热点12 语法填空（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用）

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热点12 语法填空（动词和句式）





一　谓语动词
（一）动词的时态和语态


考点一 一般现在时与一般过去时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空和短文改错必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1．谓语动词的构成：do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
2．基本用法
(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。
常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return，live，fly等，可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8：30上课，下午3：30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They will stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
名师点津　动词第三人称的构成

一般情况直接加­s
work→works　get→gets say→says　　　read→reads
结尾为­s, ­x, ­sh, ­ch或­o，在词尾加­es
discuss→discusses wash→washes　fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加­es
carry→carries　study→studies try→tries　fly→flies　cry→cries
(二)一般过去时
1．谓语动词的构成：did
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last month，just now，the other day，three days ago，in 1989等。
[2019·江苏卷] A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
(4)常见句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.该到……的时候了
②It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...did sth.自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知，他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.
乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有来。
名师点津　动词过去式的构成

一般情况在动词后加­ed
work→worked　play→played want→wanted
以不发音的­e结尾的动词后加­d
hope→hoped like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加­ed
study→studied try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加­ed
stop→stopped prefer→preferred admit→admitted permit→permitted


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
3．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
4．[2020·浙江卷7月] This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
5．[2020·北京卷]She ________ (persuade) me to join the poetry and lit in me a fire for literature.
6．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, but I have long been out of practice.________________
7．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]For example, every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple. My dad doesn't like the soup and I don't enjoy apples.________________
8．[2021·贵阳高三适应性考试]Louvre dated back to the 12th century，which used to be a royal palace.________________

考点二 现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。
We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come，go，leave，get，start，open，arrive，begin，return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)

(二)过去进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday等连用。
[2018·北京卷]Susan had quit her well­paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
(2)表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。

(三)将来进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：will be doing
2．基本用法
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩上，享受着阳光。
名师点津　动词进行时的构成

一般情况在词尾直接加­ing
work→working study→studying
以不发音的­e结尾的动词，去e再加­ing
write→writing take→taking face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加­ing
cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning sit→sitting
以­ie结尾的动词，变­ie为y再加­ing
lie→lying die→dying


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·江西省重点中学盟校联考]At present, Tech giants Apple and Google ________ (team) up to create a system that would let smartphone users know when they've come into contact with someone who has COVID－19.
2．[2017·天津卷]I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.

考点三 现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。
3．现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。

名师指津　(1)注意牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。

(二)过去完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：had＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing，he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
[2019·天津卷]I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。

(三) 现在完成进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：been＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。
Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
2．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空]I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ________ (make) over the years. I work not because I have to，but because I want to.
3．[2021·高三八校第二次联考]According to HuffPost, more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans. In the UK, about 542,000 people ________ (choose) veganism over the past decade.
4．[2021·安徽省高三联考]Quanzhou is also known for its thriving private economy. The past four decades ________ (see) the birth of tens of thousands of private businesses and hundreds of famous brands.

考点四 一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1．表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)be going to＋动词原形
(3)be to＋动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2．基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4) be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.
火车即将开出。

(二)过去将来时
1．谓语动词的构成：
2．基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。
The shops would soon close，and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2019·浙江卷语法填空]When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (时尚)．
2．[2021·浙江嘉兴基础测试]They made up their minds that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.

考点五 语态
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用

时态
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
将来完成时
shall/will have been done
[2019·江苏卷]They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。
[2018·北京卷]A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
[2018·天津卷]My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。

2．不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(3)有些动词及短语不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have, cost, own, belong to, take part in, come into being, date from, take place, run out等。

3．get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.
我们按周获得薪酬。

4．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词；worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ] “This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________ (construct)．”
2．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]The parts of a museum open to the public ________ (call) galleries or rooms.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月] Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food ________ (need)．
4．[2021·山东省滨州市一模]In those toughest days, donations in cash and kind ________ (make) to help battle the disease. Thanks to the joint efforts, everything is getting better and better.
5．[2021·河南省高三质量检测]Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles ________ (use)mostly in cosmetics production, face washes, toothpastes and other products. When we use these things, the plastic microbeads get into our pipes that carry water, and eventually end up in the ocean.
6．[2021·成都第二次诊断]Hot pot restaurants can ________ (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu，but the quality and taste can vary hugely.

技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·天津卷]The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ________ (remain) around that level ever since.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]The unmanned Chang'e­4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— ________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole­Aitken basin.
3．[2021·山东模考卷]The way she held their hands, ________ (touch) their faces and just looked at them, you could tell they had such a special bond.
4．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36­year­old business.
5．[2019·6月浙江卷]One study in America found that students' grades ________ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
6．[2021·沈阳监测]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
7．[2021·濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟]Greta Thunberg, a 16­year­old Swedish climate change activist, ________ (elect) as 2019's “Person of The Year” last week.
8．[2021·江西省南昌市高三二模]Eggs are great for breakfast and can ________ (cook) in different ways. One topic of debate, however, is why brown chicken eggs usually cost more than white ones.

【答题微点】
搞定语法填空的“3原则”
原则1　慧眼识别标志词
在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标志词或时间状语轻松得出答案。
原则2　细心辨语境，瞻前顾后找并列
1．细心辨语境：仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。
2．瞻前顾后找并列：
①可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither ...nor ...，not only ...but also ...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态；
②同一个主语连接两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。
原则3　固定句式要牢记，主从时态要呼应
1．was/were doing sth. when sb. did ...
2．It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb./sth. did ...
3．This/It/That is/was the first/second ...time that ...从句要用现在完成时/过去完成时
4．It's (high) time that ...did/should do sth.
5．祈使句＋and/or ＋主语＋ 将来时
　把握逻辑关系，分析主动或被动
要确定谓语动词的语态，分析语境，弄明白所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·郑州第一次质量预测]Anyway，after we left Barcelona，we come to spend several days in Granada.________________
2．[2021·太原市高三年级模拟三]I have been learning English since I am in primary school，but the truth was that I was not so good at listening.________________
3．[2021·郑州市第三次质量检测]After driving her to the bus station, he returned to the shop, buy a large bunch of flowers, and drove all the way to his mother's.________________
4．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]I've had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to open a cafe. Though it may appear simple，it required a lot of ideas and efforts.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错题“3检查”
1．查时态是否一致
(1)检查文中每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文语境及该句的时间状语是否一致。
(2)检查不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是否用错。
(3)检查情态动词和have, has, had等助动词后面的动词形式是否用错。
2．查语态是否正确
(1)检查及物动词之后是否有宾语，如无宾语应用被动语态。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。
(3)检查被动语态中是否缺少be动词。
（二）主谓一致

