专题1 阅读理解 考法03 词义猜测-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破

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专题1 阅读理解 考法03词义猜测
备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破
词义猜测
猜测词义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义反义及上下文线索等确定词义。常见的设问方式有：
What does the underlined word “...” refer to/mean?
The underlined word “...”can be replaced by_______.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined?
What does the underlined word "it/them" in Paragraph...refer to?
Which of the following words can take the place of the underlined word "..."
技巧1通过定义来猜测词义
本技巧适用于所猜生词或短语后有句子(往往用定语从句或同位语从句)对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号、括号中的内容对其加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词为:be, mean, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify等。
【例】The schools are reluctant to take time off----even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
What does the underlined word "reluctant" probably mean?
A.Kind. B. Unwilling. C.Free. D. Careless.
【解析】根据破折号后的 even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off可知, 甚至手中有英格兰与阿根廷对决比赛的球票的教师们也很难有放假时间。由此可以推断出前面的“ reluctant'”一词意为“不情愿的”。故选B项。
技巧2 通过同位关系来猜测词义
构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词或表达有：or, similarly, also, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say等。
[天津2020年5月·C] There'' s also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.
47. The expression "added bonus"refers to the fact that electric planes____________.
A. give passengers more pleasant views B. bring airlines more financial benefits
C. offer more enjoyable flying experiences D. cost less in maintenance than traditional one
【解析】根据画线词后that引导的同位语从句 electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in和后文中的 No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机的航程更舒,因为没有发动机的噪音,没有燃油的味道,只有环保的宁静。由此可推知,
added bonus应指电动飞机带来的“额外的好处”，即给乘客带来更舒适的飞行体验。故选C项。
技巧3 通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义
如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述，可以根据画线词的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词主要有but, however, otherwise, though等；表示对比关系的标志性词语有 while, in contrast, unlike, on the other hand等。
[全国Ⅱ2020·C] The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late
1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
30. What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A.Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable D. Crashed.
【解析】根据画线词前的 The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades可知，几十年来海狸鼠的数量都因毛皮交易而得到良好控制；再结合画线词后的… multiplied like crazy可知，后来海狸鼠又泛滥成灾，并可推断出造成这一现象的原因是毛皮交易市场生意惨淡，人们对海狸鼠毛皮的需求下降。由此可猜测,，collapse的意思是“垮掉”，与 crash意义相近。A项意为“繁荣”;B项意为“发展成熟”;C项意为“维持稳定”。因此，A、B、C项均不符合语境。故选D项。
技巧4 通过因果关系来猜测词义
该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断画线词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有 because, since, so that, so/ such...that…, therefore等。
【例】The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.
What does the underlined part in the text probably mean?
A. A cap. B. A car. C. A home. D. A covering.
【解析】猜测画线部分意思的关键在于对“so”一词的理解。根据前文中的信息可知，那些无家可归的人们可能没了工作，从而无法支付房租；利用因果关系可知，无法支付
房租就会没有房子住，因此画线部分应是“房子；家”的意思。故选C项。
技巧5 通过文章中的举例来猜测词义
有时，作者为了使读者更好地理解文中的生词或短语，往往在这些词或短语后附加一些具体的例子，从而使读者更透彻地理解文章。所以，考生可依据词或短语后的例子猜测其含义。
【例】On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens,ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.
【解析】根据 such as后面列举的一系列例子可以推断出，句中的 poultry意为“家禽”
技巧6 通过上下文语境来猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行符合逻辑的综合分析，并依此来推测词义，这是一种重要的阅读方法。
[全国Ⅲ2020·B]Yet“Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.
One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on
more than 2,000 productions this year.
26. What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on"in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally. C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
【解析】根据画线词前 which引导的定语从句可知，这一非营利性组织的职能是监督动物在电影拍摄等娱乐节目制作的过程中是如何被对待的。山此可推知，此处指今年这一组织正在密切关注2,000多个节目的制作过程。故可推断，画线部分意为“密切注意”。故选D项
技巧7 通过代词所指代的内容猜测词义
代词所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中。找到指代的内容后，把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。
[浙江2020年7月·B] Less traffic at9:37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the
signals changes.
That is by design.
25. What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【解析】That指代的应是前文中提到的事物，故根据第一段最后一句 Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.可知，That指的是交通信号灯的时间可以灵活变动这件事，故选C项。
技巧8 通过构词法猜测词义
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以根据构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
(1)、根据前缀或后缀猜测词义。
如:前缀co-表示“共同;一起”；后缀-ise/-ize表示“使成为……；使…化”等。
Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
【解析】根据词根 educational(教育的)，再结合前缀co-(共同；一起)，可以猜出co- educational的意思是“男女同校的”。
(2)、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义。
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most craft(手艺) no longer exists.
【解析】根据合成词中的mass(大量的)和 produce(生产)可推测，mass- produced的意思是“大批生产的；规模生产的”。
(3)、根据单相关词性的含义猜测变换词性后新词的含义。
I had first known she was wrong. Her anxiety had clouded her judgment.
【解析】 cloud作名词时，意为“云”，在句中作动词。分析语境可知，焦虑会影响一个人的判断，因此 cloud在此表示“把……搞糊涂；模糊…”
技巧9 通过生活经验和生活常识猜测词义
英语阅读理解选择的素材具有时代性、新颖性和生活性的特点，尤其强调选择一些与学生生活息息相关的素材。因此生活经历或与日常生活有关的常识往往可以帮助考生更准确地猜测句中生词的含义。
[全国Ⅱ 2018 B] If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out
comes a "soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26. What is "a juicer" in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink C. A container D. A machine.
