专题2 阅读理解之七选五---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破

这是一份专题2 阅读理解之七选五---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破，文件包含专题2阅读理解之七选五解析卷---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破doc、专题2阅读理解之七选五原题卷---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共50页， 欢迎下载使用。
专题2 阅读理解之七选五
备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破
阅读七选五
【题型说明】
该题型的阅读材料长度为300词左右，文中有五处空白，文后有七个选项，要求考生从短文后的七个选项中选出五个能填入文章空白处的最佳选项。该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和前后文联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析和理解长难句的能力。
文中的五处空白一般分布于各个段落的段首、段中或段尾。其选项一般分为四类:主题概句、过渡句(反映文章结构)、细节理解句(反映上下文逻辑关系)、结论句。多余两个选项也往往从这四个方面设置，例如题概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构，节理解句与上下文脱节等。
【命题分析】
近年来，高考“7选5”的选文以说明文居多，主要考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等。今后，对主题句及过渡句的考查将仍是“7选5”的考查重点。
【解题策略】
策略1 分析篇章结构
分析篇章结构及把握全文脉络是解题的关键。语篇通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间的层次，也就是语篇层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次，即句际层次，尤其是选项与前后句之间的逻辑关系，这是确定答案的主要依据。
策略2 辨别语境线索
语境线索主要指反映上下文关系的衔接手段，如篇章结构原文复现、逻辑关系、连接、指称、同构等。
原文复现是指词或短语的重复出现，但这里不仅是指词或短语的简单重现，还指某一词或短语可能以不同词性、数、格、时态等形式出现，如read, reading, reader, readers,还可能是以同义词、近义词甚至反义词等形式出现。
逻辑关系是指上下文之间内在的、必然的联系，包括时间先后关系、因果关系等。
连接是指用连接词或连接语表明上下文之间的逻辑关系，如and, however.
指称是指用代词替代前文已出现的人物、事件、物品等,如he, she, they。
同构是指上下文使用了相同或类似的句式。
策略3 注意一些关键词
(1)、注意代词。代词是用来指代名词或句子的。做题时，一定要注意句中出现的人称代词或指示代词，通过代词在句中所作的成分推断出它指代的成分的类型，进而从选项中找到答案。
(2)、注意疑问词。如果选项中或设空处前出现疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为针对不同疑问词的回答方式是不一样的。比如对why的回答，要有 because等表示原因的词；对when的回答，要有表示时间的状语；对 where的回答，要有表示地点的状语；对how的回答，要有表示方式或程度的状语等。
(3)、注意连接词或短语。
①、因果关系:so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result;
②、并列关系: first, second, third; firstly, secondly, thirdly;first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, for another等;
③、转折关系:but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, instead, though, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely, otherwise等
④、递进关系:also, further, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what' s more, not only... but also...等。
【解题步骤】
步骤1 通读整篇文章
快速浏览文章，把握段落文脉，寻找主题句，理出文章的中
心，掌握文章结构及文章大意。注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章首段及末段的首尾句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”为常见的写作方式。首段的首尾句很可能是全文的主题所在，并可能简要指出了文章
的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式呈现。
步骤2 详读段落
在短时间内，找出每段内容的关键词，注意关键词之间的关系。将所有句子按意义分出层次，再分析各层次之间的关系，明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。
步骤3 定位选项
明确各选项的含义，抓住其关键词，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中。填写时尤其要注意各选项与前后句之间的衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。
步骤4 通读复检
将所选答案代人文中，再次通读全文，重点检查逻辑关系。
真题题组 滚动训练
Passage 1（2021·全国高考真题）
You've got mail…and it's a postcard
Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China's Great Wall. 1．
"I often send postcards to family and friends." he says to China Daily, "but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it 2． ” Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. Many would say the Internet is a place for people who have given up on the traditional postal service, but Paulo's hunch（直觉）paid off.
Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. 3． Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.
Language is certainly a harrier for many people. For postcrossing to work worldwide, a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other. As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn't work if one doesn't understand it. 4． So a common language is required and in postcrossing that's English since it's widely spoken.
"Many people in China have limited exposure to English. 5． That said, we know of many postcrossing members, including Chinese, who have actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing," Paulo says.
A．And that's totally fine
B．That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it
C．He likes to think of sending postcards as a family-friendly hobby
D．Many love to make a connection with someone from across the world.
E.On August 5, the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.
F.Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.
G.In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.
【答案】
1．G 2．A 3．E 4．F 5．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Paulo Magalhaes创建postcrossing.com的过程及其现状。Paulo Magalhaes非常喜欢明信片但是苦于身边没有与他志趣相投的人，于是他开始从网上寻求志同道合的人，因而创立了postcrossing.com。随着公司在全球不断壮大，语言成为沟通的主要障碍，后来英语被选为共同语言方便大家交流。
1． 上文“Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a
brightly colored image of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China’s Great Wall.( 34岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes喜欢打开他的邮箱，然后发现一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场图像。或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布。或者是中国的长城)”介绍了Paulo喜欢明信片的个人爱好。下文“... and you realize that not everyone is into it.”说明他身边缺少与他志趣相投的人。选项G“In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a scribbled note from someone far away.(简而言之，他喜欢明信片，也喜欢收到远方某人潦草的便条时的那种兴奋)”起到承上启下的作用，总结了上文Paulo喜欢明信片，也引出下文关于他的喜好得不到回应的问题。故选G项。
2．上文““I often send postcards to family and friends." he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it(“我经常给家人和朋友寄明信片， ”他说，“但你可以想象，过一段时间，你收到的明信片不会像你寄的那么多，而且你意识到并不是每个人都喜欢这样。”)”说明Paulo意识到身边的亲人和朋友不是都和他有相同的爱好，因此他也很坦然接受这个事实，因此选项A“那完全没问题”符合语境。故选A项。
3．上文“Today his hobby has evolved into the website Postcrossing.com, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he launched it 10 years ago.(如今，他的这个爱好已经发展成了Postcrossing.com这个社交网站。自从10年前他创建这个网站以来，已经有来自214个国家和地区的575217名注册用户)”是在介绍目前网站的发展状况，因此符合文意的只有E选项“8月5日，会员互赠的明信片数量达到3100万张”是在介绍该网站相关的数据。故选E项。
4．上文“As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn't work if one doesn't understand it.(收到一张用中文写的明信片可能很酷，但如果你不理解它，这个概念就行不通)”是举例说明他国人收到中文明信片时的问题。选项F“Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card written in Swedish takes part of the fun away.(同样地，如果你只会说中文，收到瑞典语的卡片也会夺走一部分乐趣)”是举例说明中国人收到他国语言明信片时也会遇到相同的问题。两句相结合，符合结论句的语义要求，故选F项。
5．上文“Many people in China have limited exposure to English.(许多中国人很少能接触到英语)”说明对某些人来说学习英语的门槛较高。结合下文“... who actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing.(他们实际上通过使用明信片来提高他们的英语技能)”可知，写明信片成为一种练习英语的渠道。因此选项B “这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难 ”符合语境要求，说明对一些人来说学习和练习英语的难度较高，因为渠道较少。故选B项。
Passage 2（2021·全国高考真题）
Swap, Don’t shop!
You keep hearing about recycling, right? But it doesn't end with bottles, cans, and paper. Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources（资源）to make, and buying loads of new clothing（or throwing out old clothing）is not healthy for the environment. So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you're-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 6．. It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.
A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes, the organization of the event, and, obviously, how much fun is had. It's really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.
●Invite 5—10 people so you have a nice selection. 7． , and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.
●8．. They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their "new" clothes home.
●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room.9．. Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on. One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.
●Set a starting time. Maybe you say “go,” or turn on a certain song, or whatever. 10．. And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!