考点一 主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3．意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。

考点二 主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1.“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2．all，the rest，the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
2．[2019·天津卷]Amy，as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
3．[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
4．[2017·浙江卷]This isn't as hard as it ________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
5．[2021·青岛市高三统一质量检测]To stay healthy, the report ________ (suggest) that people do at least 150 minutes of moderate (适中的) physical activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity every week.
6．[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks，and mistakes as well.________________
7．[2016·浙江卷]He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.________________


技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·泰安市高三一轮检测]The food waste in green bags ________ (be) processed on site into pieces to make biogas，which powers the city's buses.
2．[2021·潍坊市一中高三第一次模拟] They say having a large variety of plants also ________ (help) to protect against possible crop diseases and future crises.
3．[2021·山东省六地市部分学校高三联考]In the past many years, the giant panda ________ (drive) out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming, deforestation and other development.
4．[2021·九江十校第二次联考]However，thanks to the international agreement，there ________ (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.

【答题微点】
“四看”定谓语单复数
1．看到主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式。
2．看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式。
3．看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。
4．看到 there be 等结构，要想到就近原则。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021　广州二模]There was no noises or cars to break the silence.________________
2．[2021·惠州市高三模拟]I, together with my parents and cousins, were planning to have a fantastic beach day.________________
3．[2021·辽宁省重点中学协作体模拟]I happened to have read your advertisement and have decided to apply for the job. The following are my self­introduction.________________
4．[2021·长春外国语学校第二次质量检测]You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class.________________
5．[2021·甘肃兰州一中高三月考]Each student learn a foreign language, mostly English, from Day One of their compulsory education.________________

【答题微点】
“三看”定谓语单复数
1．看主语为第几人称， 确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
2．看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语， 要想到谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。
3．看到there be 等结构， 要用就近一致原则。
（三）助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气

考点一 助动词
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。
2．助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3．助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
我是李华，三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.
这是你这周第三次上班迟到。

考点二 9大情态动词的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。

2．may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可，might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
—Yes, you may.
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him?
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。

3．must
(1)表示“必须；应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。

4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。

5．should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。

6．will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night?
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会？
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加，但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open?
请你把门开着好吗？
(3)表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在农村时他过去常常早起。

7．need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents?
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。

名师指津　need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生长必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。

8．dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面对困难。

9．ought to
表示义务，意为“应当”，语气比should强，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测，意为“应是，应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
2．[2016·天津卷]It was really annoying；I ________ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
3．[2016·北京卷]I love the weekend，because I ________ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
4．[2021·苏锡常镇教情调查]Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he ________ go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.










考点三 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较

情态动词
适用句式
适用时态
意义
must
肯定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
一定，肯定
Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man.
杰克描述了他的父亲，他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩，是个意志坚强的人。
can
(could)
疑问句，否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
可能，能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是门口的邮递员。现在才六点钟。
may (might)
否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
也许，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
我把手提包落在火车上了，但幸运地是有人把它交给了铁路官员。
—How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it.
能再得到它真不可思议！我的意思是，有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should
(ought to)

否定句
一般时、完成时
确定或期待，“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应看那部电影，它会带给我可怕的梦。
will (would)
肯定句，否定句，疑问句
一般时、进行时、完成时
大概
This will be the house you're looking for.
这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]I can't find my purse. I might ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
2．[浙江卷]George ________ (not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
3．[2021·天津河东一模]—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ have put it in the wrong place.

考点四 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法

虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
主句谓语动词
与现在事
实相反
过去式(be的过去式形式用were)
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事
实相反
过去完成式
would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事
实相反
①were to do
②should do
③过去式
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿，一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
[2016·北京卷单项填空]Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me, I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我？如果你告诉我， 我会帮助你的。

名师指津　(1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had/were/should时，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，变为倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.
如果我现在20岁，我就参军。
Should he come(＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。

2．虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：
without (要是)没有
in case 万一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。

考点五 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：

虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(2)表示“建议；命令；要求”等意义时，宾语从句用“(should＋)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有：
①坚持：insist；②命令：order, command；③建议：advise, suggest, recommend；④要求：request, require, demand, ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不在我身边。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。

3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“(should＋)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他要求我们向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if, as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。

4．定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very) time＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形， should不能省略)，意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。

5．if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then!
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2021·湖北四地七校第一次联考]It is high time that you ________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2．[2021·肇庆模拟]He was still running with a smile on his face，as if nothing ________ (happen)．
3．[2021·东北三校联考]The order came that the medical supplies ________ (send) to the earthquake­stricken area soon.
4．[2021·甘肃天水一中段考]John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today.


技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·北京卷]Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．[2020·江苏卷]If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ________ (not be) where I am.
3．[2019·天津卷]The workers were not better organized，otherwise they ________ (accomplish)the task in half the time.
4．[2019·江苏卷]What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we ________ (have) a good time together.
5．[2018·北京卷]They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
6．[2018·江苏卷]There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I ________ (have) a second chance to become more involved.
7．[2018·天津卷]If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“2注意”
1．若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
2．一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的标志词， 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, or, otherwise, but for等。技法2　短文改错的解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2018·全国卷Ⅱ]As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not to let me.________________
2．[2021·南昌十校二模]As a result，I suggest we are given less homework and more time for out­of­classroom activities.________________
3．[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.________________
4．[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题“2视角”
1．看句中情态动词是否运用正确。
2．看是否考查虚拟语气。若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与从句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。

Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·青岛高三质检]Chinese museums might have been 1.________ (temporary) closed earlier this year, 2.________ many are still open to online visitors. A 3.________ (grow) number of Chinese museums are presenting their collection of artifacts (手工艺品) on the Internet. Since February, online platforms including Taobao and Douyin 4.________ (hold) live streaming (直播) events from China's museums. The programs, 5.________ have received more than 10 million 6.________ (day) visits, have proved popular according to media reports. Some live streaming hosts have become Internet celebrities. Bai Xuesong, the host of Xi'an Beilin Museum's live streaming event on Sunday, received more than 1.75 million “likes”. Avoiding boring description while introducing exhibits, his humorous tone and funny stories won the 7.________ (heart) of his audience. Instead of being laid aside and 8.________ (ignore), the cultural heritage should 9.________ (rich)the public's knowledge and expand their outlook. These live streaming events are 10.________ step forward in achieving that goal.
Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·成都高三第一次诊断]Last summer I decided to get my first job. This was possible one of the hardest tasks. For me, it was another step moved from a dependent child to a fairly independent adult. I had never hold a job before because of my parents wanted me to focus on school. So I had never worked the day in my life. At first, it is extremely tough. I sent applications hoping to get my first couple of choice. Yet I got neither calls or emails. Luckily, halfway through the third week, I finally got a call. It was not my first choice, but we could not say no. And after the interview, I was more than ready start working the following Monday.

















二　非谓语动词

考点一 非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语
1.非谓语动词
动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。
①As we all know, going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
众所周知，早睡早起是一个好习惯。
②To complete the program needs much effort.
完成这项计划需要很大的努力。

2．it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有：

It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.
定期更新数据是很重要的。

3．非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
(1)现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”，而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。
The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.
这则消息令人激动，我们激动了整整一晚上。
(2)不定式、动名词都可以作表语，但动名词作表语多指抽象的、经常性的动作。
What he did in the meeting was chatting with Mary.
他在会议上所做的事情就是与玛丽谈话。
(3)不定式则多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。
My job is to clean the house three times a week.
我的工作是每个星期打扫房子三次。
(4)get, become, look, seem, appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn't get discouraged right after failures.
温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们，失败后我们绝不能气馁。

4．非谓语动词作宾语
(1)若非谓语动词作下列动词或动词短语的宾语，则只能用动名词。
suggest, risk, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow, avoid, delay, include, deny, escape, advise, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to, devote one's time to等。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
(2)若非谓语动词作下列动词或动词短语的宾语，则只能用不定式。
decide, refuse, promise, pretend, hesitate, manage, plan, fail, choose, would like等。
She will attempt to beat the world record.
她试图要打破世界纪录。
(3)有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。
mean
forget
regret
try
go on
remember
can't help
I regret to tell you that I can't come.
我很遗憾地告诉你我不能来了。
I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里我所看到的一切。
(4)动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。
The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.
作者主要是通过描绘各种声音开始叙述自己的森林之旅的。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2021·烟台市高考适应性练习]Adults can note that ________ (make) personal sacrifices (牺牲)—such as postponing a vacation or staying home if we're not feeling well—helps to reduce the chance of carrying illness into our own communities.
2．[2021·银川市普通高中学科教学质量检测]When a game comes to an end, the winner is determined by ________ (count) each player's surrounded territories along with captured stones and komi (贴目)．
3．[2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试一]He said he became crazy about calligraphy, so he decided ________ (establish) a calligraphic museum in Moscow.
4．[2021·赣州市高三年级适应性考试]Food delivery and takeaway services will stop ________ (use)single­use plastic straws and cutlery (餐具) nationwide.
5．[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge)．
6．[2021·全国百校联盟第一次联考]Instead of seek a shelter，my parents suggested we help a couple of stall owners pack their books.________________

考点二 非谓语动词作定语
定语形式
功能
现在分词一般式doing
表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中
现在分词一般式的被动结构being done
表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中
过去分词done
表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成
动词不定式to do
表示将要发生的动作
动词不定式一般式的被动结构to be done
表示将要被做的动作
①We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。
②He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
③[北京卷]The park was full of people, enjoying (who enjoyed) themselves in the sunshine.
公园里人山人海， 人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。
④Tsinghua University, founded (which was founded) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。

名师指津　(1)准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。
(2)准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。
The problem discussed at the last meeting was of great importance.
The matter being discussed now is of great importance.
The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2021·河北衡水中学第三次联考]The Terracotta Army, ________ (build) around 2,200 years ago, was intended to protect Emperor Qin Shi Huang in his afterlife.
2．[2021·山东省六地市部分学校高三联考] The giant panda, also ________ (know) as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月]Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________ (change) lives.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]They represent the earth ________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
5．[2021·河北衡水中学第二次联考]Then, we picked pears, had a picnic and shared photos took in and around the orchards (果园)．________________

考点三 非谓语动词作状语
1.不定式作状语
(1)原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。
I'm very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.
我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。
(2)目的状语可与so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首。
[2016·北京卷]To make it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
为了更容易与我们取得联系，你最好随身带着这张卡片。
(3)结果状语常表示意想不到的结果，常用only to do。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
他匆匆赶到车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。

名师指津　熟记固定结构：
(1)only/just to...；too...to...；so/such as to...；...enough (for sb.) to...
(2)be＋adj.＋to do sth.
As far as I'm concerned, the book is very hard to learn.
就我个人而言，这本书很难理解。
2．分词作状语
(1)v.­ing形式：现在分词作状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等。现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含有进行之意。
Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
已经忙活了两天，史蒂夫设法按时完成了他的报告。
Having been laughed at for his mistakes，the boy was ashamed and embarrassed.
那男孩因犯错而被嘲笑，因此又羞愧又尴尬。(非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前)
(2)v.­ed形式：过去分词作状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等。过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含有完成之意。
Offered an important role in a new movie，Andy has got a chance to become famous.
由于在这部新电影中担任重要角色，安迪有了出名的机会。
(3)源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态。不表示被动关系，其前不用being，常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、devoted(专注的)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn't notice me enter the room.
他专注于读书，没注意到我进入房间。