【解析】根据画线词后的 feed in, Out comes.及 they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine以及常识可知，juicer是一种机器，意为“榨汁机”，故选D项。 dessert意为“甜品” drink意为“饮料”; container意为 容器”; machine意为“机器”
真题题组 滚动训练
A组
Passage 1（2021·浙江高考真题）
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "
1．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
2．What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted. B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable. D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
3．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【答案】
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。
1． 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they
deliberately sent a message to another group member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。
2． 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of
Manchester,said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
3．词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是difference，故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。
Passage 2（2021·全国高考真题）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
5．What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A．Loss of wetlands. B．Popularity of water sports.
C．Pollution of rivers. D．Arrival of other wild animals.
6．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
7．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gone down. B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting. D．The government has collected money.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】
5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
6．词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase
more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
Passage 3（2021·全国高考真题）
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
“Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.”
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
9．What is the problem with the author’s children?
A．They often annoy their neighbours. B．They are tired of doing their homework.
C．They have no friends to play with D．They stay in front of screens for too long.
10．How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A．By making a documentary film. B．By organizing outdoor activities.
C．By advertising in London media. D．By creating a network of friends.
11． Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2?
A．records B．predicts C．delays D．confirms
12．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Let Children Have Fun B．Young Children Need More Free Time
C．Market Nature to Children D．David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【答案】
9．D 10．A 11．A 12．C
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了电影制作人David Bond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. (然而，我的孩子们放学后想做的是拿起一个屏幕——任何屏幕——盯着它看几个小时)”可知，作者的孩子在屏幕前呆的时间太长了。故选D项。
10．细节理解题。根据第二段“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marked to young people. (他记录了他的旅程，他开始把大自然当作一个品牌，让年轻人看到)”可知，David Bond通过拍一个纪录片宣传他的想法。故选A项。
11．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“a film”可知，本句主语是一部电影，下文“the birth of the World Network (世界网络的诞生)”解释了这部电影的主旨。由此推知，划线词charts意为“记录、描绘”，与“records”意思一致。故选A项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. (他把自己的旅行记录下来，开始把自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。其结果是Project Wild Thing，一部记录了World Network (世界网络)诞生的电影，World Network (世界网络)是以让孩子们接触大自然为共同目标的团体)”可推知，本文主要讲述了电影制作人David Bond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。由此可知，C项Market Nature to Children(把自然推销给年轻人)适合作本文标题。故选C项。
Passage 4（2021·全国高考真题）
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue—sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear: tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
13．What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?
A．He felt disappointed. B．He gave up his hobby.
C．He liked the weather there. D．He had disagreements with his family.
14．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?
A．Be careful! B．Well done! C．No way! D．Don't worry!
15．Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?
A．To join the skateboarding. B．To make new friends.
C．To learn more tricks. D．To relive his childhood days
16．What message does the author seem to convey in the text?
A．Children should learn a second language. B．Sport is necessary for children's health.
C．Children need a sense of belonging D．Seeing the world is a must for children.
【答案】
13．A 14．B 15．D 16．C
【分析】
本文属于记叙文。本文讲述作者自己的经历，起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的地方，结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好的适应了。作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己的回忆，在与一个玩滑板的孩子打招呼的时候，终于找到了自己久违的熟悉感。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue -sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place.(除了我之外的家里人都很快适应这个城市，没有了我喜爱的沙滩和蓝天，我感到迷茫和无措)”可知，作者刚到伦敦的时候因为没有喜爱的沙滩，不能很好的融入到新的城市，感到很沮丧，故选A。
14．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义，结合选项，故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第四段““I was a local here 20 years ago," I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.””(我告诉他：“我20年前经常在这里玩滑板，”他缓慢地开始向我点头：“嗨，你好！”)”可推知，作者去Southbank这个地方是为了寻找自己玩滑板的回忆，故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的地方，结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好的适应了。但是搬去华盛顿，因为没有遇到很好的玩滑板的朋友，几年之后就不再玩滑板，作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己的回忆，在于一个孩子打招呼的时候，终于找到了自己久违的回忆。通过作者的经历，作者要表达的是，归属感对于孩子是很重要的，故选C。
B组
Passage 1（2021·全国高考真题）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A．Their target users. B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions. D．Their complex design.
2．What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Admit. B．Argue.
C．Remember. D．Remark.
3．What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A．They like smartphone games. B．They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C．They keep using landline phones. D．They are attached to their family.
4．What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A．It remains a family necessity. B．It will fall out of use some day.
C．It may increase daily expenses. D．It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
Passage 2（2020·江苏高考真题）
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
5．The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.
A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast
C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered
6．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people. B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C．They could walk at an average speed. D．They had slow metabolic rates.
7．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A．They successfully lost weight. B．They consumed a bit more calories.
C．They burned more fat on average. D．They displayed higher insulin levels.
8．What could be learned from the research?
A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
【答案】
5．B 6．A 7．B 8．D
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
5．词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
Passage 3（2020·全国高考真题）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
9．What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?
A．His friends' invitation. B．His interest in the country.
C．His love for teaching. D．His desire to regain health.
10．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease. B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
11．Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?
A．Romantic. B．Eventful. C．Pleasant. D．Dangerous.
