专题 09 备战2022高考英语 外刊时文热点阅读理解 （系列九）

这是一份专题 09 备战2022高考英语 外刊时文热点阅读理解 （系列九），共11页。试卷主要包含了 chlrplast n， lacking adj等内容，欢迎下载使用。
文章1： 海蛞蝓的“再生术”
文章2： 以色列“人造牛奶”
文章3： 微型工厂将电子垃圾变废为宝
文章4： 汪星人也会吃醋吗？
（一）
海蛞蝓的“再生术”
众所周知，很多动物都有着超强的自愈能力和再生能力。譬如，海星可以长出新的手臂；小龙虾可以长出新的钳子；壁虎可以长出新的尾巴。但这些能力在海蛞蝓面前简直就是小儿科。生活在浅海区域的海蛞蝓是软体动物家族中的一个特殊成员，它们究竟有什么本领能够令科学家们大为惊奇呢？
阅读短文并回答问题
Sea stars can grw new arms. Crayfish can grw new claws. There are interesting creatures that can grw back bdy parts if accidents happen. Hwever, that is child’s play after what researchers saw a sea slug d.
Accrding t a new discvery by Sayaka Mith and her clleagues f Nara Wmen’s University in Japan, tw species f sea slugs managed t lse their heads and then began crawling arund. Eventually, they grew an entirely new bdy. “We were surprised t see the head mving just after it was remved,” said Sayaka Mith. “We thught that it wuld die sn withut a heart and ther imprtant rgans, but we were surprised again t find that it regenerated the whle bdy.”
After the initial discvery, the researchers fund that fr yunger slugs, the detached heads began eating algae within hurs. The wund typically clsed at the back f the head within days. They started regrwing a heart within a week and the regeneratin f the entire bdy was finished after arund three weeks. Older slugs weren’t as frtunate. Often the heads didn’t feed, s they died in abut 10 days. Yung r ld, the headless bdies never generated a new head. But they did mve arund and respnd t being tuched fr several days and smetimes mnths after lsing their heads.
The researchers aren’t sure why the sea slugs drpped their heads r hw they’re able t grw new bdies. They may have parasites（寄生虫）that can hurt reprductin s they are remving their heads in rder t als remve the parasites. But the researchers aren’t sure what prmpts them t knw when t cast ff the bdy when they d it. Sayaka Mith says they believe there must be cells lcated in the neck that are similar t stem cells. These are able t regenerate a new bdy.
Hw the heads can survive withut a heart and ther vital rgans is anther puzzle. The researchers say these sea slugs fuel their bdies by phtsynthesis（光合作用）. They rely n chlrplasts frm algae in their wn bdies when ther fd isn’t available, a prcess knwn as kleptplasty（盗食质体）. They think this might help them survive lng enugh t regenerate a bdy.
“As the separated bdy is ften active fr mnths, we may be able t study the mechanism and functins f kleptplasty using living rgans, tissues, r even cells,” Sayaka Mith said. “Such studies are almst cmpletely lacking, as mst studies n kleptplasty in these animals are dne either at the genetic r individual levels.”
1. What surprised Sayaka Mith and her clleagues?
A. The sea slug culd regrw a new bdy.
B. The sea slug culd survive withut rgans.
C. The sea slug culd remve its wn head.
D. The headless sea slug culd grw a new head.
2. What happened t lder sea slugs after they lst their heads?
A. Their heads survived by eating algae.
B. They healed the wund within ten days.
C. They lst their sense f tuch and died sn.
D. Their bdies kept mving arund fr sme time.
3. What may make sea slugs drp their heads accrding t researchers?
A. T get rid f parasites.
B. T end their reprductive cycle.
C. T generate new stem cells.
D. T get away frm predatrs.
4. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. The prcess f sea slugs hunting fr fd.