A．Less people than that
B．Hold a clothing swap
C．If two people are competing
D．Just keep music playing throughout
E.Donate whatever clothes are left over
F.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots
G.Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition
【答案】
6．B 7．A 8．G 9．F 10．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了通过衣物交换来处理旧衣服的方法——衣物交换派对，以及一些具体的流程。
6．根据上文“So what to do with all those perfectly- good-but-you 're- maybe-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor?（那么，该如何处理那些堆在卧室地板上的（看起来）完好但你可能有点厌倦的衣服呢？）”提出关于如何解决旧衣物的问题。下文“It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.（这是扔掉旧衣服、从朋友那里买衣服、同时开派对的最好方法。）”提到了具体处理旧衣物的方法。所以空白处应起承上启下的作用，承接上文讲到的问题，启下提出的方法。因而空白处是提出了一种处理旧衣物的好方法。B项“Hold a clothing swap.（进行衣物交换。）”给出了一种处理旧衣物的方法，承上启下，符合语境。故选B项。
7．根据上文“Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.”（邀请5到10个人，这样你就有一个很好的选择。）说明了应该邀请的人数。下文“and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.”（可能没有足够的东西可供选择；多于这个数量，它就变得无法控制。）说明多于或少于一定数量的人数将会导致一些麻烦。所以空白处应是针对下文中的“more than that”提出的相反的假设，即少于一定数量的人。A项“Less people than that”（少于这些人）提出一种假设，和下文中“more than that”相对，说明人数不宜太多，也不能太少，符合语境。故选A项。
8．根据下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their “new” clothes home.”（他们还应该
准备大量的可重复使用的袋子，把他们的“新”衣服带回家。）说明去的时候应该为交换所得的“新衣服”准备袋子。G项“Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition.”（告诉每个人带来品相完好的衣服。）说明去参加衣物交换的时候应该带完好的衣服，其中的bring和下文中carry相对，都是为交换衣物所做的准备。下文中的also也是提示词，并且其中They指代G项的everyone。所以G项符合语境。故选G项。
9．根据上文“Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room.”（把不同类型的衣服放在房间的不同地方。）指出衣服应该归类放置。下文“Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on.”（在房间周围放几面镜子，这样人们试穿时就能看到衣服的样子。）提到了放置镜子的意义。由此可见，本段讲述的是房间里的一些具体的做法，所以空白处一样要提出人们在房间里要做什么。F项“Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots.（让每个人的衣服都放在相应的位置上。）”说明每个人应该按照不同类型把衣服摆放在相应的位置，符合语境。故选F项。
10．上文“Set a starting time. Maybe you say “go,” or turn on a certain song, or whatever.”（设置开始时间。也许你说“开始”，或者打开一首歌，或者无论什么。）打开音乐或者无论什么，意味聚会开始。下文“And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!”（别忘了拿出一些饼干和水果。记住，这是个派对！）讲到了聚会上应该提供一些派对该有的服务。因而，空白处应是承接上文，讲述聚会期间要保持应有的内容。D项“Just keep music playing throughout.”（要始终播放音乐。）承上启下，说明在派对上要有音乐，与前文形成意义上的一致，符合题意，故选D项。
Passage 3（2021·全国高考真题）
According to Jessica Hagy, author of How to Be Interesting, it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party.
11．, if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time. So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous, trying different foods and talking to strangers.
People love to talk about themselves. If you can start the conversation with a question other than “What do you do for a living?”, you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to. 12．, it can bring in “I have this old, broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation.
13．? If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox （讲台）. If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.14．.
And what about that other dinner-party killer: awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）. 15．. Just quickly turn around and say, “This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”
So being interesting at a dinner party isn’t that hard.
A．How do you know the host
B．The first step is to go exploring
C．If you ask the question “How did you get here?”
D．Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
E.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say
F.What about that person who had too much to drink or won’t stop talking
G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
【答案】
11．B 12．C 13．F 14．E 15．G
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在晚宴上让自己表现得有趣的一些方法。
11．根据上文“it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party (在晚宴上让自己变得有趣并不难)”可知，下文应主要讲述如何在晚宴上让自己变得有趣。下文“So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous, trying different foods and talking to strangers. (所以最主要的事情就是去尝试，去冒险，尝试不同的食物，和陌生人交谈)”可推知，本段主要说明想在晚宴上让自己变得有趣，就要勇于冒险，勇于探索。由此可知，B项“The first step is to go exploring(第一步是去探索)”承上启下，符合题意。故选B项。
12．根据下文“it can bring in “I have this old, broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation. (它可以带入“我有这辆破旧的车”或“我和那些在后面嘲笑愚蠢笑话的疯子一起乘坐公共汽车。”它只是打开了对话)”可知，设空处应该是提了一个不太好的问题，只是开始交流，但并不会给人留下有趣的印象。由此可知，C项“If you ask the question “How did you get here?”(如果你问“你是怎么到这里来的？”这个问题)”能够承接下文，符合题意。故选C项。
13．根据下文“If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox. If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation. (如果你不能拿走他们的酒，你当然应该让他们离开讲话的地方。如果你是主人，你可以让他们到厨房帮你做点什么，只是为了让他们摆脱那种情景)”可知，此处指出了一个问题的解决办法。由此推知，设空处提到了一个棘手的问题。F项“What about the person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking(喝太多酒或一直说个不停的人怎么办)”正是提出的问题，引出下文的解决办法，符合题意。故选F项。
14．根据上文“If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox (讲台). If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation. (如果你不能拿走他们的酒，你当然应该让他们离开讲话的地方。如果你是主人，你可以让他们到厨房帮你做点什么，只是为了让他们摆脱那种情景)”可知，本段主要是为解决“喝太多酒或一直说个不停”这个问题提供方法。由此可知，E项“Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say(或者把谈话变成他们没什么可说的话题)”是提出的另一个解决办法，承接上文，符合题意。故选E项。
15．根据上文“If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment.(如果你在晚宴上遭遇了尴尬的沉默，唯一能让大家再次交谈的方法就是赞美主人)”可知，此处指出赞美主人可以缓解尴尬的沉默，设空处承上启下，下文“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.(这蛋糕特别好吃，你得告诉我它的一切)”对主人进行了赞美。由此可知，宴会上出现尴尬的沉默时，最尴尬的就是主人，所以需要赞美主人来缓解尴尬。G项“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most(他或她是最能感受到那种尴尬的人)”承上启下，符合题意。故选G项
Passage 4（2021·全国高考真题）
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.16．So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing ( 水 管 ) worked. 17．Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said, “Ouverture des portes,” in perfect French. That is the only French phrase I mastered, and it’s a shame I don’t have much use for it.
Parisians are different from you and me. They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain weight. 18． French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.
19． On our first morning in Paris, I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries. I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon. My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!
In France, quality of life is much more important than efficiency.
You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded.20．When do these people work? The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.
A．Not all the customers are tourists.