12．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book. B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer. D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】
9．B 10．D 11．B 12．A
【分析】
本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段的”A few years later, still attracted to the country. he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Ara Sea”可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。
10．词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章这件事，根据第一段最后一句”A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)”可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据第三段”This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.”可知，在乌兹别克斯坦的旅途中，Mr Bissell既体会到了友善和温暖，也看到了社会的黑暗面。在撒马尔罕，Mr Bissell欣赏到了的建筑奇观。在前往布哈拉的路上，他因为被怀疑进行毒品交易，他尝到了警察的伎俩。在费尔干纳，他参加了一个山区葬礼，然后参加了一个奇怪的酒会。在卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦，他为沙尘暴、疾病和被困在数英里外的渔船而难过。由此可知，在旅途中，他经历了很多事情。结合选项，B选项(充满事件的，多事的)可以表达此意。故选B。
12．推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。
Passage 4（2020·全国高考真题）
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
13．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A．To see famous film stars. B．To oppose wearing fur coats.
C．To raise money for animal protection. D．To express thanks to some filmmakers.
14．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.” B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.” D．The performance of real apes.
15．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Listing completely. B．Directing professionally.
C．Promoting successfully. D．Watching carefully.
16．What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A．They may be badly treated. B．They should take further training.
C．They could be traded illegally D．They would lose popularity.
【答案】
13．D 14．B 15．D 16．A
【分析】
这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐地动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead, one activist ,dressed in a full -body monkey suit ,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes”可知，相反，一名身穿全套猴服的活动人士来到现场，手里拿着一块牌子，称赞电影制作人:“感谢你们不用真正的猿猴。所以动物保护者聚集在好莱坞大道是为了向电影制作者表示感谢。故选D项。
14．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。
15．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment”（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.（许多电影,包括“大象的眼泪”,“宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”,引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.”（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关于在美国以外拍摄的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能受到虐待。故选A项。
模拟强化 限时训练
A组
Passage 1（2021·北京市第四十四中学高三三模） 限时：8'
Regardless of how famous they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities. Some have even set up their own private foundations. Their widely publicised visits to troubled areas of the world help to raise awareness of issues such as famine and poverty. According to Jane Cooper of Unicef UK, celebrities have a unique ability to reach huge numbers of people, many of whom might not otherwise be engaged in charitable causes. She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school.
But in spite of these successes there is evidence to suggest that celebrity endorsement (代言) may be overrated. In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate, researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought. When shown a list of well-known organisations and famous people who represent them, over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause. What’s more, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respond to celebrity endorsement in any way. The survey also showed that a few names did stand out as being associated with particular charities. But the presence of a celebrity in a campaign, was not a significant factor when it came to a decision to donate time or money. Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them.
In another study aimed at young people, most participants cited a compelling (无法抗拒的) mission as their main motivation to give. The second most important incentive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause. Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people. One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is also a suspicion that the stars are the one who benefit most when they offer to do charity work. Some critics have accused that celebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent.
So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences? Whichever point of view you favour, there seems to be opportunities for more research into how charity campaigns might develop relationships with celebrities to maximise their potential. This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns-which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance.
1．What does the underlined word “tangible” in paragraph I probably mean?
A．Definite. B．Complicated. C．Limited. D．Temporary.
2．According to the passage, most people contribute to charities because ________.
A．they gain benefit from the charities B．they are forced to finish a necessary task
C．they believe in the famous people they like D．they are inspired by the people around them
3．The third paragraph is mainly about ________.
A．what celebrities achieve in doing charities
B．How young people react to celebrity culture
C．why young people are hardly influenced by celebrities
D．who is to blame for taking attention away from charities
4．What is the author's attitude towards celebrity doing charities?
A．Objective. B．Positive.
C．Negative. D．Unclear.
【答案】
1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要分析了名人做慈善的利与弊。
1．词句猜测题。第一段划线词所在句“She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school.(她指出，名人近年来在筹集资金方面发挥了重要作用，他们的精力产生了切实的成果，比如让贫困国家的数百万儿童上学)”中的“such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school”部分表明，名人们在慈善方面的努力取得了实在的成果，所以可以推测tangible意为“切实的，实在的”。A. Definite.确切的；B. Complicated.复杂的；C. Limited.有限的；D. Temporary.暂时的。所以A选项和划线词词义最接近，B、C、D都不符合。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them.(相反，大多数人捐款是因为他们生活和家庭中的私人关系，这使得慈善对他们很重要)”可知，大多数人向慈善机构捐款是因为他们受到周围人的鼓舞。故选D项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Only two per cent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people.(只有2%的受访者说他们受到名人代言的激励。这似乎与一般的假设相矛盾，即青少年特别容易受到名人的影响)”可知，与一般的假设相反的是，青年人几乎不会受到名人的影响，余下内容“One possible explanation is that…There is also a suspicion that…Some critics have accused that…”则主要讲述了原因，所以第三段主要讲述青少年几乎不受名人影响的原因。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。文章前面主要讲述了名人做慈善带来的切实的成果以及被夸大的现象，最后一段“So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences?... This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns-which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance.(因此，考虑到所有这些问题，慈善机构是否应该重新考虑他们的竞选策略，寻找其他途径来接触新的受众？……这反过来又会促进更多的参与和更有针对性的运动——这只会让真正重要的人受益——那些需要援助的人和动物)”提出慈善机构应该多方考虑，最终目的是使得真正需要的人或动物受益。所以作者是以客观的态度来分析名人做慈善这件事。A. Objective.客观的；B. Positive.积极的；C. Negative.消极的；D. Unclear.不清楚的。故选A项。
Passage 2（2021·江西赣州市·高三三模） 限时：7'
In previous recessions (经济衰退), billionaires were hit along with the rest of us; it took almost three years for Forbes’s 400 richest people to recover from losses caused in 2008’s Great Recession. But in the coronavirus recession of 2020, most billionaires have gotten richer than ever before.
