热点10 阅读理解（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用）

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热点10 阅读理解




一　”快”的不二法宝

一、突破“两障碍”，破译“难懂”处
词汇障碍——运用“2策略”：一般来说，在阅读文章时，总会碰到一些自己不认识的词，且高考文章中允许出现一定数量的超出《普通高中英语课程标准》所需求掌握的词汇。再者，词义猜测题也是高考题型之一。正确处理阅读中遇到的生词，掌握一定的猜测生词词义的技巧，对于理解文章及答题都非常重要，对于生词一般有如下两种策略：
策略(一)　无关紧要的词汇——“跳过去”
在语篇文章设题时，并不是所有的生词都是出题点。在阅读中，当遇到一个生词时，不妨先问问自己：这个生词有没有进行精确猜测的必要。高考试题中经常会出现没必要去精确猜测的生词，不知道它的精确含义也不会影响对基本句意的理解。在考试中，有10%的生词都不会干扰考生做题，所以，平时考生要练习对生词的容忍度和处理生词的技巧，否则，临场时考生会因焦虑而影响做题速度和准度。对于这类词，不要过多纠缠，尽管放心大胆地“跳过去”。
1．一起出现的几个首字母大写的单词：它可能是个专有名词，不需要知道其意思，只需要知道它是某个事物的名称即可；
2．斜体的单词：它可能是某本书、某本杂志、某部电影的名称或某个专业术语，不需要了解它的意思，只需要知道它代表什么事物即可。


[典例]
[分析]
[2021·全国新高考卷Ⅰ阅读 C]About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.
考生在阅读过程中对于一起出现的“the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund, the National Wildlife Refuge System”大写字母单词，不要过多纠缠，尽管放心大胆地“跳过去”，它是专有名词，不需要深究其含义，知道它是某个事物的名称即可。
策略(二)　影响阅读的词汇——“猜出来”
有时候，一些生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。
1．如果是专有名词，并且对文章理解有关键作用，那么原文中，会用“同位语＋定语从句”的方式进行解释或说明。
2．如果是非专有名词，根据上下文，并且结合常识进行推测。
长难句障碍—运用“4法宝”：阅读理解得分低，主要是因为文章看不懂，句子太长或者句子结构复杂，句子除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。下面介绍的是运用“4招法宝”处理英语阅读长难句的方法。

法宝1　寻谓语，找主干
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语)，我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。

[典例]
[分析]
[2021·全国乙卷阅读D]The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus.
寻谓语
本句的谓语为：may interrupt
找主干
主语为The right level of background noise；本句的主干为：The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking。
析成分
句中的just enough修饰interrupt, to allow our imaginations to wander是不定式短语作结果状语；without making it impossible to focus是介词短语作结果状语。
句意
适度的背景噪音可能会打断我们正常的思维模式，其程度正好足以使我们展开想象力，但又不至于使我们无法集中注意力。

法宝2　提主干，去枝叶
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语或定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。

[典例]
[分析]
[2021·全国甲卷阅读C]Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.
提主干
本句的主干为：Southbank is the center of British skateboarding
去枝叶
at...Thames为地点状语，表明Southbank的具体位置。where...ringing为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词center，where在从句中作地点状语。
句意
泰晤士河东边弯道处的南岸区，是英国滑板运动中心，那儿滑板不停的碰撞声会把你的脑袋震得嗡嗡作响。

法宝3　寻关联，辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句，它们之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果找准这些关联词，我们就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清楚主句和从句的意义，那么长句就容易理解了。

[典例]
[分析]
[2021·全国乙卷阅读B]That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone.
提主干
本句的主干为：the only people are our Baby Boomers
寻关联，辨逻辑
who引导定语从句修饰主语the only people; to the point 是介词短语作状语，where...the phone是由where引导的定语从句，修饰point，此定语从句中又包含由who引导的宾语从句(who is calling)，作guess的宾语。
句意
即便如此，老实说，唯一给家里座机打电话的人是婴儿潮时期出生的父母们，以至于我们在接电话前会玩一个游戏，猜猜是谁打来的。

法宝4　看搭配，防分隔
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配常常出现分隔现象。考生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则会对句意的理解发生偏差。

[典例]
[分析]
[2020·全国卷Ⅰ完形]Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won't hesitate to open them and walk through.
提主干
本句的主干为：they won't hesitate to open them and walk through
寻关联，辨逻辑
when they come to other doors in life为时间状语从句
看搭配，防分隔
be they real or metaphorical为插入语，对other doors进行补充说明
句意
当他们遇到生活中的其他门时，无论它们是真实的还是比喻的，他们都会毫不犹豫地打开门走过去。


二、四处常“无戏”，据情来略读
在阅读考试中，考生不可能把每一篇文章都读懂，另外也不要求考生读懂文章每个信息点。所以，略读或跳读一些内容是很有必要的。下面具体讲解高考英语阅读可以采用的略读或跳读的原则和技巧。
(一)“举例”处
试题中，题目一般不会考查例子的具体内容。如果要对例子进行考查的话，也是考查例子的功能，因此没有必要看举例的详细内容。如果担心会考查例子，考生可以采取保守做法；非段首句或段尾句的举例部分可以略读或跳读。
　
[2020·浙江7月高考阅读C]It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit. Then points out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision－making could be just as stimulating as any high­level office work. And “running a family household requires high－level planning and coordinating (协调)，” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
分析：节选段中for example后面具体的内容没有必要读，可以跳读，如果不放心就快速略读一下，了解大概内容。从逻辑关系可以知道，for example这句话是举例证明上面一句话的。
(二)“让步”处
在英语表达方式中，有让步一定有转折，两者中作者强调转折。所以，在Although/Though A ... B, While A．..B, Despite A．..B 等结构中，作者强调的是B。考生可以在阅读时，简单略读让步的内容，重点阅读转折的内容。
　
[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D]Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well­being.
分析：第一句Although 引导的让步状语从句中包含一个介词短语， 并且整个句子又比较长， 短短时间内理解整个句子比较困难， 所以如果知道本句不强调although部分的话， 就可以直奔主句提取有效信息， 同时也避免浪费大量宝贵时间。