B．The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C．There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D．The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F.Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
【答案】
16．F 17．C 18．G 19．E 20．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了作者夫妇两人在巴黎的居住的感受。首先，作者介绍了她住的房子；其次，说明了巴黎人生活非常精致的原因；最后，说明法国人对待生活的态度，相较于工作效率他们更看重生活品质。
16．上文“My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.(我丈夫和我刚在巴黎待了一周)”说明了背景；下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.(所以我们做的第一件事就是租了一个非常昂贵公寓，在第六层，只有一个橱柜那么大)”是空格处的结果，因此空格处需要填原因；根据F项“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.(我们的目标是看看我们是否在某种程度上可以活的像巴黎人。)”可知，作者要在巴黎住下来，所以需要租房子，两句构成因果关系。故选F项。
17．上文“The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though.(不过，这个地方并不是地道的法国住房)”是段落的中心句，说明第二段主要内容是讲解公寓的情况。下文提到了楼宇和电梯的情况。C项“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.(有一个漂亮的厨房和一张舒适的床)”提到了厨房和床，这些都属于公寓的配置。故选C项。
18．上文“... they eat great food and never gain weight.(他们吃得很好，而且从不发胖)”提及了食物。下文“French
strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.(法国草莓
起来不像纸板。相反，它们会像小炸弹一样在你嘴里爆炸)”在说明法国的草莓很好吃。上下文结合可知
因为法国的食物质量很高，所以不用吃很多就能很满足，同时吃的少也就不会发胖了。G项“The food is so
delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy. (食物是如此美味，你不需要吃太多就能使你乐)”
符合语境要求。故选G项。
19．第三段主要描述了作者夫妻去了采购了食物，买了草莓。下文“My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!(我丈夫和我都认为这是我们吃过的最好的水果。但它们要18美元!)”说明法国的水果好吃但是也很贵。选项E“That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.(这并不是法国人吃得比我们少的唯一原因)”承接了上一段关于法国人吃的少但是不胖的话题，同时引起下文，给出了法国人吃的少的另一个原因‘物价贵’。故选E项。
20．根据上文“In France, quality of life is much more important than efficiency (效率). You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded. (在法国生活质量比效率更重要。这一点你能从咖啡馆生活看出来。法国的咖啡厅总是很拥挤)”可知，上文说明了法国人对待工作不是很积极且咖啡厅里顾客很多。下文“When do these people work?(这些人什么时候工作？)”是一个问句，说明本句属于过渡句，承接上文说明咖啡厅里的造成拥挤的客人的情况，A选项中有“customer”符合咖啡馆的情境设定，同时讲述了不是所有的客人都是游客，那么意味着大部分人都是当地人，符合下文的提问。故选A项。
Passage 5（2021·浙江高考真题）
You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. You get what you need, head to the front, and choose the line that looks fastest.
You chose wrong. People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the parking lot. 21．
It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster.
Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay. 22．Any small interruption - a price check, a chatty customer-can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.
If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. Think about the probability:23．So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.
Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem. Make all customers stand in one long, snaking line- called a serpentine line - and serve each person at the front with the next available register. 24．This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone a little bit but speed up checkout overall.
25．It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower. So wherever your next wait may be: Good luck.
A．Why does this always seem to happen to you?
B．So why don't most places encourage serpentine lines?
C．Some of the may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.
D．The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.
E.How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?
F.With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach.
G.But sometimes, as on a Sunday afternoon, the system gets particularly busy.
【答案】
21．A 22．G 23．D 24．F 25．B
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇形队伍的新方式，并分析了各自的利弊。
21．下文“It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster. （原来，这只是你的数学问题；很可能，另一个队伍真的更快。）”解释了上文“You chose wrong.(你选错了)”的原因，下文与空格处是因果关系，所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑，故选A项。
22．上文“Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay.（杂货店尽量让足够的员工在结账时让所有的顾客以最小的延误完成结账。）”解释了杂货店之前的工作模式，下文“Any small interruption a price check, a chatty customer -can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.（任何一个小小的中断，一个价格检查，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会产生下游效应，拖住整个生产线。）”描述了杂货店的特殊情况，故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因，故选G项。
23．根据上文“If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. （如果杂货
店中有三列队伍，延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。）”联系下文“So it's not just in your mind: Another line
probably is moving faster.（所以这不仅仅是在你的脑海里：另一条队伍可能移动得更快。）”可知本空说的是任何一个队伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍跑得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D项。
24．根据“上文Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem.(我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处理这个问题)”以及下文“This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone little bit but speed up checkout overall.（这个大多数银行和快餐店都是这样做的。有了一条蜿蜒的队伍，在一个登记处长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反，它会减慢每个人一点点，但加快了整体结帐速度。）”说明这个新方案迅速有效，联系上下文可知，空格中应该是与旧的结账方案作比较。故选F项。
25．结合下文“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower.（要保持一条生产线的快速运转，需要很多的收银机，而且有些商店负担不起空间和人力。）”说明了一个原因，由此可知，空格处提出了一个问题；通过“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly.(保持一条生产线的快速运转)”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B项。
Passage 6（2020·海南高考真题）
Talking with your doctor
Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care. Don't be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you.26．
●Stay positive.
Go to your doctor's visits with a good attitude.27．Think teamwork! Think positive!
●Keep track of how you are feeling.
28．This will make it easier for you to answer questions about your symptoms（症状）and how medicines make you feel. It also makes it easier for you to bring up anything that you are worried about. Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long you've felt that way.
●29．
Your medical history is a list of your illnesses, treatments, what the doctors told you to do, and anything else you think your doctor should know. Also, if you are allergic（过敏）to any medicines, be sure to mention that to your doctor.
●Ask questions.
Do not be afraid to ask your doctor any questions you have. To remember all the questions you have when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.30．Remember—there's no such thing as a stupid question. If you don't understand the answer to a question, ask the doctor to explain it again until you do understand.
A．This will make getting answers easier.
B．Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.
C．You can talk to another doctor if the treatments don't work.
D．Before your doctor's visit, keep notes on how you are feeling.
E.Remember, your doctor and other caregivers are on your side.
F.Bring your medical history, including a list of your current medicines.
G.Writing down what the doctor says will help you remember important information.
【答案】
26．B 27．E 28．D 29．F 30．A
【分析】
这是一篇应用文，文章讲述了与医生谈话的几个小建议。
26．根据文章第一段“Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care. Don't be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you.”可知，与你的医生畅所欲言可以让你感觉好些，并向你的医生提供她或他需要的信息，以便为你提供最好的护理。不要害怕或尴尬地讨论困扰你的事情。再结合下文为几条具体的建议，所以B项：Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.（这里有一些与你的医生交谈的小建议。）符合题意，为顺承关系，故选B。
27．根据文章第二段“teamwork!”意为团队可知，E项：Remember, your doctor and other caregivers are on your side.（记住，你的医生和其他护理人员都站在你这边。）与此呼应，故选E。
28．根据文章“This will make it easier for you to answer questions about your symptoms（症状）and how medicines make you feel. It also makes it easier for you to bring up anything that you are worried about. Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long you've felt that way.”可知，这将使你更容易回答关于你的症状和药物让你感觉如何的问题。这也让你更容易提出你担心的任何事情。一定要诚实地说出你的感受，以及你这种感觉持续了多久。由此可知，这都是在讲感受，故D项：Before your doctor's visit, keep notes on how you are feeling.（在你的医生来之前，记下你的感受。）与之呼应，故选D。
29．根据文章“Your medical history is a list of your illnesses, treatments, what the doctors told you to do, and anything else you think your doctor should know. Also, if you are allergic（过敏）to any medicines, be sure to mention that to your doctor.”可知，你的病史是你的疾病，治疗，医生告诉你做什么，以及你认为你的医生应该知道的任何事情的清单。如果你有过敏的话，你也要提一下。因此可知看出，这是关于病史和清单的，故F项：Bring your medical history, including a list of your current medicines.（带上你的病史，包括你目前的药物清单。）符合题意，相呼应，故选F。
30．根据文章“Do not be afraid to ask your doctor any questions you have. To remember all the questions you have when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.”可知，不要害怕问你的医生你有的任何问题。当你不在医生办公室时，为了记住你的所有问题，把它们写下来，并带着清单去你的预约。以及“Remember—there's no such thing as a stupid question. If you don't understand the answer to a question, ask the doctor to explain it again until you do understand.”可知，记住，没有什么愚蠢的问题。如果你不明白问题的答案，请医生再解释一遍，直到你明白为止。因此中间缺少过渡句，故A项：This will make getting answers easier.（这将使获得答案更容易。）正好可以连接两句，故选A。
Passage 7 （2020·北京）
Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.31．Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
32．People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.33．For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer against depression and anxiety. Resilient people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.34．
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem.35．
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A．It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B．Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C．It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D．Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E.As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F.They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G.They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
【答案】
31．B 32．D 33．C 34．G 35．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了积极思考对人产生的各种益处，同时将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较，分析两种人的差异。积极思维是应对困难时期和提高个人生活质量的强大而有效的工具。
31．根据上文“Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.(自我对话是一个人持续不断的想法，他常常对一些事件、现象、人，甚至是他自己都没有意识和不确定)”以及后文“Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue.(同时，积极的思考可以帮助停止消极的自我对话，开始形成对一个问题的积极的观点)”由此可知，上文对自我对话进行了定义，后文则提到了积极的思考可以有助于停止消极的自我对话，可知本句是在说明消极的自我对话对人的不良影响。后文中negative self-talks可对应到B选项中Negative self-talk。故B选项“消极的自言自语会损害自信，降低自尊”符合语境，故选B。
32．根据后文“People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.(积极思考的人寿命更长，抑郁和焦虑率更低，身心更健康，死于心脏问题的风险更低。积极的思考也有助于一个人处理问题和困难的能力)”由此可知，后文提到了积极思考对人的益处，后文中People who think positively以及Positive thinking可对应到D选项中Positive thinking。故D选项“积极思考对身心有几个有益的影响”符合语境，故选D。
33．根据后文“For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer against depression and anxiety.(例如，研究人员发现，当危机伴随着强烈的情绪时，比如自然灾害，积极的思考可以为抑郁和焦虑提供一种缓冲)”可知，后文举出的例子说明了积极思考可以让一个人在面临危机时，保持冷静。故C选项“它帮助一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信”符合语境，故选C。
34．根据上文“Resilient people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.(积极思考的、有韧性的人倾向于把每一个问题都看作是一个挑战，一个改进的机会，或者一个个人成长的机会。相反，悲观主义者倾向于将问题视为额外压力的来源)可知，上文在将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较，本句应承接上文，进一步解释说明悲观主义者在解决问题时一些性格特点。上文Pessimists可对应到G选项中They。故G选项“他们常常在试图解决问题之前就感到气馁，即使是很小的问题”符合语境，故选G。
35．根据上文“In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. (总之，积极思考是应对困难时期和提高个人生活质量的强大而有效的工具。当一个人拒绝注意到一个问题时，它与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系)”可知，本句承接上文进一步说明一个人拒绝注意到问题的影响，它与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系，也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适。故A选项“它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适”符合语境，故选A。
Passage 8（2020·全国高考真题）
Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.36．Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.
People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public”at the expense of the “speaking. ” 37． Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.
Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking. People’s attention wanders constantly. In fact,most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message. So, don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.38．
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.39．And like everything else in life, that takes practice. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
40．It’s rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer. “On the other hand, you probably can’t count the times that you’ve thought, “I’m glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever! “So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.
A．Do the opposite.
B．You want to be an effective public speaker.
C．You don’ t need to apologize for a minor slip.
D．When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E.The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience
F.Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners
G.However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
【答案】
36．G 37．A 38．C 39．B 40．D
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了成为好的演讲者需要掌握的一些原则。
36．本文主题是介绍成为好的演讲者要掌握的一些原则。上句提到有些人生来就有演讲的天赋。G项:然而，大多数人之所以能成为有影响的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练。与上句转折，引出本文主题--演讲者要训练。故选G。
37．下句Focus on the speaking.是本段主题，建议演讲者把注意力集中在演讲上。上句提到一种常见现象，当站起来发表演讲时，演讲者往往会把注意力放在”公众”上，而不是”演讲”上。这是错误的做法，A项Do the opposite.承上启下，说明了上句做法的错误，引出了下句正确的做法。故选A。
38．本段提到即使成功的演讲者也会犯错误，观众不会太在意你的错误。上句建议当出错时不要停止演讲，除非是非常严重的错误。C项:你不需要为一个小失误道歉。与上句承接，是对待演讲出错的方法。故选C。
39．本段是说明练习的重要性。上句提到你的目标不是成为一个完美的演说家，下句应该说明目标是什么。B. You want to be an effective public speaker.与上句衔接，是我们演讲的真正目的。故选B。
40．下文提到观众并不是认为演讲越长越好，根据 Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated.可知，作者建议让演讲比预期的短一点，给观众更多的期待胜过让他们坐立不安地等待演讲结束。D项:公开演讲时，通常少就是多。说明了演讲时，多和少的辩证关系。故选D。
模拟强化 限时训练
Passage 1（2021·福建莆田市·莆田一中高三模拟） 限时：7'
Consistently doing what you need to do to succeed, with total focus and determination, is incredibly difficult.1．Here are some ways you can be more successful in your life.
Let your past inform your future. The past is valuable. Learn from your mistakes. Learn from the mistakes of others. Then let it go.2．Think about what went wrong but only in terms of how you will make sure that won't happen next time.
Never complain. Your words have power, especially over you. Complaining about your problems always makes you feel worse,not better. So if something is wrong,don't waste time complaining.3．Learn to ignore the things you have no control over. Mental strength is like muscle strength-no one has an unlimited supply. So why waste your power on things you can't control? For some people,it's family. For others,it's global warming.4．Fine. Do what you can do: Lend a listening ear. Recycle,and reduce your carbon footprint. Be your own change-but don't try to make everyone else change.
5．Before you turn out the light every night, take a moment to quit worrying about what you don't have. Think about what you do have. You have a lot to be thankful for. Feels pretty good, doesn't it? Feeling better about yourself is the best way of all to recharge your mental batteries.
A．Be grateful for the good things in your life.
B．The past is just training; it doesn't define you.
C．Whatever it is, you care, and you want others to care.
D．See your life and future as totally within your control.
E.Just put that mental energy into making the situation better.
F.People may like your things, but that doesn't mean they like you.
G.And that's why the ability to work hard and respond positively to failure is vital.
【答案】
1．G 2．B 3．E 4．C 5．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一些可以让你的生活更成功的方法。
【详解】
1.根据前文“Consistently doing what you need to do to succeed, with total focus and determination, is incredibly difficult.”（坚持把你需要做的事情做成功，全神贯注，下定决心，这是非常困难的。）后文“Here are some ways you can be more successful in your life.”（以下是一些可以让你的生活更成功的方法。）给出了想要成功的建议。因而空白处应承接上文，讲述努力工作，积极应对失败的能力是至关重要的。选项G.“And that's why the ability to work hard and respond positively to failure is vital.”（这就是为什么努力工作，积极应对失败的能力是至关重要的。）符合题意，故选G。
2.根据前文“The past is valuable. Learn from your mistakes. Learn from the mistakes of others. ”（过去是有价值的。从你的错误中吸取教训。从别人的错误中吸取教训。）讲述了从过去的错误中学习的意义。后文“Think about what went wrong but only in terms of how you will make sure that won't happen next time.”（想想到底哪里出了问题，但是只能从你如何确保下次不会发生这种事情的角度来考虑。）所以接下来应提到的是不要让过去的错误局限你，选项B.“The past is just training; it doesn't define you.”（过去只是训练，不能限定你。）符合题意，故选B。
3.根据前文“Complaining about your problems always makes you feel worse,not better. So if something is wrong,don't waste time complaining.”（抱怨自己的问题只会让你感觉更糟，而不是更好。所以如果出了什么问题，不要浪费时间抱怨。）谈论了抱怨带来的结果。后文 “Mental strength is like muscle strength-no one has an unlimited supply. So why waste your power on things you can't control? ”（精神力量就像肌肉力量，没有人有无限的能量。为什么要把你的力量浪费在你无法控制的事情上？）讲述了不要把精神力量浪费在无法控制的事情上。因而空白处应承接前文，讲述不要浪费时间抱怨，要把精神力量投入到你能更好改善情况上。选项E. “Just put that mental energy into making the situation better.”（把精力放在改善情况上。）与文意相符，故选E。
4.根据前文“For some people,it's family. For others,it's global warming.”（对某些人来说，这是家庭，对另一些人来说，这是全球变暖。）说明针对对象不同，同样的事情意义也不同。后文“Be your own change-but don't try to make everyone else change.”（做你自己的改变——但不要试图让其他人改变。）提到了自己在面对改变时的具体做法。所以空白处应提到对于自己而言，自己处理事情的方式。选项C.“Whatever it is, you care, and you want others to care.”（不管是什么，你在乎，你希望别人在乎。）与文意相符，故选C。
5.根据后文“Before you turn out the light every night, take a moment to quit worrying about what you don't have. Think about what you do have. You have a lot to be thankful for. ”（在你每天晚上关灯之前，花点时间不要担心你没有什么。想想你现在拥有的。你有很多要感谢的。）说明生活中我们要感激的事情有很多。所以作为本段主题句，空白处的内容应为要感激生活中你拥有的东西。选项A. “Be grateful for the good things in your life.”（对生活中的美好事物心存感激。）符合题意，故选A。
Passage 2（2021·陕西宝鸡市·高三二模） 限时：7'
Top uses of smartphones
Today approximately 3.5 billion people own smartphones all over the world. In this article, we explore what we use our smartphones for.