B. The imprtance f studying functins f kleptplasty.
C. The cnditin fr sea slugs t perfrm phtsynthesis.
D. The reasn fr sea slugs t survive the lss f their bdies.
【参考答案】1-4 ADAD
【单词】
1. crayfish n. 淡水螯虾
2. child’s play n. 轻而易举的事
3. regenerate v. 再生
4. prmpt v. 促使；导致
The thught f her daughter’s wedding day prmpted her t lse sme weight.
对女儿婚期的操心使她消瘦了不少
5. chlrplast n. 叶绿体
6. lacking adj. 缺乏的；没有的
She felt nervus, increasingly lacking in cnfidence abut herself.
她感到紧张，对自己越来越缺乏信心。
【短语】
cast smething ff 抛弃；丢弃
The twn is still trying t cast ff its dull image.
该镇仍在努力改变自己的单调形象。
【知识拓展】
1. Nara Wmen’s University
奈良女子大学，简称为奈良女，是日本一所知名的国立大学。该校和日本关东的御茶水女子大学被称作日本女子大学双壁，在日本国内有着非常高的口碑和知名度。
2. stem cell
干细胞是原始且未特化的细胞，它是未充分分化、具有再生各种组织器官的潜在功能的一类细胞。干细胞存在所有多细胞组织里，能经由有丝分裂与分化来分裂成多种的特化细胞，而且可以利用自我更新来提供更多干细胞。
3. kleptplasty
盗食质体是指生物从食物中提取叶绿体并将其合并到自身细胞中的行为。能够进行盗食质体的生物通常以藻类或水生植物为食，它们利用食物中的叶绿体进行光合作用来为自身提供能量。
（二）
以色列“人造牛奶”
如果有人端上一杯牛奶，并告诉您，这和奶牛无关，是实验室“造”出来的，您会是什么反应？没错，继人造肉之后，人造牛奶也闪亮登场了。据说，人造牛奶在口味上和普通牛奶无异，不仅更加健康，而且能带来更多的环境效益。接下来就看看以色列Remilk公司的人造牛奶是怎么回事吧。
阅读短文并回答问题
As peple are becming mre scially cnscius abut where their fd cmes frm and hw it impacts the planet, they are chsing animal-free plant-based ptins. Cw-free meat has been arund fr quite sme time and the ppularity f brands like Beynd Meat and cultivated meat frm Aleph Farms and thers are saring. While there are a large number f plant-based milk substitutes, nne f them have the same taste f cw’s milk. Nw, an Israeli fd-tech startup Remilk created real dairy prducts withut harming a single cw r the planet.
The cmpany stresses that their prduct Remilk is nt a milk substitute but rather is the real deal. Made frm a special prcess called micrbial fermentatin（微生物发酵）, milk is manufactured in a lab instead f in a cw. And the end prduct is very healthy. “In a very simple way, we take the gene that encdes（编码）fr the milk prtein,” said Aviv Wlff, CEO f Remilk. “The gene functins as an instructin bk fr the prductin f the prtein it encdes. And s, we insert the gene int a micrbe that we’ve develped and it instructs ur micrbe t prduce the specific prtein in a very efficient way.”
The cmpany says that the lab-prduced milk tastes identical t the real thing and they hpe t eventually replace cws by creating every dairy prduct sld. They expect t rll ut plant-based cheese and ygurt in additin t milk. “Remilk was funded with the missin t stp using animals t prduce ur fd because, as dairy lvers, we realize that giving up n milk is nt an ptin,” Wlff said. “But tday’s milk cmes with an unreasnable price tag. The dairy industry is destructive t ur planet, ur health, and ur animals, and is simply nt sustainable anymre.”
The envirnmental price tag f dairy farming is way t high. Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, dairy cws add a huge amunt f greenhuse gasses t the atmsphere and cntribute t glbal warming and climate change as well as ful the air arund them. Dairy peratins cnsume large amunts f water and run-ff f manure（粪肥）and fertilizers frm these farms get int lcal waterways. The prductin f Remilk uses nly 5 percent f the resurces and prduces nly 1 percent f the waste f prducing cw’s milk accrding t the cmpany. And they accmplish this by being 100 percent cruelty-free unlike dairy farms.