(三)“插入语”处
高考英语阅读中经常会使用一些插入语成分，一方面是为了更加完整和准确地表达观点；另一方面会使句子结构更加复杂，增加了阅读理解的难度。插入语成分是一种补充说明性的内容，在整个句子中的作用并不是主要的。一般来说，插入语成分越长越不重要，插入语成分越短越重要。

[2020·浙江7月高考阅读C]Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons－including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
分析：阅读插入语成分，一方面会增加信息处理的压力；另一方面可能会遇到一些生僻的词汇。节选段中破折号之后的插入语成分较长，所以在本句中是不重要的，可以采用跳读的方式阅读。

(四)“冒号”处
高考英语阅读中常会出现一些冒号，以更加详细地解释冒号前面的内容。针对冒号，建议考生按照以下方式处理：冒号后面的老观点和非总结性内容可以略读或跳读；冒号后面的新观点和正评价重点阅读。
　
[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读B]Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW­Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four­year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68­year­old mother helped take care of the children at times.
分析：本段有两个冒号，第一个冒号后的内容较少，不影响阅读时间；第二个冒号后的内容较长，是对冒号前的内容的解释，完全可以略读或跳读。

三、何处需精读，由题巧定位
阅读理解的题目能否答对与题目有效解题信息的定位关系十分密切，可以说定位准确是有效精读和答对题目的关键一步。所以，下面将详细讲解信息定位的方法。
(一)按照题目的先后顺序大致定位到段落
高考英语阅读理解的题目(非主旨大意题)和文章一般存在着先后一一对应的顺序，即前面题目的正确答案的信息通常在前面的段落，后面题目的正确答案的信息通常在后面的段落。
(二)精确定位到句子
在定位到具体某一段之后，考生可以在本段当中寻找题目精确定位的句子。这些句子从位置上来说经常是段首句和段尾句，从句子特征上来说经常是三强的句子(强转折、强对比和强因果)、正负评价的句子、同位语从句和长难复杂句。

(三)在文中多次出现
如果题干关键词在文中多次出现，一般定位到文章中首次出现的考点句(段首句、段尾句、三强句子、正负评价句子、同位语从句或长难复杂句)。
(四)与主题有关
如果题干与文章主题有关，通常定位到文章的主题句，主题句根据文章的行文结构类型进行判断，
(五)题干限定性成分
如果题干中出现分词、定语从句等限定成分，则可以根据限定修饰成分缩小题目的定位范围，提高定位的准确性。
　

[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A]Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社). The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that, you'll often get to stay in a central location (位置) with security and comfort.
Yellow Hostel
If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel. It's one of the best­rated hostels in the city, and for good reason. It's affordable, and it's got a fun atmosphere without being too noisy. As an added bonus, it's close to the main train station.
21．What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?
A．Comfort.　 B．Security.
C．Price. D．Location.
分析：题干中含有定语从句who choose to stay in a hostel，故可以根据这个限定成分缩小定位范围：Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社). 游客去罗马旅行时选择住在旅社主要是出于价格方面的考虑。由此可知选C。

第二部分　怎样准解题
——揭秘答题规律， 科学备战高考
阅读理解占据着高考试卷的第一部分，所占的分数比重也是最大。 “良好的开端是成功的一半”， 阅读理解解答的顺利与否直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态。 准做、快做阅读理解试题， 为攻克后面的题目节省时间。


备考策略
阅读理解的四种题型：
1、主旨大意题
2、推理判断题
3、细节理解题
4、词句猜测题
阅读理解的答题技巧要点：
1、速读文章寻主题运用略读、扫读和跳读等技巧快速阅读，浏览标题、开头和结尾等部分，搜寻关键词和主题句，掌握文章大意e
2、在阅读文章的同通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，从中获取某些特推敲作者的态度，理定的直接信息或理解解文章寓意，从而对特定信息的意义。
3、针对不同类型的题目，可采用不同的理解技巧，多法并举。字斟句酌猜词句
结合已有的常识和经验，根据上下文提供的信息，顺藤摸瓜寻求词句在特定语境中要表达的具体含义 学会对整篇文章进行推理和会抓文章中的关键词句判断
4、主旨和意义;
①理解文中具体信息、
② 理解文章的基本结构、
作者的意图、观点和态度;
③ 做出简单判断和推理;④根据上下文推断词汇。



一　细节理解题——据文比对定答案
细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文中定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。


近3年全国卷考情分析
全国卷细节理解题题量统计
命题专家有话说
高考状元传经验
　　年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
(1)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。
(2)细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是做好阅读理解的拿分题。
采用寻读法，解题分三步：
1．先读题干，抓住关键词；
2．带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
3．仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
全国卷Ⅰ
7
7
8
全国卷Ⅱ
6
8
7
全国卷Ⅲ
/
7
8
新高考卷Ⅰ
7
8
/




知答题方略
明命题方式
“两关注”“一防范”巧解细节理解题
1．两关注：关注正确选项的特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的综合理解和推断归纳。
2．一防范：防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。在做间接信息题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。必要时要对原文信息进行归结，然后比对选项，进而选出正确答案。
直接细节题常见设问方式：
◆Which activity will you choose if...?
◆What will you/the students do...?
◆When can you...?
◆Where can you...?
◆Who will...?
间接细节题常见设问方式：
◆Which of the following best describes...?
◆How does the writer recommend...to readers？

技法1 原词复现　题干中的关键词与原文信息重复

　[2021·全国乙卷阅读A]People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A．D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world's best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome's Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50，000 people. However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250，000 people．
21．How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?
A. 104，944.　　　　 B. 107，601.
C. About 150，000. D. About 250，000.