名师指津　(1)把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系；区别现在分词与过去分词：现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或完成。
(2)现在分词的完成式having done表示分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，同时分词动作先于句子谓语动词发生。
Having driven all day，we were rather tired.
开了一天的车，我们相当累。
(3)不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果，现在分词作结果状语为客观上顺其自然而产生的结果。
More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
3．有些分词或不定式短语作状语，构成独立结构，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有：
generally speaking 一般来说
frankly speaking 坦白地说
judging from/by... 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration 考虑到……
to tell the truth 说实话
compared to/with 与……相比较
to begin with 首先
seeing... 鉴于/由于……
supposing 假设，如果
assuming 假使
given 考虑到，鉴于
provided(that...) 如果
concerning 关于
Judging from what he said just now，he must be very satisfied with your performance.
根据他刚才说的判断，他一定对你的演出很满意。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e­4 ________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole­Aitken basin.
2．[2020·山东高考模拟卷]________ (follow) by a wedding photographer, the couple made a surprise visit to the hospital before heading to the reception.
3．[2021·河南省高三质量检测]“The ban will stop billions of pieces of plastic entering our ecosystem, thus ________ (help) to conserve our precious seas and oceans，” Former Prime Minister Theresa May ever wrote on Twitter.
4．[2021·高三八校第二次联考]Every year more than a billion animals are killed ________ (make) leather products from their skins.
5．[2021·江西五校第一次联考]Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, the house is big enough to enable yo u to have a room of your own.________________

考点四 掌握非谓语动词的几种句型公式
1.不定式作宾语补足语
tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb.to do sth.
I'd like to invite you to take part in the activity.
我想邀请你参加这项活动。

2．后用省略“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词：“五看；三使；二听；一感觉”。
五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb.do sth.；
三使：make/have/let sb.do sth.；
二听：listen to/hear sb.do sth.；
一感觉：feel sb.do。
I like the film because it can make me laugh.
我喜欢这部电影，因为它能让我笑。

3．用于it形式主语结构中
It＋be＋名词或形容词(no good，no use，a pleasure，worthwhile，useless)＋动词­ing；
It＋be＋形容词(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb.to do sth.；
It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.
As is known to us, it's no use complaining without taking action.
众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。

4．only to do结构表示出乎意料的结果
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站结果却发现火车已经开走了。

5．with复合结构中补足语的比较
with
With so many people looking at him，he felt very nervous.
那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved.
问题解决了，质量也提高了。

6．有些非谓语动词形式的固定结构
considering that鉴于，考虑到
judging by/from从……来看
supposing/providing/provided/assuming that...假定，假设
compared with/to与……相比
Michael's new house is like a huge palace, compared with his old one.
与迈克的旧房子比起来，他的新房子像个大宫殿。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2020·北京卷]The problem of phone addiction (成瘾) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ________ (try) to increase awareness about this problem.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
3．[2021·山东新高考质量测评]They're neither medical workers in close contact with the novel coronavirus nor government officials who receive the latest updates of the situation—yet they're keeping us ________ (inform)of the development of the epidemic.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]I tell my mom that if we're forced eat things, we may become ill.________________
5．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]My mom told me how to preparing it.________________

技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·1月浙江卷]Something significant is happening to the world population—it is aging. The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected ________ (increase) to 42 by 2050.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ] They make great gifs and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
3．[2020·北京卷]And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly ________ (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.
4．[2021·赣州市高三年级适应性考试]China's National Development and Reform Commission is taking a number of measures ________ (design) to cut the production and use of plastics over the next five years.
5．[2021·濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟]The teen's act soon spread quickly, ________ (inspire) kids and adults worldwide to take action.
6．[2021·青岛市高三统一质量检测]In richer countries, people are more likely to spend time ________ (sit) in offices.
7．[2021·衡阳市高三毕业班联考三]It is obvious that ________ (grow) much full­sun coffee affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“5要素”
1．非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间表示主动、进行，要用现在分词形式(doing)。
2．非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间表被动、完成，要用过去分词形式(done)。
3．非谓语动词表将来的动作，作状语表示目的；在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等，要用不定式形式(to do)。
4．掌握非谓语动词的句型公式：
(1)It's＋形容词＋(for/of sb.＋)to do sth.；
(2)It's no good/use/pleasure doing sth.
(3)find/think/believe/consider＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.。
5．牢记用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词。

技法2　短文改错的解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·合肥市质量检测]Also, we should attempt to passing our fine culture down from generation to generation.________________
2．[2021·西安八校联考]The flag­raising ceremony has been part of our life, and we get used to attend it.________________
3．[2021·惠州第二次调研]In the past, teachers were always explaining the points in class. But now we often discuss the problems being raised by the teachers or ourselves. ________________
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.________________
5．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题“5标准”
1．理清to的两种命题方式
①多余：感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
②缺失：有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的不定式作宾语。
2．介词后一般需要跟名词或动词­ing形式。
3．并列结构中非谓语动词形式是否一致。
4．作主语和宾语的非谓语动词形式是否合适。
5．搞清动词­ing形式与动词­ed形式的区别。

Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·广州市综合检测二] It's just another day for William Lindesay. It begins by spending some time with his sons... and the Great Wall of China. He has lost count of the number of times he 1.________ (climb) the wall. However, he still remembers the day when he first saw 2.________.
The UK native first came to China in 1986 with one of the 3.________ (plan) to run the wall's entire 4.________ (long) — but it didn't quite work out that time. He came back a year later and fulfilled his dream, before finally settling in China in 1990. Lindesay has had eight books on the Great Wall 5.________ (publish) over the years. He has completed three photo projects that show 6.________ it has changed with the passage of time and led conservation efforts to protect it. Now he and his Chinese friends are using drones (无人机) 7.________ (film) the Great Wall, which provides a 8.________ (complete) new and fascinating perspective.
In many ways, the Great Wall has defined Lindesay's life. His solo adventure 9.________ (describe) as “the most successful foreign exploration of the Great Wall”. He even received a medal 10.________ the Chinese government for his conservation efforts.

Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·合肥高三质量检测]I have been decided to become a pilot since I am a little kid. Each time I see a plane flying across sky, I feel extremely excited but want to fly it. That is why I believe it can make me happily and free. To make my dream come true, I have to be physically fit by keeping a healthy diet and work out regularly. Besides, I must work hard to make great progresses with my studies. Although it is not that easy to being a pilot, I'll never give up my dream and spare no effort to realize them.