6．
Most websites today are mobile-friendly, while there are also mobile apps that you can use to buy everything from clothes to household items and more. Because it's far easier and more convenient to make a purchase online, a great percentage of people order from online sites. In fact, most users prefer to be able to compare and learn about different items on their phones. Hence, if anyone is looking to build an online brand, it is certainly important to develop a mobile-friendly site for the ultimate online shopping experience.7．.
Social Media Usage
Social media sites became a go-to site for many users that spend time on their mobile devices.8．. It is widely used in comparison to other popular social media platforms like Instagram. But, social media apps are not only used to interact with other users but also to consume information, whether it is entertaining videos, news, information about certain products and services. Otherwise, people rely on smartphones when they want to share their content (photos, videos , articles) on social media platforms.9．.
Consumption of Digital Media
Smartphones are leading devices in the consumption of digital media, and the time users spend is usually on apps.10．. So, whether you are looking to watch your favorite TV shows, listen to music, or you want to read books, listen to podcasts, there are many apps that you can check out and download on your device. Actually, a lot of companies like Tencent and Youku have designed apps to make their content more accessible on the move.
A．Friendly websites
B．Mobile Shopping
C．Actually, Wechat is one of the largest social media networks
D．Hence, a lot of businesses use them to promote their products
E. As we know, there's a wealth of apps available for download, free of charge
F. Some famous e-commerce sites include Amazon, Taobao, JD and many others
G. There are some apps that are not designed to entertain you but to help you enrich your knowledge
【答案】
6．B 7．F 8．C 9．D 10．E
【分析】
6．根据第二段第一句“Most websites today are mobile-friendly, while there are also mobile apps that you can use to buy everything from clothes to household items and more.(如今大多数网站都是手机友好型，与此同时还有许多手机应用你可以用来买东西，从衣服到生活用品)”可知，这一段讨论的是智能手机的网上购物功能。而空格处是这一段的小标题。由此可知，B. Mobile Shopping(移动购物)符合题意。故选B。
7．根据前一句“Hence, if anyone is looking to build an online brand, it is certainly important to develop a mobile-friendly site for the ultimate online shopping experience.(因此，如果某人想要建立一个网上品牌，为最佳购物体验搭建一个手机友好的网址无疑很重要)”提出要搭建网址，随后可能进一步举例说明好的网址有哪些。由此可知，F. Some famous e-commerce sites include Amazon, Taobao, JD and many others(一些著名的电子商务网站包括亚马逊、淘宝、京东等)符合题意，F选项提出Amazon, Taobao, JD(亚马逊、淘宝和京东)作为例子。故选F。
8．前文“Social media sites became a go-to site for many users that spend time on their mobile devices.(社交媒体网站成为许多花时间在移动设备上的用户的首选网站)”提出现在手机用户花很多时间使用手机，社交网址成为了智囊网址。而后文接着提出“It is widely used in comparison to other popular social media platforms like Instagram.(与Instagram等其他流行的社交媒体平台相比，它被广泛使用)”。由此推知，空格处应该提到了一种社交媒体平台。由此可知，C. Actually, Wechat is one of the largest social media networks(事实上，微信是最大的社交媒体网络之一)符合题意。故选C。
9．根据上文“But, social media apps are not only used to interact with other users but also to consume information, whether it is entertaining videos, news, information about certain products and services. Otherwise, people rely on smartphones when they want to share their content (photos, videos , articles) on social media platforms.(但是，社交媒体应用不仅用于与其他用户互动，还用于消费信息，无论是娱乐视频、新闻，还是关于某些产品和服务的信息。否则，当人们想要在社交媒体平台上分享他们的内容（照片、视频、文章）时，就会依赖智能手机)”可知，要通过手机消费，必须要有商家提供商品信息。由此可知，D. Hence, a lot of businesses use them to promote their products(因此，很多企业使用它们来推广他们的产品)符合题意。故选D。
10．根据上文“Smartphones are leading devices in the consumption of digital media, and the time users spend is usually on apps.(智能手机是数字媒体消费的主流设备，并且用户大多数时间都花在应用上)”及下文“So, whether you are looking to watch your favorite TV shows…there are many apps that you can check out and download on your device.(所以，不管你是想看你最喜欢的电视节目，你都可以在你的设备上查看和下载许多应用程序)”可推知，空格处应该是在讨论有很多应用可在手机上使用。由此可知，E. As we know, there's a wealth of apps available for download, free of charge(正如我们知道的那样，有很多应用可用于下载，并且免费)”符合题意。故选E。
Passage 3 （2022·广东高三月考） 限时：7'
Most students feel more anxiety before and during an exam. Normal levels of stress can help you work, think faster and more effectively, and generally help you perform better in exams. 11． It can cause your mind to “blank out” or make you unable to concentrate. Here are some strategies to help you keep your anxiety to a manageable level.
The better prepared you get for an exam, the less anxiety you'll suffer from. 12． Six weeks before the exams is probably soon enough for the end of year exams, depending on where you are in your studies and what year you are in. Maintain your health-eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep and exercise regularly. 13． Look at exams as an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills you've been learning throughout the term. The night before an exam, calmly review material one final time, organize all your supplies (your pens, calculator, eraser, and so on), and get a good night's sleep. Get to the exam on time. Don't talk to people outside the room because their nervousness could be “catching”.
14． If you're afraid you will forget important facts, write them down as soon as you get into exam. When needed, take a short relaxation break by closing your eyes, stretching(伸展) and relaxing muscles, and breathing deeply. If you start to panic, tell yourself. “I will stay calm. I can handle this.” Read directions carefully and stay focused on the exam. 15． Just keep working. Never leave early yourself.
A．Staying positive is also important.
B．Pay no attention to students who finish early.
C．However, too much anxiety can lower your performance.
D．Spend some time thinking about what is causing the anxiety.
E.The key to reducing exam anxiety is to start your revision early.
F.As for anxiety during an exam, just follow the following strategies
G.Remember that most people feel tense at this point-it is only natural.