【破题关键点】
第一步　找出题干关键词
people; Circus Maximus
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
关键句为本段的最后一句“However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250，000 people.”
第三步　比对选项确定答案
Circus Maximus可容纳大约250，000人
自主解答：________

技法2 原词复现　选项中的关键词与原文信息重复

[2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B]When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur­coat­wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full­body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes(猿)！”
24．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A.To see famous film stars.
B．To oppose wearing fur coats.
C．To raise money for animal protection.
D．To express thanks to some filmmakers.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审题目找出选项关键词
express thanks to
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
根据文中的“Instead，one activist, dressed in a full－body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers：‘Thanks for not using real apes(猿)’！”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
动物保护者在Hollywood Boulevard集会是为了向一些电影制片人表示感谢。
自主解答：________

技法3 同义对应　题干中的关键词与原文信息对应
　
[2020·全国卷ⅢD]Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr.Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
34．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A．They could walk on stilts all day.
B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater.
D．They lived on both land and water.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审题目找出题干关键词
astonished
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
根据文中的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
年轻的Jubilado对巴瑶族人惊讶不已的地方在于他们可以在水下待很长的时间。
自主解答：________

技法4 同义对应　选项中的关键词与原文信息对应
　
[2021·全国卷乙阅读D]During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office, he said, “That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus．” His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
32．Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate．
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face­to­face interactions.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审题目找出选项关键词
concentrate
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
根据文中的“That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus.”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
面试官更喜欢共享办公空间的原因是有助于他们集中注意力，本题命题人将原文中的focus替换为近义词concentrate。
自主解答：________



A
[2021·威海市高三一轮检测]
Lake Tahoe Helicopter Tours

1901 Airport Rd. Suite 106
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
Listing ID: A 771909
Phone: 417－823－0981
Toll－Free.: 1－800－987－9852
Head out to Lake Tahoe on an exciting helicopter tour where you and your loved ones can relax and create new memories!
Meet your flight crew at the local airport before flying up into the sky. On this adventure, guests of all ages will enjoy a thrilling adventure combined with fantastic views.
Your flight takes place on an impressive Robinson R44 Raven Ⅱ. The helicopter features bubble windows for some awesome views as well as air conditioning so you and your loved ones will remain comfortable. Visitors who wish to photograph the views can even request to have the door removed for the duration of the flight.
There are several different tours available to choose from.
●Emerald Bay Tour
This exciting tour allows visitors to see places such as Fallen Leaf Lake, Emerald Bay, Eagle Falls, and more. Visitors will enjoy a ten­minute helicopter tour to see these places as well as Taylor Creek and Pope Beach.
●Zephyr Cove Tour
This tour features some of the most beautiful landmarks in the Lake Tahoe area. Guests will enjoy seeing Zephyr Cove, Fallen Leaf Lake, Cascade Lake, and Emerald Bay. The tour lasts approximately 20 minutes.
●Lakes & Waterfalls Tour
For those who love sparkling lakes and cascading waterfalls, this Lakes & Waterfalls Tour is a great option. During this 30­minute adventure, guests will be treated to views of Glen Alpine Creek, Fallen Leaf Lake, Emerald Bay, and the nearly 10，000 foot Pyramid Peak.
●Circle the Lake Tour
The Circle the Lake Tour takes approximately 45 minutes. During this adventure, guests will be treated to views of Lake Tahoe's expansive 72­mile shoreline. See Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe, and more.
1．What can we learn about the helicopter tours?
A．It's too thrilling for the old.
B．The door is open during the flight.
C．Visitors need training before boarding.
D．Bubble windows ensure a better view onboard.
2．How long will it take to get a bird's­eye view of Lake Tahoe's shoreline?
A．10 minutes. B．20 minutes.
C．30 minutes. D．45 minutes.
3．What else would tourists like to know about the helicopter tours?
A．Description. B．Location.
C．Contact. D．Schedule.
B
[2021·重庆市第二次调研]Recently Meituan co­published a proposal with a number of business organizations, including China General Chamber of Commerce and China Cuisine Association, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help cultivate new eating habits for customers. “Restaurants should innovate means of publicity using official accounts on social media and live­streaming to promote and advocate food­saving actions，” the proposal said.
Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer guidance for consumers, including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes, to help them avoid food waste due to misleading information.
Catering (饮食服务) associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to eliminate food waste. The China Cuisine Association announced that it had teamed up with Ele. me, the Alibaba Group Holding­owned food delivery platform, to launch a “half­dish plan”， encouraging restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions. The Wuhan Catering Association proposed an “N—1” ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required.
To curb portrayals of food waste on social media platforms, popular Chinese video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content reviews of food­related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows. Now if users search certain key words, such as “eating show” or “competitive eaters”， a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and maintain a reasonable diet.
4．Why did Meituan start such a proposal?
A．To popularize itself.
B．To save itself.
C．To mislead the public.
D．To prevent food waste.
5．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Wuhan Catering Association's proposal was a good practice.
B.The “half­dish plan” functioned better than the “N—1” ordering code.
C．Meituan met with some management challenges.
D．Customers are required to order smaller portions.
6．Which of the following is true?
A．Meituan releases some misleading food information.
B．More food is welcome when we treat our dear friends.
C．Few organizations realized the importance of food waste.
D.Online eating shows are monitored via media platforms.
7．How many good means of avoiding food waste are mentioned here?
A．None. B．Two.
C．Three. D．Five.