1. What distinguishes Remilk frm ther milk substitutes?
A. It enjys brad ppularity.
B. It has the highest utput.
C. It cmes in varius flavurs.
D. It tastes the same as cw’s milk.
2. What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The prductin f Remilk.
B. The nutritinal value f Remilk.
C. The rle f gene in making prtein.
D. The prcess f micrbial fermentatin.
3. What can we knw frm Wlff’s wrds in paragraph 3?
A. Remilk was set up fr animal prtectin.
B. Dairy industries shuld be shut dwn.
C. Remilk aims t prduce animal-free fd.
D. Prices f cw’s milk are saring these days.
4. What des the underlined wrd “ful” prbably mean in the last paragraph?
A. Clean.
B. Heat.
C. Pllute.
D. Cnsume.
【参考答案】1-4 DACC
【单词】
1. startup n. 新创办的小公司
2. end prduct n. 制成品
3. micrbe n. 微生物
4. price tag n. 标价
5. way adv. 非常
6. run-ff n. 地表径流
【短语】
rll ut 正式推出（新产品）
The new mdel is t be rlled ut in July.
这种新型号将在七月份推向市场。
【知识拓展】
1. Beynd Meat
Beynd Meat成立于2009年，总部位于美国。这家以素食汉堡闻名的公司通过专利技术和植物产品来生产人造肉，其创业理念是“肉类不必源自动物，却同样富含营养”。
2. Aleph Farms
Aleph Farms是一家无屠宰肉类供应商的食品公司。该公司在培养肉领域开辟了一条新道路，即用牛的细胞培育出美味的、真正的牛排，而不以伤害动物和破坏环境为代价。
3. Remilk
Remilk是一家成立于2019年的食品科技公司。该公司采用微生物发酵技术生产牛奶蛋白，从而制造出安全、美味、与牛奶完全相同、不伤害一头奶牛的真正牛奶。
4. Wrld Wildlife Fund (WWF)
世界自然基金会于1961年成立，总部位于瑞士格朗。它是在全球享有盛誉的、最大的独立性非政府环境保护组织之一，致力于保护世界生物多样性及生物的生存环境，减少人类对这些生物及其生存环境的影响。
（三）
微型工厂将电子垃圾变废为宝
近年来，随着科技发展日新月异，电子产品的更新换代频率不断加快，导致电子垃圾与日俱增，严重威胁着生态环境和人类健康。预计到2050年，全球每年产生的电子垃圾总量将增至1.2亿吨。在享受科技发展红利的同时，我们应该如何正确处理这些数量庞大的电子垃圾呢？
阅读短文并回答问题
Nt all waste has t g t waste. Mst f the wrld’s 2.22 billin tns f annual trash ends up in landfills r pen dumps. Veena Sahajwalla, a materials scientist and engineer at the University f New Suth Wales in Sydney, Australia, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries. These little trash prcessrs（处理器）— sme as small as 500 square feet — huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with thermal technlgy. The new all-in-ne apprach culd leave ur current recycling prcesses in the dust.
Sahajwalla launched the wrld’s first waste micrfactry targeting electrnic waste, r e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney. A secnd ne began recycling plastics in 2019. Nw, her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented Micrfactry technlgy. “The small scale f the machines will make it easier fr them t ne day perate n renewable energy, unlike mst large manufacturing plants. The apprach will als allw cities t recycle waste int new prducts n lcatin, aviding the lng, ften internatinal, high-emissin jurneys between recycling prcessrs and manufacturing plants. With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract（提取）elements and prduce new prducts,” says Sahajwalla.