Billionaires increased their new billions just as millions of other Americans ran into terrible financial problems. More than 20 million people lost their jobs at the start of the pandemic. Food banks across the country are preparing for another great increase in demand. Why are American billionaires doing so well while so many other Americans suffer? People may find part of the reasons from the following fact. Stocks (股票) are overwhelmingly owned by the wealthy, and the stock market has recovered from its early-pandemic depths much more quickly than other parts of the economy.
But some billionaires are also benefiting from economic and technological trends that were accelerated by the pandemic. Among these are the owners and investors of retail giants like Amazon, Walmart, Target, Dollar Tree and Dollar General, which have reported huge profits this year while many of their smaller competitors were defeated completely as the coronavirus spread.
Then there are companies that have bet on the rapid digitization of everything Eric Yuan, the chief executive of Zoom, became a billionaire in 2019. Now he is worth almost $20 billion. Dan Gilbert, the chairman of Quicken Loans, was worth less than $7 billion in March, now he commands more than $43 billion. But there is a great deal of stratification (层化) even among billionaires—richer billionaires got even richer in 2020 than the poorer ones did. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s funder, was worth about $113 billion at the start of the pandemic. Now he is worth $182 billion. Two years ago, Bezos was the only “centibillionaire” on earth—the trendy neologism (a new word) for people whose wealth exceeds (超过) ￥100 billion.
5．What does the author mainly tell us in the passage?
A．Food banks are not enough in the United States.
B．The richest kept getting richer even in the pandemic.
C．The stock market recovered before the pandemic started.
D．400 richest people recovered from losses in the pandemic.
6．What is “part of the reasons” that is implied in Paragraph 2?
A．The American inequality. B．The recovery of stock market.
C．The effect of the pandemic. D．The food shortage across the country.
7．What is one of the changes during the pandemic?
A．The decline of digital games. B．More money lent to people by banks.
C．The trend of technology acceleration. D．High profit earned by smaller companies.
8．Why does the author refer to “centibillionaire” as a “neologism”?
A．It is a new title in the stock market after the recession.
B．It is a new way of solution to poverty through the world.
C．It is a newly established company during the pandemic.
D．It is a new term for people whose wealth exceeds $100 billion.
【答案】
5．B 6．A 7．C 8．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。在新冠疫情期间，大多数亿万富翁比以往任何时候都更富有。文章对这种现象进行了介绍和分析。
5．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“But in the coronavirus recession of 2020, most billionaires have gotten richer than ever before.”（但在2020年的冠状病毒衰退中，大多数亿万富翁比以往任何时候都更富有。）可知，文章主要是讲最富有的人在疫情中也变得越来越富有。故选B。
6．词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“Stocks (股票) are overwhelmingly owned by the wealthy, and the stock market has recovered from its early-pandemic depths much more quickly than other parts of the economy.”（股票绝大多数由富人持有，股市从疫情早期的深度中复苏的速度远远快于经济的其他领域。）可知，“part of the reasons”是指美国的不平等。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“But some billionaires are also benefiting from economic and technological trends that were accelerated by the pandemic.”（但一些亿万富翁也受益于这场大流行加速了的经济和技术趋势。）可知，在疫情中的变化有技术加速的趋势。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Two years ago, Bezos was the only “centibillionaire” on earth—the trendy neologism (a new word) for people whose wealth exceeds (超过) ￥100 billion.”（两年前,贝佐斯是唯一的“centibillionaire”——表示一个人的财富超过￥1000亿的时尚新词）可知，因为这是一个新词，指的是那些财富超过1000亿美元的人，所以作者把“centibillionaire”称为一个“neologism”。故选D。
Passage 3（2021·福建高三三模） 限时：7'
Just as a hungry brain craves (渴望) food, a lonely brain craves people. A new brain study demonstrates this. After being left alone, it shows people's brains would be activated at the sight of other people. The action was in the same brain region that speeds up when a hungry person sees food.
Livia Tomova, a neuroscientist, who studies how the brain produces mental activities, and her colleagues began this study. They recruited (招募) 40 people. On one day, the participants had to fast—not eat anything at all—for 10 hours. On another day, the same people were placed in a room for 10 hours. They couldn't see anyone. No friends, no family and no social media. They weren't even allowed to check their email. After both days, Tomova and her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing to each region.
At the end of each day, the participants showed high activity in a brain area called the midbrain. The scientists were interested in two, small areas within it. Both areas produce dopamine, a chemical that is important in craving and rewards. The two areas activated when hungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers. After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be playing sports or chatting with friends.
The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends. In fact, it responds to food and social signals even when people aren't hungry or lonely. But hunger and loneliness increased the reactions and made people's responses specific to the thing they were missing. And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers said they were experiencing, the stronger the activity in this part of the brain. Tomova and her colleagues published their results November 23 in Nature Neuroscience.
9．How does Tomova test out the result of the study?
A．By stimulating desire. B．By controlling blood flow.