二 推理判断题——于文有据不枉断
推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而领会文章的深层意义及隐含意义。要想正确地解答此类题型，必须深入词句间，根据上下文作出合理的判断。现将一些常见的推理判断题归纳如下，旨在让考生掌握一些解题的技巧，从而减少应考中的失误。

近3年全国卷考情分析
全国卷细节理解题题量统计
命题专家有话说
高考状元传经验
　　年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
推理判断题若考查的内容是文章中的某个细节，可采用“同义互释”的解题方法，若考查的内容是人物所持的观点态度或对人物的评价时，可采用“去伪存真”的解题方法，若考查作者的写作意图或预测事件的结局时，可采用“反推一步”的解题方法。通过研究近三年高考全国卷可知推理判断题数量呈上升趋势，务必重视。
◆关注内在关系　阅读时需要理解文章真正含义，切忌望文生义。
◆关注文章出处　充分考虑文章的出处，会带来意外的收获。
◆关注情感态度　作者一般通过文章所提供的客观事实或在字里行间的修饰性词汇中透露出某种想法。
◆关注背景常识　结合有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识。
全国卷Ⅰ(乙卷)
6
5
4
全国卷Ⅱ(甲卷)
7
3
5
全国卷Ⅲ
/
4
5
新高考卷Ⅰ
5
4
/




技法1　推断隐含意义——逻辑分析得结论
知答题方略
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。

明命题方式
推断隐含意义类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆It can be inferred from the text that ________．
◆It can be concluded from the last paragraph that...
◆The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．
◆What can we infer about...？
◆Which of the following statements does the passage support？
◆What does the...paragraph imply？

　
[2021·全国卷甲阅读B]The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first­time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
27．What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A．The rhino section will be open to the public.
B．It aims to control the number of the animals.
C．It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D．Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审读题目找出题干关键词
be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
根据本段第一句“The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
现在还不能确定这些幼崽是否适合被送回野生动物保护区，由此逻辑分析得结论，如果有的黑犀牛符合条件，是可以被送到野生动物保护区的。
自主解答：________



技法2　写作意图类——文体特点看意图
知答题方略
写作意图通常有以下三种：
1.to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或文章故事类的文章。
2.to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。
3.to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe——多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。

明命题方式
写作意图类命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What is the main purpose of the text？
◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage？
◆For what purpose did the author write the passage？
◆The writer writes this passage in order to...
◆Why does the author mention...？


　
[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D]We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
33．Why does the author mention“doctor” and“cheater” in Paragraph 2?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审读题目找出题干关键词
Paragraph 2
第二步　迅速读懂原文理清文章脉络
根据文中“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”可知本段主要介绍情商的概念。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对情商的概念的解释。
自主解答：________

技法3　观点态度类——利用语境的褒贬定态度
知答题方略
1.正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
2.留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
3.牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。
(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。
(3)表示反对或否定：critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的； skeptical怀疑的； disapproving不赞成的。

明命题方式
观点态度类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆How does the author feel about...？
◆What does the author think of...？
◆What is the author's opinion on/about...？
◆What is the author's attitude towards/to...？
◆The author's attitude towards... can be described as....
◆How does the author sound when telling the story？



[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D]Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well­being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re­evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34．What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.

【破题关键点】
第一步　审读题目找出题干关键词
the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
本段第一句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
作者认为情商的普及整体上利大于弊，故可知作者对于情商的普及持支持态度。
自主解答：________


技法4　文章出处类——根据文章体裁和内容推出处
知答题方略
文章出处主要考查考生能否根据文章主题、内容特点、文体特征、语言风格等判断出所读文章的具体出处。如：
若所读材料具有较强的时效性
则可能出自新闻报道
若所读材料涉及工作要求、工资待遇、联系电话等
则可能出自招聘广告
若所读材料推销介绍新产品，且格式特殊
则可能是产品广告
若所读材料轻松、休闲、普及各科知识
则可能出自旅游杂志、休闲杂志等
若文章中出现网址或与其相关的词汇表达，如click
则可能出自网站



明命题方式
文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆From which is the text probably taken？
◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found？
◆The passage is probably taken out of ________？
◆Where would the passage most probably appear？

　
[2021·全国卷甲　阅读A]
Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
23．Where can the text be found?
A．In a history book. B．In a novel.
C．In an art magazine. D．In a biography.

【破题关键点】
第一步　确定题干中的关键信息
be found
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息
根据文章“Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most respected landscape photographers.”可知。
第三步　比对选项确定答案
本文介绍的是年度风光摄影师奖及两位摄影师的作品，属于艺术的范畴，故文章应该出自于艺术杂志里。
自主解答：________