Traditinally, recycling plants break dwn materials fr reuse in similar prducts — like melting dwn plastic t make mre plastic things. Sahajwalla’s inventin evlves this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different. “The kids dn’t lk like the parents,” she says. Fr example, the micrfactries can break dwn ld smartphnes and cmputer mnitrs and extract silica (frm the glass) and carbn (frm the plastic casing), and then cmbine them int silicn carbide nanwires（碳化硅纳米线）. This generates a cmmn ceramic material with many industrial uses. Sahajwalla refers t this prcess as “the furth R,” adding “re-frm” t the cmmn phrase “reduce, reuse, recycle”.
In 2019, just 17.4 percent f e-waste was recycled, s the ability t re-frm ffers a crucial new develpment in the challenge f recycling cmplex electrnic devices. “We can d s much mre with materials,” says Sahajwalla. “Traditinal recycling has nt wrked fr every recycling challenge.” She and her team are already wrking t install the next waste micrfactry in the Australian twn f Ctamundra by early 2021, with the gal f expanding arund the cuntry ver the next few years.
1. What is the purpse f the first paragraph?
A. T present the prcess f recycling waste.
B. T intrduce a new type f trash prcessr.
C. T prve the seriusness f the trash prblem.
D. T shw the current situatin f trash recycling.
2. What are Sahajwalla’s wrds in paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The scale f waste micrfactries.
B. The funding f waste micrfactries.
C. The influences f waste micrfactries.
D. The advantages f waste micrfactries.
3. What des “re-frm” refer t accrding t Sahajwalla?
A. Extracting materials frm the waste.
B. Updating the whle recycling prcess.
C. Generating new materials with waste.
D. Transfrming waste int similar prducts.
4. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A business reprt.
B. A science magazine.
C. A chemical textbk.
D. A fictin nvel.
【参考答案】1-4 BDCB
【单词】
1. dump n. 垃圾场
2. thermal adj. 热量的
3. all-in-ne adj. 多功能的；几合一的
an all-in-ne shamp and cnditiner 二合一洗发护发剂
4. emissin n. 排放；排放物
5. silica n. 二氧化硅
6. casing n. 盒；罩
7. ceramic adj. 陶瓷的
【短语】
1. a slutin t ……的解决方法
2. leave…in the dust 远远超过……
【知识拓展】
1. University f New Suth Wales (UNSW)
新南威尔士大学创立于1949年，主校区坐落于澳大利亚新南威尔士州首府悉尼。它是一所享誉世界的顶尖公立研究型大学，其工程学院和商学院享有盛誉，在工程与计算机领域具有极强实力。
2. Micrfactrie technlgy
该技术使用各种不同的离散模块将废弃材料，如玻璃、纺织品和塑料等，转化为新的增值材料和产品，如为建筑环境设计的环保陶瓷以及用于3D打印的可再生塑料细丝，从而创造新的经济和环境效益。
（四）
汪星人也会吃醋吗？
狗狗素以其嗅觉灵敏、动作敏捷、善解人意、忠于主人而闻名，被称为“人类最忠实的朋友”，是饲养率最高的宠物，而狗狗似乎也认为自己是人类最好的朋友。研究表明，如果狗狗注意到它们的主人青睐其他犬类，它们可是会醋意大发呢！
阅读短文并回答问题
Past surveys have shwn that mre than 80% f dg wners reprt bserving jealus behavir frm their dgs — vcalizatins, disturbed behavir, pulling n a leash（绳子）— when they give attentin t ther dgs. New research published in the jurnal Psychlgical Science supprts these bservatins and finds that dgs als exhibit jealus behavir when they merely imagine that their wner is interacting with a ptential rival, in this case, a highly realistic artificial dg.
Dgs appear t be ne f the few species that might display jealus behavir in ways similar t a human child shwing jealusy when their mther gives affectin t anther child. In humans, jealusy is clsely linked with self-awareness, which is ne reasn animal-cgnitin researchers are s interested in studying jealusy and ther secndary emtins in animals.
