ judgement.
Passage 4（2021·云南） 限时：7'
China has just officially opened its FAST radio telescope to international scientists. Scientists across the world can submit proposals for astronomical observations using the telescope.
FAST is short for Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (球面射电望远镜) and it is also believed to be the world's largest radio telescope and the most sensitive single-dish radio telescope. The receiving surface area of FAST is 250,000 square meters, about the size of 30 standard football fields. Its construction was completed in September 2016 and it officially began operating in January 2020.
The major scientific task of the telescope is the observation of pulsars (脉冲星) – the rotating neutron stars. The study of pulsars can help to confirm the existence of gravitational radiation and black holes, and help solve many other major questions in physics. Another scientific goal of FAST is to search for outer space civilization.
The telescope is located in a naturally deep and round karst depression in southwest China's Guizhou Province. The first advantage of the selected site is the altitude. The average altitude of Guizhou is about 1,100 meters, which maximizes the effectiveness of the observation equipment. Secondly, the radio telescope needs to have a “big pan” to receive better signal. The huge natural depression could reduce the amount of excavation (挖掘) and difficulty of construction. Moreover, the selected site in Guizhou is far away from cities, and has a small population, which reduces the interference (干扰) caused by wireless devices such as TVs, mobile phones and radios from human activities.
FAST has identified over 300 pulsars. Experts predict that the number could reach 1,000 in five years and that the telescope could locate and identify the first pulsar outside the galaxy. With the opening-up to international scientists, China's FAST is expected to make more contribution to astronomical research in the future.
12．What do we know about FAST?
A．It is opened to global scientists. B．It is a project under construction.
C．It has provided service since 2016. D．It has found a pulsar outside the galaxy.
13．What is the main task of FAST?
A．To study black holes. B．To observe the pulsars.
C．To explore the sun. D．To seek space civilization.
14．What's special about the selected site?
A．It's close to urban areas. B．It reduces engineering amount.
C．It possesses a shallow depression. D．It's at the highest altitude in China.
15．Which can be the best title for the text?
A．Major Scientific Tasks of FAST B．Ways to Select the Site for FAST
C．Contributions FAST Has Made D．Facts about FAST Radio Telescope