A
[2021·合肥市高三一次质量检测]“To me, love is the most important thing. What could be more healing than love？”
These words, like lines from a poem, are easy to agree with coming from Robin, who founded the Bumi Sehat Bali Clinic in central Ubud, the setting for the film Eat Pray Love. Now the clinic provides treatment or educational support for over 100，000 people annually.
Giving birth to her first child at nineteen, Robin moved to Hawaii after college, working for several years on a farm, where she taught farming practices and poetry. But in 1991, she received heartbreaking news. Her idyllic life on the farm in Hawaii was turned upside down when her sister, expecting a child in Alabama, died of pregnancy complications (妊娠并发症).
“When my dear sister passed away, I realized mothers were dying everywhere. In countries with increased poverty, some people can't afford to go to the hospital. What motivated me initially was my love for my sister, but this soon grew into a concern for mothers and children all over the world.” Robin's feelings for her sister were transformed into a desire to help women everywhere in need.
To ensure that children are born healthy, nutritionally balanced meals are provided for expecting mothers free of charge. Those who lack housing are free to stay as long as it is necessary. The clinic also sees patients of all ages who have symptoms unrelated to childbirth, while providing facilities for language learning and IT education, and annually training over 6，000 nursing and midwifery (助产) students, backed by a scholarship program.
Just as Robin said, love is to be found inside the Bumi Sehat Bali Clinic. Perhaps feelings of showing kindness toward others and wanting to make the world a better place are the key to a brighter tomorrow.
1．Which of the following best explains “idyllic” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A．Peaceful. B．Dramatic.
C．Tough. D．Troublesome.
2．What made Ro bin change her career course at first?
A．Her love for midwifery.
B．Her desire to help children.
C．Her sorrow for her sister's death.
D．Her loss of interest in poetry.
3．What do we know about the clinic?
A．It is famous for its nursing program.
B．It offers mothers­to­be free diets.
C．It provides financial aid for mothers.
D．It has treated more than 6，000 patients.
4．What can we learn from Robin's story?
A．Love makes the world a better place.
B．Ups and downs make one strong.
C．Kindness can be richly rewarded.
D．Hard work inspires great respect.
B
[2021·济南市11校联考]The Indian government declared an “emergency situation” in New Delhi on Sunday as air pollution hit dangerous new highs and people had the selfies (自拍) to prove it.
Officials announced a series of measures to fight against smog in the capital city, including halting construction projects, closing a coal­fired power factory for 10 days and washing the dusty roads. The citizens, meanwhile, took “smog selfies” as they walked through dirty air which could taste and smell. Some selfie photographers joined hundreds of protesters in downtown New Delhi to demand that the government deal with the deadly smog.
New Delhi, already one of the world's dirtiest cities, is experiencing its worst smog in nearly two decades. The city saw levels of PM2.5 of more than 900 micrograms per cubic meter on Saturday. That's more than 90 times the level that the World Health Organization considers safe and is 15 times higher than the Indian government's standards.
Particulate (微粒的) matter comes from vehicles, coal factories, burning trash piles, dust and other sources. New Delhi's severe pollution was initially blamed on the widespread bursting of firecrackers during the festival Diwali. But images published by NASA last week suggested that crop burning in the neighboring states of Punjab and Haryana could be the reason for the increasing levels of PM2.5. New Delhi's chief minister, Arvind Kejriwal, said that farmers in those states begin burning straw at the start of every winter to clear their plants for planting wheat.
The pollution can lead to lung cancer, heart disease and related illnesses, particularly in growing children. Kejriwal said people should avoid going outdoors until the pollution levels drop and should work at home as much as possible. Of course, they should put down the selfie sticks, too.
5．What does the underlined word “halting” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Stopping. B．Encouraging.
C．Protecting. D．Changing.
6．What can we know from the text?
A．The poor condition in New Delhi has led to a strike.
B. New Delhi is one of the most polluted cities in the world.
C．A lot of people especially children died of smog in New Delhi.
D．Kejriwal suggested that people stop working to deal with smog.
7．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?
A．Images of people living in New Delhi.
B．Levels of PM2.5 in most cities of India.
C．Sources of particulate matter in New Delhi.
D．Measures taken by the New Delhi government.
8．What's Kejriwal's attitude towards smog selfies?
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive.
C．Uncaring. D．Opposed.














三　主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨
主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。

近3年全国卷考情分析
全国卷细节理解题题量统计
命题专家有话说
高考状元传经验
年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
解答主旨大意题需要对首尾段或文中的某些细节进行语义概括，若考查把握全文主题和理解中心思想时，可采用“主题定位”的解题方法；若考查对整篇文章的领悟和概括能力时，可采用“查找主线”的解题方法；若考查把握某一段落大意时，可采用“首尾兼顾”的解题方法。通过研究近三年高考全国卷可知主旨大意题一般有1～2个。
◆关注整篇文章　需要从整篇文章出发，切忌本末倒置，主次不分。
◆关注事态主线　在归纳主题时，切忌以偏概全，把某一细节当作主题。
◆关注主题语句　文章主题句通常是位于首段或尾段的，但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落，做题时要谨慎辨别。
◆关注标题特点　标题的三大特点：醒目性、概括性和针对性。
全国卷Ⅰ
1(最佳标题)
2(段落大意、最佳标题)
2(段落大意、最佳标题)
全国卷Ⅱ
1(最佳标题)
2(文章大意、最佳标题)
2(文章大意、最佳标题)
全国卷Ⅲ
/
3(段落大意、文章大意、最佳标题)
1 (最佳标题)
新高考卷Ⅰ
2(最佳标题、段落大意)
1(文章大意)
/



技法1　段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意

命题方式
段落大意题常见的设题方式：
◆What does the author tell us in Paragraph...？
◆The main idea of the second paragraph probably is...
◆The first paragraph is mainly about...
◆Which of the following can best summarize Para.1？
◆What is the first/second paragraph mainly about？

　[2021·全国卷乙阅读B]These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
24．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A．Their target users.
B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions.
D．Their complex design.

【破题关键点】
第一步　首尾兼顾定段意
根据文中的“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone.”以及“Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.”可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A
文中提到了年轻人，但并不是用于介绍移动电话的目标用户
以偏概全，曲解文意
B
本段主旨就是举例说明手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
C
原文未提及相关内容
无中生有，生搬硬套
D
原文未提及相关内容
无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步　对比选项得出答案
自主解答：________


技法2　文章大意题——定位主题和文意
知答题方略
1.主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。
2.主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。
3.主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。
4.主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。
明命题方式
文章大意题常见的设题方式：
◆What's the main idea/point of the passage？
◆The passage is mainly about...
◆What is the text mainly about？
◆The general/main idea of the passage is about...