C．By monitoring brain activity. D．By examining mental activities.
10．What do we know about midbrain?
A．It consists of two areas. B．It helps motivate desire for food.
C．It stops working when people are full. D．It decreases responses to lost friends.
11．What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．A midbrain area. B．A social activity. C．A volunteer. D．A hamburger.
12．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Dopamine—a Sure Sign of Age B．Midbrain—a Nest for the Thoughts
C．Hunger Makes Mental Health Struggle D．Loneliness Makes Our Brains Need People
【答案】
9．C 10．B 11．B 12．D
【分析】
本文是说明文，介绍了Tomova和她的同事通过研究，发现“饥饿的大脑渴望食物和孤独的大脑渴望与人的交往”这一行为背后的大脑机制。
9．细节理解题。根据第二自然段“After both days, Tomova and her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing to each region. (两天之后，Tomova和她的同事们对这些人进行了核磁共振检查。它通过追踪流向每个区域的血液量来显示大脑的活动)”可知，Tomova用核磁共振监测大脑活动的方式来进行研究。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据四第自然段“The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends. (中脑在人们寻求食物或朋友的动机中扮演着重要的角色)”可知，中脑与人寻找食物的动机有关。故选B项。
11．词句猜测题。根据第三自然段“After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be playing sports or chatting with friends. (在志愿者被隔离后，当他们看到自己错过的社交活动时，这些大脑区域就会变得活跃。可能是做运动或和朋友聊天)”可知，代词It指代的是前文中让大脑会变得活跃的social activities之一。故选B项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一自然段段首句“Just as a hungry brain craves (渴望) food, a lonely brain craves people. (就像饥饿的大脑渴望食物一样，孤独的大脑渴望人)”和下文的实验介绍与理论分析可知，本文主要讲，饥饿让大脑渴望食物，孤独让大脑渴望与人的交往这一人类行为和其背后的大脑机制。故选D项。
Passage 4（2021·福建南平市·高三二模） 限时：6'
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked on an assembly (装配) line. My best friend Betsy’s father was an executive (管理者) at Hough Bakeries, which, at special festivals, made little rabbit-shaped cakes for all its stores. The plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help, and the shift (轮班) fell over spring break, during which I had no plans. Cake? I loved cake-icing especially. I’d earn minimum wage. I’d see how a factory worked. My parents thought all of this was a grand idea for a girl like me and called Betsy’s dad with their permission.
Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. As I told my parents that first night, it was all a little more high-pressure than I’d expected. Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education.
And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. To borrow a favorite phrase from my father: The executives weren’t born yesterday.
13．Why did the writer decide to take the job?
A．To earn lots of money. B．To enjoy her spring break.
C．To help Betsy’s father temporarily. D．To learn of the operation of the plant.
14．What can we learn from paragraph 2?
A．The writer found the job simple. B．The job needed great concentration.
C．The writer quit the job the first night. D．Father laughed at the writer’s performance.
15．How did Dad respond to the writer’s first-day experience?
A．Inspiring. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Sympathetic.
16．What does the writer mean by saying “I could barely look at the stuff”?
A．She found the icing ugly. B．She was tired from the work.
C．She had eaten too much icing. D．She felt depressed with the job.
【答案】
13．D 14．B 15．A 16．C
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者第一次工作，在蛋糕生产线上工作的经历。
13．细节理解题。由第一段中的“I’d see how a factory worked. (我想看看工厂是怎么运作的。)”可知，因为想了解工厂的运作情况作者才决定接受这份工作。故选D项。
14．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. (我们在生产线上的角色很简单：把蛋糕放在传送带上。安装冰耳。给眼睛和鼻子放糖霜。把蛋糕从生产线上取下来；放在托盘上。这比听起来更难。你心不在焉，蛋糕就堆起来了。)”可知，在蛋糕生产线上工作，工作程序繁杂，一不留心，蛋糕就堆起来乱了，可得出这项工作需要全神贯注。故选B项。
15．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education. (爸爸笑了。他告诉我，这种工作让你感激自己挣的钱。如果你的脚受伤了，或者感觉几分钟就像几个小时，那么这就是保持这些成绩，接受大学教育的动力。)”可知，爸爸认为作者现在感到的压力与困难都会成为作者以后前行的动力。由此推知，爸爸说的话很鼓舞人心（Inspiring）。故选A项。
16．句意猜测题。由最后一段中的“And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. (糖霜呢？我们孩子可以想吃多少就吃多少。到了第一天中午，我几乎不看那些东西。)”可知，作者他们可以想吃多少糖霜就吃多少糖霜，以至于最后吃了太多的糖霜，都不想看见糖霜了，由此可知“I could barely look at the stuff”在此处意为“她吃了太多糖霜”。故选C项。
B 组
Passage 1（2021·吉林） 限时：8'
When we experience earthquakes, medical emergencies — whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.
These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when it’s show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we aren’t prepared with all the knowledge we need. Let’s say we’re on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.
Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can “come out of nowhere”. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance (警觉) in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.
As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.
1．According to the passage, when an armed robbery (抢劫) happens, most witnesses will first___________.
A．observe the surroundings B．pretend to be calm C．decide what to do D．focus on the gun
2．What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Tested. B．Changed. C．Predicted. D．Understood
3．It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ___________.
A．things are less dependable than they used to be B．cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis
C．convenience reduces our problem-solving capability D．the complexity of present systems ensures our safety
4．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.