T test hw and when dgs display jealus behavir, the researchers presented 18 dgs with situatins where they culd imagine a scial interactin between their human cmpanin and either a realistic fake dg r a fleece cylinder（圆柱）. The fake dg served as a ptential rival fr attentin while the cylinder served as a cntrl. In the experiment, the dgs bserved the fake-dg rival psitined next t their wner. A barrier was then placed between the dg and the ptential rival bscuring（使模糊）them frm view. Despite blcking the line f sight, the dgs frcefully attempted t reach their wners when they appeared t strke the fake dg behind the barrier. In a repeat experiment using a fleece cylinder rather than a fake dg, the dgs pulled n the leash with far less frce.
Thrugh their study, the researchers fund that dgs shwed three human-like features f jealus behavir. This behavir emerged nly when their wner interacted with a nticed scial rival and nt a lifeless bject; ccurred as a cnsequence f that interactin and nt due t a ptential rival’s mere presence; and emerged even fr an ut-f-sight interactin between their wner and a scial rival.
“These results supprt claims that dgs display jealus behavir. They als prvide the first evidence that dgs can mentally represent jealusy-causing scial interactins,” said the researchers. “But there is still plenty f wrk t d t establish the extent f the similarities between the minds f humans and ther animals, especially in terms f understanding the nature f nnhuman animals’ emtinal experiences. It is t early t say whether dgs experience jealusy as we d, but it is nw clear that they react t jealusy-causing situatins, even if these ccur ut f sight.”
1. What is the purpse f paragraph 2?
A. T shw the results f previus studies.
B. T prvide backgrund fr the research.
C. T present the link between humans and animals.
D. T intrduce sme cncepts abut animal behavir.
2. Why was a barrier used in the experiment?
A. T prtect the fake dg frm dgs’ attack.
B. T distract dgs’ attentin frm their wners.
C. T explre dgs’ jealusy reactins in ut-f-sight situatins.
D. T study the change f dgs’ emtins withut cmpanins.
3. Accrding t the study, dgs prbably act jealusly when .
A. their wner hugs anther dg
B. their wner tuches a fleece ty
C. they lse the sight f their wners
D. they ntice the presence f ther pets
4. What can we knw frm researchers’ wrds in the last paragraph?
A. Animals greatly depend n humans mentally.
B. Dgs can experience emtins as humans d.
C. Dgs make reactins based n their imaginatin.
D. Mre research is needed t study emtins f animals.
【参考答案】1-4 BCAD
【单词】
1. vcalizatin n. 发声
2. cgnitin n. 认知；感知
3. cntrl n. 对照标准；（检验工作方法的）参照实验
One grup was treated with the new drug, and the cntrl grup was given a sugar pill.
一组采用新药治疗，而对照检验组服用的则是糖丸。
【短语】
line f sight 视线
【长难句】
Past surveys have shwn that mre than 80% f dg wners reprt bserving jealus behavir frm their dgs — vcalizatins, disturbed behavir, pulling n a leash — when they give attentin t ther dgs.
【分析】句子主语为“Past surveys”，谓语为“have shwn”，宾语为that引导的宾语从句，即“that mre than 80% ther dgs”。该宾语从句的主语为“80% f dg wners”，谓语为“reprt”，宾语为“bserving jealus behavir…t ther dgs”，其中“vcalizatins, disturbed behavir, pulling n a leash”为插入语，解释说明“jealus behavir”，“when they give attentin t ther dgs”为时间状语从句。
【译文】过去的调查显示：超过80%的狗主人发现，当他们关注其他狗狗的时候，自己的狗狗会表现出嫉妒的行为，比如吠叫、感到不安、拉扯链绳。
【知识拓展】
Psychlgical Science
《心理科学》是心理科学协会的旗舰期刊，内容涵盖了整个心理学科学领域。该期刊发表从认知、社会、发展、健康心理学到行为神经科学和生物心理学的最新发现。