　[2021·全国卷甲阅读C] When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue­sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail­thin teenager, in a baggy white T­shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago，” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah，” I said. “Safe.”
31．What message does the author seem to convey in the text?
A．Children should learn a second language.
B．Sport is necessary for children's health.
C．Children need a sense of belonging.
D．Seeing the world is a must for children.

【破题关键点】
第一步：读文章，概括文意

第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A
儿童应当学习第二外语。
文中没有这种说法
无中生有，生搬硬套
B
体育运动对儿童健康非常必要。
文章中虽提到了滑板运动，但并未涉及滑板运动对健康的作用
无中生有，曲解文意
C
儿童需要归属感。
文章描述了作者通过滑板运动融入新生活、结交当地人成为朋友的经历，表达了归属感、集体感对于儿童的必要性，故该选项符合文章主旨
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D
看世界对于儿童是件必要的事情。
文中没有这种说法
无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步　对比选项得出答案
自主解答：________


技法3　最佳标题类——文章主线定标题
知答题方略
好标题三大特点
1.概括性——短小精悍，精确性强，能覆盖全文大意；
2.针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3.醒目性——能激发读者的阅读欲望。
有必要掌握的三大法宝
1.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩最能准确概括主旨的选项；
2.反面否定法：撇开原文，设想用每个选项写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3.研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。

明命题方式
文章标题类常见的设题方式：
◆The best title of the passage is...
◆Which of the following is the best title of the passage？
◆What would be the best title for the passage？
◆The most appropriate title of the passage is...


　[2020·浙江卷7月阅读C]Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating (刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive (认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants' overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise，” says Francisca Then, who led the study.“After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work—sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit. Then points out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision­making could be just as stimulating as any high­level office work. And “running a family household requires high­level planning and coordinating (协调)，” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

【破题关键点】
第一步　读文章，概括文意
本文是“总——分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“挑战性的工作能够让人更好地保持大脑的活力”，接下来的几段就研究人员所进行过的测试和得出的结论进行介绍和说明。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断

A
退休工人可以学习新技能。
作者没有呼吁退休工人学习新技能，擅自发挥，与文章主旨内容不符。
无中生有，曲解文意
B
老年人应该做有挑战性的工作。
擅自发挥，与文章主旨内容不符。
无中生有，曲解文意
C
棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷。
精炼地概括了文章内容。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D
随着年龄的增长，认知功能可能会下降。
是事实但不是文章主旨。
以偏概全，主次不分
第三步　比对选项确定答案
自主解答：________



A
[2021·河南省高考适应性测试]An amazing occurrence happened in South Africa when 31 elephants made a journey to pay their respect to their hero who had saved their lives and many other animals. Lawrence Anthony, a legend (传奇人物) in South Africa and author of three books including the bestseller The Elephant Whisperer, bravely rescued elephants and other wildlife all over the globe, including the courageous rescue of Baghdad Zoo animals in 2003. On March 7, 2012, Lawrence Anthony died.
Two days after his passing, the wild elephants showed up at his home led by two old female elephants. Separate wild groups arrived to say goodbye to their beloved man­friend. A total of 31 elephants had patiently walked over 12 miles to reach his South African house. Witnessing this sight, humans were obviously in awe (敬畏) not only because of the precise timing that these elephants sensed about Lawrence's passing, but also because of the deep memory and emotion the beloved animals showed in such an organized way.
Walking slowly—for days—they made their way in a one­by­one queue from their home in the wild bush to his house. Lawrence's wife, Francoise, was especially touched, knowing that the elephants had not been to his house prior to (在前面的) that day for well over three years! They knew, where they were going and they seemed to know why they were going to Lawrence's home. The elephants obviously wanted to pay their deep respect, honoring their human friend who had saved their lives—so much respect that they stayed for two days and two nights without eating anything.
After honoring Lawrence Anthony in the only way they could, then one morning, they left, making their long journey back home.
1．When did the elephants appear at Lawrence Anthony's house?
A．On March 5, 2012. B．On March 7, 2012.
C．On March 9, 2012. D．On March 11, 2012.
2．Which paragraph(s) show(s) the elephants were intelligent, emotional and well­organized?
A．Paragraph 1.
B．Paragraph 2.
C．Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3.
D．Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4.
3．What makes Lawrence Anthony a legend?
A．The bestseller The Elephant Whisperer.
B．The wild elephants' amazing occurrence.
C．His rescue of wildlife all over the world.
D．His special way of living with wild animals.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．An honorable legend
B．A long journey back home
C．Well­organized wild elephants
D．The day they remembered
B
[2021·青岛市统一检测]It might seem strange to be making predictions about 2021, but one thing is clear: technology has been affected just as much as every other part of our lives. Another clear thing is that today's most important technology trends will play a big part in helping us deal with and adapt to the many challenges facing us. From the shift to working from home to new rules about how we meet and interact in public spaces, technology trends will be the driving force in managing the change.
One of the major technology trends that are likely to play out this year is 5G and enhanced connectivity. Each successive advance in mobile connectivity from 3G onwards has unlocked new use cases for the Internet. 3G made web browsing and data­driven services useful on mobile devices, 4G led to the growth of streaming video and music platforms as bandwidths (宽带) increased, and 5G, similarly, will open more doors in terms of what is possible.
5G means that services relying on advanced technologies such as augmented (增强的) reality and virtual reality, as well as cloud­based gaming platforms like Google's Stadia, become a practical thing, anywhere at any time. They also threaten to make cable and fiber­based (光纤) networks redundant,__with their need for us to be tied to a particular location.
In short, 5G and other advanced, high­speed networks make other new technologies available anywhere, any time. A great example is Norwegian fishery operator Salmar that uses a 5G network to automate the care and feeding of its fish. Image recognition algorithms (算法) are used to detect which fish are over or under­feeding, and automatically distribute food and medicine needed to keep them healthy. Initiatives like this will become increasingly important during 2021, where businesses look to increase automation across their workforces.
5．Which of the following is highly influenced by 5G technology?
A．Data­driven services. B．Streaming video.
C．Music platforms. D．Google's Stadia.
6．Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “redundant” in Paragraph 3?
A．Useful. B．Unnecessary.
C．Expensive. D．Special.
7．Why is “Salmar” mentioned in the text?
A．To show the development of Norwegian fishery.
B．To explain how to keep fish healthy.
C．To present the application of 5G technology.
D．To propose new initiatives for businesses.
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．Different predictions of technology trends.
B．Successive advances in mobile technology.
C．One of the technological highlights of the year.
D．The driving force in managing changes.