B．To point out the connection between stress and risks.
C．To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.
D．To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.
【答案】
1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是，虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。因此，市民对突发事件的防范意识要提高。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us.（虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。）”可知，根据文章，危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，可得出当武装抢劫发生时，大多数目击者会首先关注枪。故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.（此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。目前，我们还没有达到最佳状态。）”，和第二段中的“For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. （例如，消防员被教导如何快速降低他们的血压和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法——你可以在几分钟内学会这些技巧。一旦你冷静下来，你就会准确地识别出问题的真正原因。）”可知，上文讲危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，害怕因而无法冷静，下文讲通过适当方法，人们可以冷静下来，所以这些正常的人类反应（害怕/无法冷静）是可以逆转的。由此推知，划线词的意思是“改变”。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非我们练习几乎不发生的事情，否则当事情发生时，我们的反应能力往往会消失。可靠性会毁了你。此外，我们今天使用的系统更加复杂。在肉眼可见的情况下，很少有活动部件能让我们看到事情什么时候会出错。）”可知，从第三段中可以推断出，现代生活给予人们生活可靠性，系统性让人们规避很多错误，世界的便利性降低了我们解决问题的能力。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（随着技术成为绝大多数事物的一部分，随着曾经的巨大风险演变成无数的小风险，危机局势可能会成为常态。我们都应该学会呼吸，认识到情况，并执行计划，我们足够聪明地提前做好准备。）”可知，危机局势可能会成为常态，人们应该要做好准备应对它，这篇文章的目的是为了提高市民对突发事件的防范意识。故选C。
Passage 2（2021·广州大学附属中学高三期中） 限时：8'
Procrastinators (拖延症患者)，take note: If you’ve tried building self-control and you’re still putting things off, maybe you need to try something different. One new approach: Check your mood.
Often, procrastinators attempt to avoid the anxiety or worry aroused by a tough task with activities aimed at repairing their mood, such as checking Facebook or taking a nap. But the pattern, which researchers call “giving in to feel good,” makes procrastinators feel worse later, when they face the consequences of missing a deadline or making a last-minute effort, says Timothy Pychyl, an associate professor of psychology at Carleton University.
Increasingly, psychologists and time-management consultants are focusing on a new strategy: helping procrastinators see how attempts at mood repair are destroying their efforts and learn to control their emotions in more productive ways.
The new approach is based on several studies in the past two years showing that negative emotions can damage attempts at self-control. It fills a gap among established time-management methods, which stress behavioral changes such as adopting a new organizing system or doing exercises to build willpower.
Researchers have come up with a playbook of strategies to help procrastinators turn mood repair to their advantage. Some are tried-and-true classics: Dr. Pychyl advises procrastinators to just get started, and make the doorstep for getting started quite low. “Procrastinators are more likely to put the technique to use when they understand how mood repair works,” says Dr. Pychyl, author of a 2013 book, “Solving the Procrastination Puzzle.” He adds,“A real motive power comes from doing what we intend to do—the things that are important to us.”
He also advises procrastinators to practice “time travel”—projecting themselves into the future to imagine the good feelings they will have after finishing a task, or the bad ones they will have if they don’t. This cures procrastinators’ tendency to get so stuck in present anxieties and worries that they fail to think about the future.
Another mood-repair strategy, self-forgiveness, is aimed at dismissing the self-blame. University freshmen who forgave themselves for procrastinating on studying for the first exam in a course procrastinated less on the next exam, according to a recent study led by Michael Wohl, an associate professor of psychology at Carleton.
Thomas Flint learned about the technique by reading research on self-control, including studies by Dr. Sirois and Dr. Pychyl. He put it to use after his family moved recently to a new house. Instead of beating himself up for failing to unpack all the boxes gathered in his garage right away, Mr. Flint decided to forgive himself and start with a single step. I’d say, "OK, I’m going to take an hour, with a goal of getting the TV set up, and that's it, he says; then he watched a TV show as a reward. Allowing himself to do the task in stages, he says, is “a victory.”
5．What does Timothy Pychyl mean by mentioning the “giving in to feel good” practice in Paragraph 2?
A．It probably does more harm than good. B．It prevents procrastinators from giving up.
C．It helps procrastinators meet the deadline. D．It effectively drives away anxiety and worry.
6．Where does a real motive power come from according to Dr. Pychyl?
A．Sticking to one’s intention. B．Doing things that really matter.
C．Getting started from a low doorstep. D．Learning important techniques of mood repair.
7．What is the purpose of the practice “time travel”?
A．To make their future plan more practical. B．To accelerate the speed of finishing the task.
C．To stop people from worrying about their travel. D．To free people from the present negative emotions.
8．What can be inferred from Michael Wohl study?
A．Self-blame prevents students from putting things off.
B．Procrastinators are still able to get good scores in exams.
C．University freshmen can get rid of procrastination easily.
D．Self-forgiveness is an effective way to cure procrastination.