二 理清常用句式
（一）　定语从句

考点一 关系代词的用法
一、关系代词指代的对象及其作用

关系代词
指代对象
在从句中的作用
who
人
作主语、宾语、表语
whom
人
作宾语
which
事物
作主语、宾语
that
人或事物
作主语、宾语、表语
whose
人或事物
作定语
as
人或事物，一般用于“such ... as” “the same ... as” “as ... as”结构中
作主语、宾语、表语
The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
电视制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
[2017·天津卷]My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
He is not the same man as he was.
他和过去不同了。

二、定语从句两处关注点
(一)关系代词that与which的区别
1．只用that不用which的情况
①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。

2．只用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词时
Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which they showed courage.
用5 到 10分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们是怎样展示勇气的。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中
[2018·北京卷]She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。

3．在从句中作定语或介词宾语时(如at which time/point，in which case)，只能用which。
Recently I bought a second­hand car, the price of which was reasonable.最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。
She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.
她有可能会来，那样的话我就告诉你一声。

(二)关系代词as和which的区别
关系代词as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短语，一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有下列区别：
1．which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。
As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can.
＝A computer can do almost everything people can, as anybody can see.
任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做人所能做的一切事。
[2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达]Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.
因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。

2．as常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。
She passed the exam, as was expected.
她通过了考试，这是预料之中的事。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试]Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T. Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.
2．[2021·潍坊市高考模拟]Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，　 ________ is a healthy showing for China.
3．[2021·成都市高中毕业班第三次诊断] If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network, ________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
4．[2021·山东省实验中学高三模拟]Although she already had four cats she adopted another one ________ had been hurt by a bear and nursed it back to health.
5．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.________________
6．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.________________



考点二 关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用

先行词
关系副词
在从句中的作用
与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time，day，year等
when
作时间状语
＝at/in/on/ during which
表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等
where
作地点状语
＝in/at/to/ onwhich
表示理由的名词：the reason
why
作原因状语
＝for which
①We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
③Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again?
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？

名师点津　(1)先行词为有地点含义的抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引导定语从句。
He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.
他说假定我们真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)the reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。
[2019·天津卷]Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2020·北京卷]Some university students carried out a campaign ________ they spent their whole day without cell phones.
2．[2021·甘肃第一次诊断]This is the reason ________ Jennifer and her colleagues have called for a global pause in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos to give us time to really consider all of the various results of doing so.
3．[2020·天津卷5月]Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.
4．[2021·锦州八县市一中联考]Nancy enjoyed herself very much last week where she visited her friends in Sydney.________________
5．[2021·咸阳模拟]The Song of China has set up a stage which some people can achieve their dreams.________________

考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
1.“介词＋关系代词”结构的用法
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。

2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过我的童年的那段时光。(during that time)
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。

3．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构：
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。


(单句改错)
1．Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience.________________
2．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of them has been proved.________________

技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·昆明市“三诊一模”]Up till now，the website has been continuously updated, ________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
2．[2021·太原市高三年级模拟]Anyone ________ is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.
3．[2021·郑州市质量检测]All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops, ________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
5．[2020·江苏卷]Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
6．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
7．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题策略
1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。
2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则。
(1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
(2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
(3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。
(4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，则用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which。
(5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，则关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错]One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.________________
2．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.________________
3．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________
4．[2021·合肥市质量检测]Others thought some courses should be offered in schools, which goal was to help students learn more about our customs, ways of life and so on.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题策略
1．在短文改错中重点考查“介词＋关系代词”，关系副词和关系代词的混淆。
2．慧眼识别短文改错中定语从句的4个易错点。
(1)缺失关系词；
(2)定语从句中没有考虑关系词充当的成分；
(3)定语从句中谓语动词的单复数弄错；
(4)定语从句中介词漏用或错用，介词后关系代词的错用。



Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·长沙高三统一模拟]According to 1.________ new study by the WHO(World Health Organization), about 25 percent of adults worldwide do not get enough exercise. Because of this, about 1.4 billion people are 2.________ greater risk of developing 3.________ (dead) diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
When it comes to 4.________ (exercise) more, experts say that people needn't go to the gym every day. There are other ways to exercise. For example, we can take the stairs instead of taking an elevator. And standing on one leg for 30 seconds each day 5.________ (be) also good for our health.
The study also finds that women are less active than men because 6.________ (them) tend to spend more time at home taking care of 7.________ (child) and doing housework.
Countries with higher incomes show higher rates of inactivity. For example, people in Kuwait and the United States exercise less 8.________ people in Uganda and Nepal. This is partly because in 9.________ (develop)areas, desk jobs have taken the place of physical labor and cars 10.________ (replace) walking.
Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·西安五校高三联考]I've been playing volleyball before three years ago. It started when teacher set up a volleyball club in our school, hope that more students would take part in the sport and keep fit. The club was such popular that many students signed up for it. To be honesty, at that time I just followed them without thinking too much. We practiced together on every Saturday morning. However, some of the students soon begin to get bored and dropped out of the club. So I found I was quite enjoying it and we carried on. After training for some time, I was selected for the school team. How exciting and proud I was.







二　名词性从句

考点一 主语从句
1.引导主语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词 when，where，why，how。
①When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
延迟的飞机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。
②That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。
③What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。
易混辨析　whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。
④Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。
⑤It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。

2．it作形式主语的主语从句
(1)it作形式主语，从属连词that引导的从句作真正的主语。
①It＋be＋形容词(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等)＋that从句。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我不可能接受那样的帮助。
②It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等)＋that从句。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
难怪他不想去。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等)＋that从句。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。
④It＋动词/动词短语(seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)＋that从句。
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.
她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。
(2)it作形式主语，连接代词、连接副词或whether/if引导的主语从句作真正的主语。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。
It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over.
经济危机是否会很快结束，短时间内不会很明显。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·江苏卷]It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
2．[2021·郑州市质量检测]But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
3．[2021·合肥市质量检测]It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually, providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.