【答案】
11．C 12．E 13．A 14．F 15．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章认为大部分同学都存在考前焦虑，正常的压力水平可以帮助人们更快、更有效地工作和思考，在考试中表现得更好，但是过多的焦虑则会降低你的表现，它会导致你的思绪一片空白，使得你注意力无法集中，并且给出了一些帮助你把焦虑保持在一个可管理的水平的建议。
11．根据上文“Normal levels of stress can help you work, think faster and more effectively, and generally help you perform better in exams.(正常水平的压力可以帮助你工作，更快更有效地思考，并且通常可以帮助你在考试中表现得更好)”以及下文“It can cause your mind to “blank out” or make you unable to concentrate.(它会使你的大脑“空白”或无法集中注意力)”可知，此处是一个转折句，与正常的压力形成对比，C选项“然而，过多的焦虑会降低你的表现。”符合题意。故选C。
12．根据上文“The better prepared you get for an exam, the less anxiety you'll suffer from.(你对考试准备得越充分，你的焦虑就越少)”和下文“Six weeks before the exams is probably soon enough for the end of year exams, depending on where you are in your studies and what year you are in.（考试前六周对于期末考试来说可能已经足够快了，这取决于你学习的阶段以及你读几年级）”可知，空格处应该表达为考试做准备的时间要充分。E选项“减少考试焦虑的关键是尽早开始复习。”符合题意。故选E。
13．根据下文“Look at exams as an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills you've been learning throughout the term.(把考试看作是一个应用你整个学期所学知识和技能的机会)”可推知，对待考试要有积极的态度。A选项“保持积极态度也很重要。”符合题意。故选A。
14． 根据下文“If you're afraid you will forget important facts, write them down as soon as you get into exam. When needed, take a short relaxation break by closing your eyes, stretching(伸展) and relaxing muscles, and breathing deeply.(若你们担心你们会忘记重要的事实，那个么你们一进入考试就把它们写下来。必要时，闭上眼睛，伸展身体，休息片刻 放松肌肉，深呼吸)”可知，这些都是关于考试过程中感到焦虑的一些处理措施。F选项“至于考试期间的焦虑，只需遵循以下策略”符合题意。下文是对策略的举例说明。故选F。
15．根据上文“Read directions carefully and stay focused on the exam.(仔细阅读说明并专注于考试)”以及下文“Just keep working. Never leave early yourself.(继续写，永远不要自己早退)”可知，此处指考试要全神贯注，尤其不要关注做得快，提前交卷的同学。B选项“不要理会提前完成的学生。”符合题意。故选B。
Passage 4（2021·重庆巴蜀中学高三月考） 限时：8'
Strategies to Help Build Self-Regulation Skills
Self-regulation is the ability that helps us to control our behaviors to make good decisions for the long-term, rather than just doing what we want in the moment.16．The good news is that kids can learn to improve their self-regulation.
Discuss scenarios（场景）. Talk about real-life incidents that encourage learners to stop and think about managing their behaviors. You might say, "Someone is kicking the back of your chair during a test and it's really annoying you. What do you do?" Have students talk in small groups or partners.17．Using scenarios can help students train their brains for how to think through problems as they happen.
Set self-reflection time. Every student needs to work on different things. Some concentrate on grades, while others focus more on behavior or attendance. Set self-reflection time and meet weekly with students. Discuss progress made, challenges, and next steps for the future.18．This can slowly help them develop the ability to self-reflect and self-regulate in the future.
19．Design an area in the room for students to go who need a few minutes to themselves. It's important to teach that the area is a place to self- regulate and get in control of emotions so we can return to our normal days. Tell students that it's normal and healthy to need a break once in a while.
Use literature. Picture books are a great way to introduce and discuss self-regulation skills at all levels. Even my middle schoolers loved when I got the picture books out for a read-aloud! With whatever books you choose, make sure to highlight the self-regulation skills the characters use.20．
A．Give movement breaks.
B．Create a calm down space.
C．Most of all, try to let students take the lead!
D．Discuss how they relate to your students' lives.
E.Share about how they might handle those situations.
F.Consider consulting with the school social worker for extra support.
G.However, working on self-regulation skills doesn't happen overnight.
【答案】
16．G 17．E 18．C 19．B 20．D
【分析】
本篇是说明文。介绍帮助学生培养自我管理技能的策略。
16．前一句“Self-regulation is the ability that helps us to control our behaviors to make good decisions for the long-term”提出自我管理从长远看能帮助控制行为，做好的决定；下一句 “The good news is that kids can learn to improve their self-regulation.”提出一个好消息：孩子们可以学习如何加强自己的这种能力，可知空格处应说明过渡句，强调虽然培养自我管理能力有难度，G项“However, working on self-regulation skills doesn't happen overnight.”指出培养这一技能不是一蹴而就的，符合题意。故选G。
17．根据标题“Discuss scenarios”可知，本段策略是设计场景让学生思考应对行为。空格前一句“Have students talk in small groups or partners.”“让学生小组讨论”，那么接下来就应该是分享各自应对的方法，E项 “Share about how they might handle those situations.”意为“分享他们如何处理这些情况”符合题意。故选E。
18．根据标题“Set self-reflection time”可知，本段策略是设置自我反思的时间，让学生有针对性地改善自我管理能力。后文“This can slowly help them develop the ability to self-reflect and self-regulate in the future. ”“这能逐渐帮助他们培养将来自我反思、自我管理的能力”中有一个代词“this”就是空格处所涉及的策略。因此强调以学生为主导的C项“Most of all, try to let students take the lead! ”“多数情况下试着让学生主导”符合语境。故选C。
19．根据后文“Design an area in the room for students to go who need a few minutes to themselves.”“在房间里涉及一个区域让需要单独呆几分钟的学生有地方可待”可知，本段策略是创建空间让学生独处，而B项“Create a calm down space. ”“创造一个冷静的空间”符合语境。故选B。
20．根据标题“Use literature”可知，本段策略是使用文学作品，前文“With whatever books you choose, make sure
to highlight the self-regulation skills the characters use.”“不管选的是什么书，确保它强调角色使用的自我管理技能”提到书中角色使用的自我管理技能，后文应该要将书中的技能和采取这个策略的学生联系起来，D项 “Discuss how they relate to your students' lives.”“讨论这些技能和你的学生的生活有什么联系”符合语境。故选D。
Passage 5（2022·浙江高三模拟） 限时：8'
Lack of sleep can be compensated for by exercise
Staying active and fit could help to ward off some of the negative health impacts that would normally result from low-quality sleep, according to a large study of 380,055 middle-aged people involved in the UK Biobank research project.While the health benefits of exercise and sleep are nothing new, 21．.It could even give doctors another option to suggest for patients dealing with sleep problems.
"We found those who had both the poorest sleep quality and who exercised the least were most at risk of death from heart disease, stroke (中风), and cancer," says epidemiologist Bo-Huei Huang, from the University of Sydney in Australia. 22．.
Participants were grouped into three levels of physical activity (high, medium or low) and were also given a sleep quality score from 0-5 based on the amount of shut-eye they got, how late they stayed up, insomnia (失眠), snoring and daytime sleepiness.Those with the highest risk of dying from cancer or heart disease during the study period were those with the worst quality sleep and who didn't meet the WHO recommended guidelines for exercise. 23．.
24．, for example, those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer than those with good sleep scores who kept physically active. 25．.