【答案】
5．A 6．B 7．D 8．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了拖延症患者拖延的原因，以及一些改变它的方法。
5．词句猜测题。根据划线部分后面的“makes procrastinators feel worse later, when they face the consequences of missing a deadline or making a last-minute effort”（当拖延者面临错过最后期限或在最后一刻做出努力的后果时，会让他们感觉更糟。）可知，giving in to feel good是一种不好的情况，它会让拖延症患者感觉更糟糕。再结合上文的“Often, procrastinators attempt to avoid the anxiety or worry aroused by a tough task with activities aimed at repairing their mood, such as checking Facebook or taking a nap.”（通常，拖延者试图通过一些旨在修复情绪的活动来避免因艰巨任务而引起的焦虑或担忧，比如查看Facebook或小睡一会儿。）可推知，划线部分指的是看起来有好处,但实则危害更多的活动。A项“比起好处来它可能有更多危害”符合以上说法。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段的“He adds,“A real motive power comes from doing what we intend to do—the things that are important to us.””（他补充说：“真正的动力来自于做我们想做的事——对我们来说很重要的事。”）可知，Pychyl认为真正的动力来源于做对我们来说真正重要的事。故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的“This cures procrastinators’ tendency to get so stuck in present anxieties and
worries that they fail to think about the future.”（这治愈了拖拉者陷入当前焦虑和忧虑而无法思考未来的倾向。）可知，“时间旅行”的目的是把人们从现在的消极情绪中解放出来。故选D。
8．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Another mood-repair strategy, self-forgiveness, is aimed at dismissing the self-blame. University freshmen who forgave themselves for procrastinating on studying for the first exam in a course procrastinated less on the next exam, according to a recent study led by Michael Wohl, an associate professor of psychology at Carleton.”（另一种情绪修复策略，自我原谅，旨在消除自责。卡尔顿大学（Carleton）心理学副教授迈克尔•沃尔（Michael Wohl）最近领导的一项研究表明，大学新生原谅自己在一门课程的第一次考试中拖延时间，而在下一次考试中拖延时间较少。）可知，大学生原谅自己在一门课程的第一次考试拖延后，下一次拖延的时间更少了。由此推知，自我原谅是治疗拖延症的有效方法。故选D。
Passage 3（2021·四川德阳市·高三三模） 限时：7'
Each year, about 250 billion to-go cups serve coffee and tea from places like Starbucks and McDonald’s are produced to satisfy the world’s love for hot drinks on the run. These paper-based cups have the inside surface covered with plastic to prevent water from escaping, and keep water from being absorbed into the material. Despite this, that also removes any opportunity for the cups to be biodegradable (可生物降解的).
The materials that created these cups of goodness and convenience are recyclable but only if separated. In addition, the demand for such resources is low, so they are worth next to nothing.
In response to this great challenge, NextGen Consortium, multi-year partnership led by Starbucks and McDonald’s launched their first big initiative (倡议)—NextGen Cup. The first step in NextGen Cup was an open competition where participants presented ideas for sleeves, cups, lids and other parts of the hot-cold paper-based takeaway coffee cup that would make it reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; to finally be widely used. 12 winners, announced in 2019, shared a prize of $1 million, as well as personalized growth, and support from members of NextGen Consortium.
Later, they launched two pilot programs at independent coffee shops in California. In one case, customers were given “smart” reusable cups made mostly from recyclable plastic. They then could drop their empties into collection containers at key locations, for washing and reuse. These cups were printed with RFID chips or QR codes, through which coffee shops can know where there is the greatest need for collection containers and how many are not using them.
To reduce coffee cup waste, Cup Club is already replacing millions of takeaway cups in the UK, while Recup in Germany, has performed a deposit system that simply adds a small extra fee to any coffee cup which is returned to the buyer after the cup is deposited in any registered collection point.
9．What can we say about the paper-based cups?
A．They can absorb water easily. B．They are not popular in life.
C．They can’t be easily recycled. D．They are attractive in low price.
10．What’s the theme of the NextGen Cup?
A．Separating recyclable materials from the cups. B．Making the cups green and easily available.
C．Reducing the unnecessary parts of the cups. D．Gaining the support from their partners.
11．What’s the function of RFID chips or QR codes?
A．Knowing about customers’ preference for coffee shops. B．Collecting the information on which shop is empty.
C．Helping choose where customer can drink coffee. D．Making the recycling of cups more efficient.
12．What does the word “which” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．A collection point. B．A deposit system.
C．A small extra fee. D．Any coffee cup.
【答案】
9．C 10．B 11．D 12．C
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了星巴克和麦当劳为解决外带咖啡杯污染问题所做的努力。
9．推理判断题。由第一段中的“These paper-based cups have the inside surface covered with plastic to prevent water from escaping, and keep water from being absorbed into the material. Despite this, that also removes any opportunity for the cups to be biodegradable (可生物降解的). (这些纸质杯子的内表面覆盖着塑料，以防止水逸出，并防止水被材料吸收。尽管如此，这也消除了杯子被生物降解的机会。)”可知，纸杯内附塑料，无法降解，可得出它们不容易被回收利用。故选C项。
10．推理判断题。由第三段中的“The first step in NextGen Cup was an open competition where participants presented ideas for sleeves, cups, lids and other parts of the hot-cold paper-based takeaway coffee cup that would make it reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; to finally be widely used. (NextGen杯的第一步是一个公开的竞赛，参与者们展示了热冷纸质外卖咖啡杯的杯套、杯子、盖子和其他部分的想法，这些都将使咖啡杯可以重复使用、可回收或可生物降解；最终得到广泛应用。)”可知，NextGen杯的参与者们把杯子设计成可以重复使用、可回收或可生物降解的杯子，可得出举办方希望竞赛者设计出既环保又实用的咖啡杯，NextGen杯的主题是“使杯子绿色环保，方便取用”。故选B项。
11．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“These cups were printed with RFID chips or QR codes, through which coffee shops can know where there is the greatest need for collection containers and how many are not using them. (这些杯子上印着RFID芯片或QR码，通过这些东西，咖啡店可以知道哪里最需要收集容器，有多少没有使用。)”可知，“智能”杯上的RFID芯片或QR码可帮助收集杯子回收使用的情况，使杯子的回收更有效。故选D项。
12．指代猜测题。由最后一段中的“To reduce coffee cup waste, Cup Club is already replacing millions of takeaway cups in the UK, while Recup in Germany, has performed a deposit system that simply adds a small extra fee to any coffee cup which is returned to the buyer after the cup is deposited in any registered collection point. (为了减少咖啡杯的浪费，Cup Club已经在英国更换了数百万个外卖杯，而德国的Recup则执行了一种存款制度，只需在任何咖啡杯存放在任何注册的收款点后，向买家退还一小部分额外费用。)”可知，which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词a small extra fee，所以which指a small extra fee。故选C项。
Passage 4（2021·贵州贵阳市·贵阳一中） 限时：7'
If you’re looking for someone to make a realistic, three-dimensional (3D) portrait of your pet cat using felted wool, you’ll have a tough time finding someone better than Wakuneco, a Japanese artist who started creating needle felt art back in 2015. Using different colored wool, this artist creates life-like cat portraits. Just have a look at what she can do with a needle and wool thread.