四　词句猜测题——“义”有“景”生莫忘记
近3年全国卷考情分析
全国卷词句猜测题题量统计
命题专家有话说
高考状元传经验
年份
卷别　
2021
2020
2019
词句猜测题需要根据原文中的信息进行推理，从而猜测词句的含义。若正确选项关键词，问题词与原文信息同义，可采用“语境理解”的方法；若原文信息句是对问题句进行解释说明，可采用“推理”的方法，若问题词为代词，一般来说，正确选项对应文中的信息词会出现在代词之前，可采用“逻辑关系梳理”的方法。通过近三年高考全国卷可以看出词句猜测题一般有1～2题。
1.关注句间差异　原文信息句之间常存在不同的逻辑关系，如因果、转折等，且会以反义或对照的方式出现在背景句中，在阅读时需要细心辨别。
2．关注上下文语境　在理解上下文语境时，切忌从句子的表面意思得出答案，需要通过综合归纳从而确定正确答案。
3．关注生活常识　在利用上下文语境的时候，有时需要结合自身的生活经验进行逻辑推理。
全国卷Ⅰ
1(单词猜测)
2(1单词猜测，1短语猜测)
1(单词猜测)
全国卷Ⅱ
1(单词猜测)
1(短语猜测)
1(短语猜测)
全国卷Ⅲ
/
1(短语猜测)
1(短语猜测)
新高考卷Ⅰ
1(单词猜测)
2(1代词猜测， 1单词猜测)
/


技法1　单词或短语含义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义

知答题方略
知答题方略
明命题方式
无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这八种方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高，掌握了这些方法，考生猜测的准确度会越来越高。
猜测词义类常考查形式如下：
◆The underlined word/ phrase...probably means / can be replaced by...
◆Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/ phrase？
◆What does the underlined word “...”in Paragraph...probably mean？
1.构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。
构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。
　
[2020·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B]The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of “forbidden fruit” that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol (手枪).
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
....
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the__offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.
25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in Paragraph 8 refer to?
A．The students' parent.
B．The maker of the Grandma' Box.
C．The author's grandchild.
D．The owner of the forbidden fruit.
分析：词义猜测题　根据构词法，“er”为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示做某事的人或物；“offend”为动词，意思为违反、冒犯。故“offender”有犯规者、违反者的含义。结合前文中出现的“forbidden fruit”，以及后文提到“return the belonging”，可推断犯规者指的是拥有前述forbidden fruit的人。
自主解答：________
2．利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。
　
[2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B]Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping__tabs__on more than 2，000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper，” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
26．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Listing completely. B．Directing professionally.
C．Promoting successfully. D．Watching carefully.
分析：词义猜测题。根据 “One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping__tabs__on more than 2，000 productions this year.”可知，一个非盈利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的，这个非盈利组织正在密切关注今年2 000多部电影的制作。所以画线短语keeping tabs on的意思是“密切关注”。
自主解答：________
3．利用反义词猜词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether...)or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
　
[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C]When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever­increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
29．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
分析：本题需要结合上下文语境逻辑进行分析。根据语境可知，画线词所在句之前描述了北美洲陆地上曾经充满了各种各样的野生物种，然而画线词所在句之后的段落却笔锋一转，描绘了大量水禽被猎杀、湿地被破坏的现象；同时结合“Unfortunately”这一信号词，可推断，画线词所在句起转折作用，用于描写殖民者和探险者如何破坏自然资源。
自主解答：________
4．利用逻辑关系猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。
　
[2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B]While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26．What does the underlined word “currency” in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt. B．Reward.
C．Allowance. D．Face value.
分析：词义猜测题。此题可利用逻辑关系解题。根据“...while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处指“奖励”。
自主解答：________
5．利用例证猜词
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like，for example，for instance等。
　
[2020·北京卷阅读D]Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self­driving cars are appearing on city streets, and or smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
42．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily.
C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere.
分析：根据画线词句子后的提示词“For example”可知，后文为对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现语言间的转换等。以上举例都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现，故可以推测得出画线词用于形容人工智能的普遍。
自主解答：________
6．利用同等关系猜词
同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely，that is，in other words，that is to say，to be more exact，to put in another way等。
　
[2021·全国卷甲阅读C]Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe!__Safe!__Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
29．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean?
A．Be careful! B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
分析：利用同等关系猜词词义。根据画线词后文的解释说明“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。
自主解答：________
7．利用生活常识和文化背景猜测词义
　
[2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B]But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “­ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non­native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.
分析：词义猜测题。利用生活常识解题。人们在演讲时常常紧张，因此讲话“磕磕绊绊”，再根据“you should...should...”以及“...Vote for...me...”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for的语意相呼应。
自主解答：________

技法2　代词猜测题——“就近原则”找指代

明命题方式
知答题方略
知答题方略
明命题方式
第一步　明确代词所指代内容的位置：代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中或者前几个句子中。
第二步　替换核实再比较：用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。
代词猜测类常考查形式如下：
◆What does the underlined word“this/that/it/they...”refer to？
◆The underlined part “this/that/it/they...”refer to...
　
[2020·浙江卷7月阅读B]The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9：33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design.Bellevue, a fast­growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
25．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Increased length of green lights.
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.