A．The findings suggest a likely synergistic (相互的) effect, an interplay, between the two behaviors
B．That risk went down for people with poor quality sleep but who did meet the exercise guidelines
C．Exercise can make up for the lack of sleep quality
D．It's the relationship between them that is interesting in this particular study
E. However, that risk just about disappeared for those who didn't score well on sleep but did score well on physical activity
F. This also means that high quality sleep can slow a person's risk of illness
G. In the case of all forms of cancer
【答案】
21．D 22．A 23．B 24．G 25．E
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了运动可弥补不良睡眠对身体的伤害。
21．上文“Staying active and fit could help to ward off some of the negative health impacts that would normally result from low-quality sleep, according to a large study of 380,055 middle-aged people involved in the UK Biobank research project.(根据英国生物库研究项目的一项涵盖了380055名中年人的大型研究，保持活力和健康有助于抵御通常由低质量睡眠导致的负面影响)”说明足够的运动可以弥补不良睡眠带来的一些不健康的影响。D项中的“this particular study”与“a large study”相符，因此推断D项“在这项特别的研究中运动和健康之间的关系是有趣的”符合语境，说明虽然运动和睡眠对健康有益的观点并不新鲜，但是这项研究中，运动和健康之间的关系是有趣的，引出下文“It could even give doctors another option to suggest for patients dealing with sleep problems.(它甚至为医生提供了治疗患者睡眠问题的另一种方式)”。故选D项。
22．上文“We found those who had both the poorest sleep quality and who exercised the least were most at risk of death from heart disease, stroke (中风), and cancer(我们发现那些睡眠质量最差、运动最少的人死于心脏病、中风和癌症的风险最大)”说明运动最少，睡眠最差的人得病和死亡的风险最大，可推断这两种行为之间可能存在相互作用。因此推断A项“研究结果表明，这两种行为之间可能存在协同效应，即相互作用”符合语境，“this two behaviors”指代上文提到的“sleep”和“exercise”。故选A项。
23．上文“Those with the highest risk of dying from cancer or heart disease during the study period were those with the worst quality sleep and who didn't meet the WHO recommended guidelines for exercise.(在研究期间，死于癌症或心脏病的风险最高的人是睡眠质量最差、不符合世界卫生组织建议的锻炼指南的人)”说明睡眠质量差，运动量不达标的人死亡风险高，B项中的“poor quality sleep”与“the worst quality sleep”呼应，“the exercise guidelines”与“guidelines for exercise”对应。因此推断B项“睡眠质量差但运动量达标的人死于癌症或心脏病的风险较低”符合语境。故选B项。
24．下文 “for example, those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer than those with good sleep scores who kept physically active.(例如，那些睡眠质量最差、运动量最低的人死于癌症的风险比那些睡眠质量好并坚持运动的人要高出45%)”举例说明了死于癌症的风险，G项中的“cancer”与之相符，以癌症为例说明运动最少，睡眠质量最差的人死于癌症的风险高，故选G项。
25．上文“for example, those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer than those with good sleep scores who kept physically active.(例如，那些睡眠质量最差、运动量最低的人死于癌症的风险比那些睡眠质量好并坚持运动的人要高出45%)”对比了死于癌症的比率，E项中的“those who didn't score well on sleep but did score well on physical activity”与“those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale”形成对比，说明然而，那些睡眠质量不佳但却保持高水平运动量的人这种风险几乎没有因为睡眠差而增加。上下文是转折关系。故选E项。
Passage 6（2021·四川成都经开区实验高中高三期末） 限时：7'
Learning a new language like English can be a challenge.26．Classes are important, but so is disciplined practice. It can even be fun. Here are some guidelines to help you become a better English learner.
Study every day. Learning any new language is a time-consuming process, more than 300 hours according to some estimates. Rather than try and cram a few hours of review once or twice a week, most experts say short, regular study sessions are more effective.27．
28．Instead of focusing on one single task for the entire study session, try mixing things up. Study a little grammar, then do a short listening exercise, then perhaps read an article on the same topic. Don’t do too much; 20 minutes on three different exercises is plenty. The variety will keep you engaged and make studying more fun.
Read, watch, and listen. Reading English-language newspapers and books, listening to music, or watching TV can also help you improve your written and verbal comprehension skills. 29．
Write it down. Repetition is key as you're learning English, so writing is a great way to practice.30．By making a habit of writing, you’ll also find your reading and comprehension skills improve over time. You may even discover you’ve got a talent for writing.
A．Keep things fresh.
B．Play vocabulary and grammar games.
C．But with regular study, it can be done.
D．It doesn’t matter whether you use a computer or pen and paper.
E. Non-native English speakers sometimes struggle with doing so.
F. As little as 30 minutes a day can help you improve your English skills over time.
G. By doing so repeatedly, you’ll absorb things like speech patterns, accents, and grammar.
【答案】
26．C 27．F 28．A 29．G 30．D
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何成为一个更好的英语学习者的方法。
26．根据上文“Learning a new language like English can be a challenge.(学习一门像英语这样的新语言是一种挑战)”及常识可知，尽管学习英语是一种挑战，但是通过有规律的学习，也是可以学会的。由此可知，C. But with regular study, it can be done.(但经过有规律的学习，它可以被学会)能够承接上文，符合题意。故选C。
27．根据本段主旨句“Study every day.(每天学习)”及上文“Rather than try and cram a few hours of review once or twice a week, most experts say short, regular study sessions are more effective.(大多数专家表示，与每周一两次花几个小时死记硬背相比，短时间、有规律的学习更有效)”可知，此处强调了每天坚持短时间、有规律的学习更有效。由此可知，F. As little as 30 minutes a day can help you improve your English skills over time.(每天只需30分钟就可以帮助你随着时间的推移提高你的英语技能)正是每天坚持短时间、有规律的一种学习方法。故选F。
28．根据下文“Instead of focusing on one single task for the entire study session, try mixing things up. Study a little grammar, then do a short listening exercise, then perhaps read an article on the same topic. Don’t do too much; 20 minutes on three different exercises is plenty. The variety will keep you engaged and make studying more fun.(不要在整个学习过程中专注于一项任务，试着把事情混合起来。先学一点语法，然后做一小段听力练习，再读一篇相同主题的文章。不要做太多；花20分钟做三种不同的练习就足够了。多样性会让你保持专注，让学习变得更有趣)”可知，本段主要强调了多样性学习的好处。由此可知，A. Keep things fresh.(保持事物新鲜)适合作本段主旨句。故选A。
29．根据上文“Read, watch, and listen. Reading English-language newspapers and books, listening to music, or watching TV can also help you improve your written and verbal comprehension skills.(读，看，听。阅读英文报纸和书籍，听音乐或看电视也可以帮助你提高你的书面和口头理解能力)”及常识可知，经常读、看、听英语能够让学习者自然而然地吸收像说话模式、口音和语法这样的东西。由此可知，G. By doing so repeatedly, you’ll absorb things like speech patterns, accents, and grammar. (通过重复这样做，你会吸收像说话模式、口音和语法这样的东西)符合题意。故选G。
30．根据上文“Write it down. Repetition is key as you're learning English, so writing is a great way to practice.(把它写下来。重复是你学习英语的关键，所以写是一个很好的练习方法)”及下文“By making a habit of writing, you’ll also find your reading and comprehension skills improve over time.(通过养成写的习惯，你也会发现你的阅读和理解能力随着时间的推移而提高)”可知，本段强调了写的重要性。由此可知，D. It doesn’t matter whether you use a computer or pen and paper.(你是用电脑还是用笔和纸都没关系)指出不要在意写的方式，正是强调一定要坚持写，符合题意。故选D。
Passage 7（2021·安徽高三二模） 限时：7'
National Napping Day: reasons you should nap.
Finding the time to recover among daily responsibilities can be hard, but napping has benefits that could help you level up in your overall health and productivity. 31． In other words, if you feel like calling it a day and feeling sleepy, don’t feel bad.
32． Taking a nap once or twice a week could lower the risk of heart attacks or strokes, according to a study published in the journal Heart. After tracking more than 3,400 people between the ages of 35 and 75 for slightly more than five years, the researchers found that those who liked occasional napping -once or twice a week, for five minutes to an hour-were 48% less likely to experience a heart attack, stroke or heart failure than those who didn’t nap at all.
It might even help you get into shape. A 2020 study focusing on women found the more sleep-deprived (失眠) the women were, the more likely they were to consume added sugar, fatty foods and caffeine. 33． That’s because inadequate sleep is believed to stimulate hunger and suppress hormone signals that communicate fullness.
Napping has been found to boost your creativity. 34． In a January 2020 study of 2,214 Chinese adults ages 60 and older, participants who took afternoon naps for five minutes to two hours showed better mental ability than those who didn’t nap.
Napping may not ensure success in every aspect of your life, but it could improve your health and charge your brain's batteries. 35．
A．Now go lie down.