考点二 表语从句
1.引导表语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词when，where，why，how，从句用陈述语序。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。

2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市。好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。

3．because，why引导的表语从句
because，why也可引导表语从句，但because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause(该结构常用that引导)。常用于以下句型。
(1)This is because...这是因为……(强调原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(强调结果)
From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.
从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水所覆盖。
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.
他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。

名师指津　常见的表语从句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
The question/problem is whether/when/where...问题是……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that...
他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是……
(3)what从句＋be＋that从句
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2021·高三八校第二次联考]Another reason is ________ many of today's young people believe it's wrong to kill animals for food.
2．[2018·北京卷]This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.

考点三 宾语从句
1.that连接宾语从句时通常可以省略(但多个并列的宾语从句中只能省略第一个that)，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用。what引导时，在从句中充当成分，且有意义。
[全国卷Ⅰ]I'm writing to tell you that my uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference.
我写信是想告诉你，我叔叔李明要去你的城市开会。
2．在whether/if连接的宾语从句中，whether/if意为“是否”，但在whether...or not结构中，或者whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，以及whether＋to do结构中和whether引导的从句作少数动词(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if来替换。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
我不知道是否出发去北京。
3．连接代词、连接副词引导宾语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。
We promise whoever attends the party will have a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
我们保证，任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。
4．有些动词或动词短语，如like，hate，appreciate，depend on，see to等，一般不直接跟从句，需要借助it。
You may depend on it that she will go with you.
你可以相信她会与你一起去。
5．当主句的主语是第一人称时，在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句若是否定的，就运用否定转移，将否定词转移到主句谓语动词上。
I don't believe she will attend the meeting.
我认为她不会来参加该会议。
6．it作形式宾语，真正的宾语后置，常用此种结构的及物动词有find，make，think，feel，consider等。
I find it important that we should keep calm in danger.
我发现我们在危险中保持镇静是很重要的。
7．不论主句为何种句型，宾语从句都用陈述语序。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
2．[2019·北京卷] What students do at college seems to matter much more than ________ they go.
3．[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]I'm not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.

考点四 同位语从句
1.同位语从句通常用that引导，that无词义也不作成分，但是不能省略，从句用陈述语序。同位语从句还可用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。
2．接同位语从句的常见名词：fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.
我对自己做出承诺：今年，是我上高中的第一年，将会与以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.
我不知道那个记者从哪里得到的消息。

◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．[2021·湖北部分重点中学联考]This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.

技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
2．[2021·福州市毕业班适应性练习卷]However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
3．[2021·河南省高三质量检测]And ________ we do now is to deal with the plastic that causes great damage to our sea life.
4．[2021·安徽黄山二模]While visiting Hangzhou's West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills，you'll understand ________ it's been a great source of inspiration for artists，poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“3步骤”
1．根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是否是名词性从句。
2．一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词。
3．如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·山西五地市高三联考]When we arrived at the park, we were amazed at that we saw.________________
2．[2021·衡水中学第三次联考]Firstly, good social skills and strong organizing ability are that I have acquired in high school thanks to the experience of serving as monitor.________________
3．[2021·昆明市三诊一模]The next day, Lucy got a letter from Doug thanking her for recognizing which he had done and the importance of his job.________________
4．[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.________________
5．[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．检查连接词是否误用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that与what，that与which，which与what，if与whether;
2．检查连接词是否漏掉或多余，以及使用连接代词时从句中是否存在多余的句子成分；
3．检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。

Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·昆明“三诊一模”模拟]Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.________ (tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.________ (attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.________ (decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.________ (create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600,000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6.________ a Chinese social media platform. “I became famous 7.________ (instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’”， Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
At present, the 70­year­old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.________ (take) part in some social 10.________ (activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·沈阳教学质量监测]One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.












（三）　并列句和状语从句
,2020年高考增加对状语从句从属连词的考查。并列句


用法
连词
例句
表并列、递进或顺承关系
and, both... and..., neither... nor...，
not only... but also...，
as well as
During the first three years, children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school.
在前3年，孩子们学会了以后在家里和在学校学习中所需要用的基本技能。
表转折关系
but, yet, nevertheless(后两个为非课标词汇)
What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don't discuss it with anyone.
我们要做的事完全合法，但请不要与任何人讨论这件事。
表选择关系
either... or...，
not... but..., or,
or else, rather than
Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。
表因果关系
for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首), so
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
由于他的视力下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。
and与or用于并列句
祈使句＋and＋陈述句，and表顺承
Find ways to praise your children often, and you'll find they will open their hearts to you.
设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。
表对比
祈使句＋or＋陈述句，or表转折
while强调对比关系，意为“然而；而”
I like English while my little sister is fond of art.
我喜欢英语而我的妹妹热爱艺术。


(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．[2021·安徽省示范高中皖北协作区高三联考]They serve as an important driving force for local economic and social development, while acting as a bridge between Quanzhou ________ the wider world.
2．[2021·河北省衡水中学第一次模拟]Some people are able to lose weight on high­protein diets in the short­term but this weight loss is not due to eating more animal protein, ________ simply due to consuming fewer calories.
3．[2021·邯郸一模]Life isn't perfect and it's always hard, ________ we need reminders in our life from friends, authors, bloggers, pastors or our inner spirits to refocus on the things that matter and make us live positively.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.________________
5．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ] Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.________________
6．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.________________


技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]They kept their collection at home until it got too big ________ until they died, and then it was given to a museum.
2．[2020·浙江卷1月]It's also that they are on average healthier ________ more productive for longer.
3．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Irene said，“I don't see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made over the years.I work not because I have to, ________ because I want to.”
4．[2016·全国卷Ⅲ]In much of Asia, especially the so­called “rice bowl” cultures of China，Japan，Korea, ________ Vietnam，food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
5．[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]So，get an early start and try to be as productive ________ possible before lunch.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“2策略”
1．分析单词、短语或句子的逻辑关系或句式结构
(1)完整的句子中，如果两个单词或短语并列，要填并列连词；
(2)若两个句子(两个主谓结构)之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，空格处必定填连词。
2．注意固定句式中的连词