【破题关键点】
第一步　确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2
第二步　定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.
第三步　综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。
自主解答：________


技法3　句意猜测题——“意义吻合”推句意

知答题方略
明命题方式

明命题方式
句意猜测类常考查形式如下：
◆The underlined sentence in paragraph...probably means？
◆What can we infer from the underlined sentence in paragraph...？
　
[2019·浙江卷阅读B]Money__with__no__strings__attached．It's not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.

【破题关键点】
第一步　确定题目中的关键信息：money with no strings attached
第二步　寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
第三步　分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意：综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。
第四步　仔细比对选项：Money offered without conditions.符合句意。
自主解答：________



A
[2021·青岛市期末考试]I did an experiment last week. No, nothing involving test tubes or beakers (烧杯). Instead, I experimented with not watching the news right before I went to bed.
This is a long­time habit of mine so it's probably not surprising that the first couple of nights I got a little twitchy when news time rolled around and I wasn't watching. To distract myself, I went to bed a little earlier and read. Wow, what a treat that was! I love to read but I don't always make the time for it so this felt quite luxurious. On the nights I didn't read, I spent a little extra time petting my dog, Henry. He loved it. There's never enough ear scratching for him. The compromise nights were when I had a book in one hand and was petting the dog with the other. Happy all around!
The funny thing about happiness is that it's a whole lot easier to feel when you're not being bombarded (轰炸) by images of bad news. It's not like skipping the late news means that I don't know what's going on in the world. I still do read, listen to, and watch news stories. Just not right before I go to bed. That makes it easier to fall asleep and then stay asleep without dreaming about crime, wars, or natural disasters. (Although that dream I had about going to the prom might count as a natural disaster！) It's definitely a much gentler way to end the day. I like it so much that I'm going to not only continue the no news before bed practice, but I'm also going to experiment with turning off other electronics earlier in the evening, things like the computer and smartphone.
Do you have any experience with turning off your electronics early in the evening? Does setting a particular time, like digital Quiet Hours, work? Please share any tips you have. Something tells me that this could be a little more challenging for me than no news.
1．What does the underlined word “twitchy” mean?
A．Angry. B．Sad.
C．Anxious. D．Pleased.
2．What did the author do to distract himself from watching news?
A．To treat himself with snacks.
B．To read to his dog.
C．To turn off the TV.
D．To read in bed.
3．What's the result of the author's experiment?
A．He had more time to walk his dog.
B．He was less exposed to images of bad news.
C．He was cut off from the current world.
D．He had nightmares.
4．What does the author intend to do by writing the text?
A．To encourage the readers to cut down time on electronics.
B.To gather the readers' advice in watching TV.
C．To share the effect of watching news.
D．To tell the readers the importance of reading.
B
[2021·潍坊市一模]Nothing is “new and improved” anymore. It's all about the plus.
“Something exciting is happening in March，” flowed out an email from CBS All Access, alerting subscribers that the streaming service is being renamed Paramount ＋. The company seeks to keep pace with Apple TV ＋， ESPN ＋， Disney ＋， BET ＋， AMC ＋ and others.
Video services didn't start this. The Apple Ⅱ ＋ came out in 1979 and Crest ＋ toothpaste in 2002. But TV streaming companies now apparently must be branded plus, for fear that consumers perceive their offerings as a minus (减). Much of this has to do with justifying a monthly charge for television—which used to be free. A more complete name would be “Paramount ＋ a Bill”．
Hulu used to have a “plus” service, which was a misnomer (误称) since what customers got with it was the absence of ads. “We've had fun with our old friend Plus，” the company explained in a 2015 email, “but it's time to move on. We just wanted to let you know that we are retiring the Hulu Plus name. From now on, we will just be known as Hulu. No ‘Plus’．”
Yet other streaming services have been drawn to the plus, thanks in large part to the success of Disney ＋， which added 86 million subscribers during its first year. Disney also operates ESPN ＋ and, outside the U．S., Star ＋.
A funny thing about marketing: A plus is always a plus but a minus is never a minus—even though more products are notable for what they cut down. Budweiser wouldn't call its lower­calorie beer Bud －. There are fat­free potato chips and cookies, but Pringles­or Oreos­is abandoned.
Americans have a fondness for plus­size portions, plus­size clothing and media that have plus signs in their names. Mercifully, the plus thing hasn't yet reached more important aspects of our lives.
5．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Apple service. B．Video service.
C．Plus service. D．Streaming service.
6．What can we learn about Hulu?
A．Hulu has no ads put in.
B．Hulu no longer follows suit.
C．Hulu suffered a great loss.
D．Hulu cheated its subscribers.
7．Why wouldn't Budweiser call its lower­calorie beer Bud －？
A.To avoid misunderstanding.
B．To improve the beer's quality.
C．To keep pace with other companies.
D．To protect the consumers' interests.
8．What's the author's attitude towards the trend?
A．Objective. B．Critical.
C．Tolerant. D．Skeptical.