B．You'll have lower risk for heart problems.
C．Taking a nap may make your brain more alert.
D．A lack of quality sleep could lead to overeating.
E. A short nap may also make you feel more relaxed.
F. The right side of your brain may experience a mental spark during a nap.
G. It means there is no reason to feel as if you’re lazy for taking a quick nap.
【答案】
31．G 32．B 33．D 34．F 35．A
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小憩对人体的益处。
31．根据前句“Finding the time to recover among daily responsibilities can be hard, but napping has benefits that could help you level up in your overall health and productivity.(在日常工作中找时间恢复是很困难的，但午睡有好处，可以帮助你提升整体健康和工作效率)”可知，小憩的益处。后句“In other words, if you feel like calling it a day and feeling sleepy, don’t feel bad.(换句话说，如果你想要结束一天并感到困倦，不要感觉糟糕)”可知，这里的表述与后句相一致。所以选项G“It means there is no reason to feel as if you’re lazy for taking a quick nap.(这意味着你没有理由觉得自己懒得打个盹)”符合上下文语境。故选G。
32．根据后文“Taking a nap once or twice a week could lower the risk of heart attacks or strokes, according to a study published in the journal Heart. After tracking more than 3,400 people between the ages of 35 and 75 for slightly more than five years, the researchers found that those who liked occasional napping -once or twice a week, for five minutes to an hour-were 48% less likely to experience a heart attack, stroke or heart failure than those who didn’t nap at all. (一项发表在《心脏》杂志上的研究表明，每周小睡一到两次可以降低患心脏病或中风的风险。后跟踪超过3400人年龄在35和75年的略高于五年，研究人员发现,那些喜欢偶尔小憩好玩或每周两次，5分钟到一个小时可能经历少48%心脏病发作、中风或心脏衰竭比那些没有午睡)”可知，本段陈述午睡可以降低患心脏病的风险。所以选项B“You'll have lower risk for heart problems. (你患心脏病的风险会降低)”符合上下文语境。故选B。
33．根据前句“A 2020 study focusing on women found the more sleep-deprived (失眠) the women were, the more likely they were to consume added sugar, fatty foods and caffeine.(2020年的一项针对女性的研究发现，女性睡眠被剥夺的时间越长，她们就越有可能摄入添加糖、高脂肪食物和咖啡因)”和后句“That’s because inadequate sleep is believed to stimulate hunger and suppress hormone signals that communicate fullness. (这是因为睡眠不足被认为会刺激饥饿，抑制传达饱腹感的荷尔蒙信号)”可知，睡眠不足会导致的结果。所以选项D“A lack of quality sleep could lead to overeating. (缺乏高质量的睡眠会导致暴饮暴食)”符合上下文语境。故选D。
34．根据前句“Napping has been found to boost your creativity.(午睡可以激发你的创造力)”和后句“In a January
2020 study of 2,214 Chinese adults ages 60 and older, participants who took afternoon naps for five minutes to two hours showed better mental ability than those who didn’t nap. (在2020年1月对2214名60岁及以上的中国成年人进行的一项研究中，午睡5分钟至2小时的参与者比那些不午睡的人表现出更好的智力)”可知，午睡能够产生更多的创造力。所以选项F“The right side of your brain may experience a mental spark during a nap. (小睡时，你的右脑可能会产生精神火花)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
35．根据前句“Napping may not ensure success in every aspect of your life, but it could improve your health and charge your brain's batteries. (小睡不一定能确保你生活的方方面面都成功，但它可以改善你的健康，给你的大脑充电)”可知，小睡有益，所以现在就去做吧。所以选项A“Now go lie down. (现在去躺下吧)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
Passage 8（2021·湖北高三三模） 限时：7'
Listening to music is great for both body and mind. It can make you feel younger and help you sleep better. We tend to assume that classical music is the most comfortble. And previous scientific research has linked loud and nosiy music to aggression. 36．Listening to “extreme” music such as heavy metal, hardcore, and punk has been found to have a calming effect on those experiencing anger, according to a study published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
Specifically, the study has found extreme music -characterized not only by loud and noisy sounds, but also by themes of anxiety and depression -helps to process negative feelings. 37．Perhaps this idea surprises many of you.
38．Researchers, Genevieve Dingle, PhD, and her student, Leah Sharman, looked at 39 adults between the ages of 18 and 34 who identified as fans of extreme music, and then put them into 16 minutes of “anger induction” by having them to describe events that made them feel angry.39．
As might be expected, the people reported feeling angry and annoyed during anger induction and less so during the music and the silence. Those whose anger induction was followed by silence also experienced a decrease in heart rate. But those whose anger induction was followed by music reported feeling an increase in positive emotions.40．
A．In fact, it’s been backed up by science.
B．However, the truth is quite the opposite.
C．There are several benefits of listening to music.
D．Listeners will come out to a more positive state of mind.
E.It helps to improve memory functioning and your workouts.
F.That was followed by 10 minutes of either silence or extreme music.
G.Accordingly, the researchers concluded extreme music did allow them to feel better.
【答案】
36．B 37．D 38．A 39．F 40．G
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，听重金属、硬核和朋克等“极端”音乐对那些愤怒的人有镇静作用，听众将会有一个更积极的心态。
36．根据上文“And previous scientific research has linked loud and nosiy music to aggression. (之前的科学研究也将吵闹的音乐与攻击性联系起来)”和下文“Listening to “extreme” music such as heavy metal, hardcore, and punk has been found to have a calming effect on those experiencing anger, according to a study published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. (然而，事实恰恰相反。根据发表在《人类神经科学前沿》杂志上的一项研究，人们发现，听重金属、硬核和朋克等“极端”音乐对那些愤怒的人有镇静作用)”可知，此处承上启下，内容与讲述事实相反有关，选项B“However, the truth is quite the opposite. (然而，事实恰恰相反)”符合题意。故选B。
37．根据上文“Specifically, the study has found extreme music -characterized not only by loud and noisy sounds, but also by themes of anxiety and depression -helps to process negative feelings. (具体来说，研究发现极端音乐——不仅以吵闹的声音为特征，而且以焦虑和抑郁为主题——有助于处理负面情绪)”和下文“Perhaps this idea surprises many of you. (也许这个想法让很多人感到惊讶)”可知，此处内容与极端音乐对听众有积极的影响有关，且下文this idea指的是选项D的内容，选项D“Listeners will come out to a more positive state of mind. (听众将会有一个更积极的心态)”符合题意。故选D。
38．根据下文“Researchers, Genevieve Dingle, PhD, and her student, Leah Sharman, looked at 39 adults between the ages of 18 and 34 who identified as fans of extreme music (研究人员吉纳维芙•丁格尔博士和她的学生利亚•沙曼对39名年龄在18岁至34岁之间的极端音乐爱好者进行了研究)”可知，此处内容与极端音乐对听众有积极的影响是有科学依据的有关，选项A“In fact, it’s been backed up by science. (事实上，它是有科学依据的)”符合题意。故选A。
39．根据上文“and then put them into 16 minutes of “anger induction” by having them to describe events that made them feel angry(然后让他们描述让他们感到愤怒的事件，让他们进行16分钟的“愤怒诱导”)”可知，此处内容与研究进行的过程有关，选项F“That was followed by 10 minutes of either silence or extreme music. (然后是10分钟的安静或极端音乐)”符合题意。故选F。
40．根据上文“But those whose anger induction was followed by music reported feeling an increase in positive emotions. (但那些随后被音乐诱导愤怒的人报告说，他们的积极情绪有所增加)”可知，此处内容与研究人员得出极端音乐让被音乐诱导愤怒的人感觉更好的结论有关，选项G“Accordingly, the researchers concluded extreme music did allow them to feel better. (因此，研究人员得出结论，极端音乐确实能让他们感觉更好)”符合题意。故选G。