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·高考压轴卷]Every time we get on a plane, we're asked to neither turn off our phones or change it to flight mode－it's for “security reasons”. ________________
2．[2021·东北三省四市二模]On the positive side, people will be able to escape from the crowding cities, but will have clear views of the earth and stars. ________________
3．[2021·吉林市毕业班第三次调研]Last Friday, the English class was going on while our English teacher suddenly slipped and fell off the stage, which shocked all the students.________________
4．[2021·兰州高三诊断考试]I covered my ears with hands, buried my head in books, and even tried to recite English texts and it was no use. ________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．根据句意、前后的逻辑关系去判断连词是否正确。
2．根据短语搭配和固定句式判断连词。
3．注意排查中式英语，如将although/though和but, because和so连用。遇到此种情况，一般删除后面的but和so，以免影响一个句子的第一个单词首字母大写的原则。
状语从句

考点一 常见的状语从句
1.时间状语从句
(1)when, while与as引导的时间状语从句

连词
从句的谓语动词
用法
when
延续性动词；非延续性动词
从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生
while
延续性动词
从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生
as
延续性动词
强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”
We will ensure that people from Taiwan will enjoy the same treatment as local people when they pursue their studies or seek jobs in mainland.
我们将确保台湾同胞在大陆求学或就业时，享有与当地人同等的待遇。
(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句
①before与since的常用句式
连词
词义
常用句式
before
在……之前，还未……就……；……才……；趁……还没有来得及……
It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before“(没有)过……(时间)才……”
It was not/won't be long before...
“不久……就……”
It was＋时间段＋before...
“过了……(时间)才……”
since
自从……以来
It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...(从句用一般过去时)
It won't be long before we meet again.
过不了多长时间我们就又见面了。
②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作开始算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
As is reported，it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。
(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句
①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as，the moment，the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly/scarcely ...when ...，no sooner ...than ...等。
Directly I received his letter I went to see him.
我一收到他的信就去看他。
②hardly/scarcely ... when ...，no sooner ...than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ... 和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
Hardly had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying.
她一听到这个悲伤的故事就哭了。
(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句

连词
位置
用法
注意事项
until
可以放在句首
not ... until可用于强调句型
①until/till用于肯定句时主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词
②not until位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装
till
不可放在句首
一般不用于强调句型

It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.
直到他再次告诉我这件事，我才有了这个想法。
(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)
①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有 after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year 等。
Every time I express my opinion, she always argues back.
每次我发表意见，她总是反驳。
②by the time引导的时间状语，从句如果用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。

2．条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句的常见引导词if，unless，as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing (that)等。
My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy.
只要我高兴，我的父母不在意我从事什么工作。
(2)条件状语从句的时态
用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.
如果每个人都尽自己的一份力，这个项目一定会成功。
3．让步状语从句
引导词
从句位置
语序
语气
注意事项
although
灵活
正常
陈述
①although与
though都可以与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
②though还可以作副词，意为“可是；然而”，置于句末。
③whoever，whatever，
whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。
though
灵活
正常或倒装
陈述
as
句首
倒装(即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词)
陈述
while
句首
正常
陈述
even if/ though
灵活
正常
虚拟或陈述
no matter
＋疑问
词/疑问
词＋ever
灵活
正常
陈述
whether
...or not
句首
正常
陈述

Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
虽然我经常旅行，但我从未见过像约翰那样能干的人。

4．原因状语从句
(1)because用来回答why的提问，语气最强，一般放在主句之后。
The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
老人让露西挪到另一把椅子上，因为他想坐在妻子旁边。
(2)since/now that表示已知的理由、稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首；as引导的从句常放在句首，说明次要的原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。

名师点津　when, seeing that, considering that 表示“既然；考虑到”，也可引导原因状语从句。
She is very active, considering that she is getting in years.
考虑到她已年事渐高，她还是很活跃的。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2021·云南省七校高考适应性考试三]________ he wants to convey，the writer is expected to be good at summarization and Chinese to produce a couplet with a few characters that is excellent in both content and language.
2．[2021·陕西咸阳二模]Researchers have found, in their experiment, that a baby's cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, making it impossible for us to ignore them ________ we are parents or not.
3．[2021·太原二模]I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate ________ a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.
4．[2021·山东省济南市高三模拟]The doctor was certain I would test positive for coronavirus, but gave me the option to test ________ I wanted to know for sure. I opted to be tested.
5．[2018·江苏卷]________ you can sleep well，you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.

考点二 其他状语从句
1.地点状语从句
where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。同时地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。
When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful where you made a mistake.
＝When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.
再次解决这个问题时，你最好在上次出错的地方更仔细一些。
Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者，事竟成。

2．目的状语从句
(1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词can，could 等；in order that引导的从句可位于主句之前或之后，so that引导的从句只能位于主句之后；
(2)for fear that (唯恐；以防)与in case引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词有时也用should/might/could＋动词原形。
The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him.男孩躲在树后，怕他父亲看见他。

3．结果状语从句
(1)so that引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用情态动词，从句前可加逗号。
We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我们把收音机音量调大，这样每个人都能听到新闻。
(2)so ... that中so后面跟形容词或副词；such...that中such后面跟名词。
Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
＝Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
杰克是一个非常诚实的工人，我们都相信他。

4．方式状语从句
(1)as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照”。
Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?
请你像我一样做这个实验好吗？
(2)as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样；从句中可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。
Jack wasn't saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.杰克什么也没说，但老师朝他笑了笑，好像他做了件很聪明的事。

5．比较状语从句
as ... as; not so/as ... as; the same ... as表示相同程度的比较，肯定句用as ...as，否定句可用not as ... as或not so ... as。
He doesn't run so/as fast as Jack (does)．
他跑得没有杰克快。


(单句语法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so ________ they get sweet enough to be eaten.
2．[2021·济南市高三针对性练习] The Chinese have such a close relationship with tea ________ they have developed an entire “Tea Culture”．

技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·河北衡水中学一调]The song “A little bit longer” by Nick Jonas is ________ an emotional and inspiring song that whenever I hear it, I always come close to dropping down tears.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]________ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
3．[2019·天津卷]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ________ he wants their support.
4．[2018·北京卷]________ we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
5．Bach died in 1750, but it was not ________ the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“3牢记”
1．牢记连词词义并能熟练运用是解答题目的先决条件；
2．牢记固定句式结构，确定从属连词；
3．根据主从句的逻辑关系确定状语从句的连接词。
如果主从句是因果关系，则要考虑用because, as, since; 如果主从句有时间先后之分，则要考虑用时间状语从句的连接词；如果从句为主句的条件， 则要考虑用if; 如果从句表示让步， 则要考虑用although, though, while。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·沈阳市教学质量监测一]The waitress had refilled my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly.________________
2．[2021·郑州市质量检测]He was about to enter the shop while he saw a little girl crying by the roadside.________________
3．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day.________________
4．[2018·全国卷Ⅱ]The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.________________