Looking at some of the cat portraits created by the talented Japanese artist, it’s hard to believe they are made of felted wool and not taxidermy (动物标本剥制术) masterpieces. To achieve this level of realism, which translates as “frame cat”, Wakuneco spends hours on end poking wool with a needle to create solid layers that imitate cat fur, applying realistic glass eyes and finally adding the whiskers. After everything is just as she wants, the 3D portrait is framed and sent to the owner who ordered it.
Losing a beloved pet is never easy, but Wakuneco’s realistic cat portraits — made using photographs of real cats as a reference — help owners deal with their loss. And while not all of her customers are owners looking for something special to remember their pets, many of her portraits are ordered as a means of copying.
Wakuneco currently offers her amazing wool felting skills through Yahoo Auctions, but only to Japanese customers. However, after photos of her amazingly detailed portraits spread quickly online, she did express her intention to start taking international orders in the near future. In the meantime, you can admire her amazing creations on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, and watch videos of the creative process on YouTube.
For more amazing felted wool artworks, check out the creations of Gardenia Miru and Terumi Ohta, two other very talented Japanese artists, as well as the felted wool animal portraits of Dani Ives.
13．What does the author mean by saying the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?
A．No one can do better than Wakuneco.
B．Wakuneco is too busy to be visited or invited.
C．It’s hard for you to get along well with Wakuneco.
D．You’ll find many other skillful persons like Wakuneco.
14．What do we know about the 3D cat portraits?
A．They’re widely considered as taxidermy masterpieces.
B．Their eyes are made of felted wool in most cases.
C．They’re made by modeling the pictures of authentic cats.
D．Their fur is taken from animals no longer alive.
15．What can be learned from the last two paragraphs?
A．Dani Ives’s wool animal portraits are gaining in popularity.
B．Only the Japanese can buy Wakuneco’s artworks for the time being.
C．Wakuneco decided to show her creative process on Twitter.
D．Wakuneco is unsure about selling her artworks internationally.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．3D Technology Used in Art. B．Four Talented Japanese Artists.
C．Needle Felting: An Art in Danger. D．Wakuneco’s Realistic 3D Cat Portraits.
【答案】
13．A 14．C 15．B 16．D
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。介绍了日本艺术家Wakuneco用羊毛毡制作的3D立体猫咪肖像广受欢迎。
13． 词句猜测题。根据划线句子前面的“If you’re looking for someone to make a realistic, three-dimensional (3D)
portrait of your pet cat using felted wool(如果你正在寻找人为你的宠物猫制作栩栩如生的3D立体猫咪肖像)”和下文介绍的Wakuneco制作的栩栩如生的3D立体猫咪肖像，以及其在市场上的受欢迎程度可推知，划线句子想表达的是：没有人能比Wakuneco制作得更好了。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Wakuneco’s realistic cat portraits — made using photographs of real cats as a reference（Wakuneco的3D立体猫咪画像是使用真猫的画像当做参考的）”可知，Wakuneco的3D立体猫咪肖像是参照人们提供的猫咪照片制作的。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Wakuneco currently offers her amazing wool felting skills through Yahoo Auctions, but only to Japanese customers.（Wakuneco目前通过雅虎拍卖网站拍卖他用羊毛毡制作的3D立体猫咪肖像，而且售卖给日本的客户。）”可知，目前只有日本人能够买到Wakuneco用羊毛毡制作的3D立体猫咪肖像，故选B。
16．主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“If you’re looking for someone to make a realistic,
three-dimensional (3D) portrait of your pet cat using felted wool you’ll have a tough time finding someone better than Wakuneco, a Japanese artist who started creating needle felt art back in 2015.(如果你正在寻找人为你的宠物猫制作栩栩如生的3D立体猫咪肖像，你很难找到比Wakuneco更好的人，他是一位日本艺术家，早在2015年就开始创作针毡艺术。)”可知，本文主要介绍了日本艺术家Wakuneco用羊毛毡制作的栩栩如生的3D立体猫咪肖像。D项“Wakuneco的真实3D猫肖像 ”可以作文本文最佳标题。故选D。