【答题微点】
短文改错解题“3步骤”
第1步：分析句子结构，弄清逻辑关系；
第2步：判断状语从句类型；
第3步：锁定从属连词。

Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·沈阳教学质量监测]Weddings are generally considered personal events, but some couples in India are more than happy to have strangers all over the world attend 1.________ (they) traditional weddings, for a fee.
2．________ (pay) hundreds of dollars to attend the wedding of two strangers in a 3.________ (total) foreign country may seem strange to some people, but according to a company specializing in wedding tourism, it is “the 4.________ (culture) immersion (沉浸)” for tourists to experience many elements of Indian culture. Customers get to put on traditional Indian clothing, taste local food, and experience Indian wedding customs, which will usually create 5.______ unique atmosphere for the customers. As for the couples getting married, they get to share the happiest day of their lives not just with family and friends, 6.________ with the world.
Tourists 7.________ (interest) in attending a traditional Indian wedding through Join My Wedding have to pay a fee of $150 for the one­day attendance, or $250 for two days, 8.________ covers the entrance to the wedding plus food and drinks as well as a person to welcome them and explain all the traditional customs.
So far, feedback from both tourists and Indian couples 9.________ (appear) to be very positive. “The 10.________ (contribute) I made was the best and easiest way to thank the couple for their hospitality and this extraordinary experience，” one Hungarian tourist said. Couples, on the other hand, are excited to know people from other countries.
Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·湖北八校第一次联考]As it is known to all, the Great Wall is the most famous places of interest in China. Everybody wants to go there, but I am no exception. Then, this summer vacation, the day I have been looking forward to coming at last. I got up very early that day and set off with my brother Tim followed behind. After two hours' bus ride, we arrived at which looked like the large market, where there were millions of people talking, pushing and photographing. Looking at that, my enthusiasm immediate disappeared. Indeed, the Great Wall is really something must be experienced with a little ease and privacy.
第四讲　特殊句式
特殊句式作为英语表达的一种特殊形式，在某些场合会起到强调、简洁、有力、表述地道的作用，在高考试题中不乏对此的考查，考生在备考过程中要关注这种句式结构的用法。

考点一 强调句式
1.强调句式的常用结构
陈述句：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
一般疑问句：Is/Was＋被强调部分＋that/who...?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that...?
It is/was not until...＋that...直到……才
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问题才可能被解决。
It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed.
昨天晚上我一直到十二点才上床睡觉。
Was it yesterday that you met your old friend in the supermarket?
你是昨天在超市遇到你的老朋友的吗？
2．强调句式
强调谓语动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
家里的确设法让他上技术学校。

考点二 倒　装
1.在下列情形下需要使用部分倒装
(1)当否定词或带有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，常用部分倒装。这类词或短语有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs，but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些有需要的人提供药物治疗。
Neither do I know it，nor do I care about it.
我不知道这件事，也不关心。
(2)当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，用部分倒装。
[湖南卷改编]Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有当你找到内心的平静时你才能与他人保持良好的关系。
(3)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装。
They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities.
他们喜欢交很多朋友，那些身有残疾的人也是如此。
(4)在so/such...that...结构中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时，用部分倒装。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他说英语说得如此清晰，以至于别人都能听得懂。
(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。
Hard as they tried，they couldn't make her change her mind.
尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。

2．在下列情形下需要使用完全倒装
(1)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子需用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。
The moment the bell rang, out rushed the children.
铃一响，孩子们冲了出去。
(2)当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。
Next door to ours live a foreign couple, who seem to have settled into life in China.
我们隔壁住着一对外国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。

考点三 祈使句及其他
1.祈使句
祈使句表“请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告”等。基本结构为：“动词(短语)原形＋连词＋句子(一般用将来时)”。
有时为了加强感情色彩或特别指明向谁发出命令或要求时，可以加上you，Mary，girls等作为称呼。
Tom, water the flowers today!
汤姆，今天浇花！

2．反意疑问句
反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分用陈述句形式，后一部分是一个附加在前一部分上的简单问句，本着“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，附加问句部分的动词以及主语取决于陈述句。
Your parents had a long talk with you last weekend，didn't they?
你的父母上周末和你进行了一次长谈，是吗？
注意：祈使句的反意疑问句一般用will you或者won't you的形式。Let's开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用shall we；Let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用will you。

3．There...结构
(1)There be/stands/lies...有……
(2)There is no possibility that...没有可能性……
(3)There is no sense of doing sth.做……没有意义
(4)There seems to be...看起来似乎……
(5)There is no need to do sth.做某事没有必要
The Public Square is an eye­catching sight of the city. There stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.
大众广场是这个城市引人注目的景点，许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。

4．感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
①What＋a/an＋adj.＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!
What a good heart you have!
你的心肠真好！
②What＋adj.＋不可数名词/可数名词复数！
What interesting stories he's told us!
他给我们讲的故事真有趣！
(2)how引导的感叹句
①How＋adj./adv.(＋主语＋谓语)!
How clever the boy is!
这男孩真聪明！
②How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!
How clever a boy he is!
这男孩真聪明！


(完成句子)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写]正是因为约翰的好主意，这个小男孩才能够帮助养家。
_________________________________ this little boy could help support his family.
2．[2019·天津卷]教授警告学生在他的课上决不能使用手机。
The professor warned the students that on no account ________________ mobile phones in his class.
3．[2016·江苏卷]直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游相关的项目。
Not until recently ________________ the development of tourist­related activities in the rural areas.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文]我们度过了多么美好的时光啊！
________________________________________________________________________!
5．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文]我们刚到农场，就看到许多橘子挂满枝头。
________________________ we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.


技法1　语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2018·全国卷Ⅱ]China's approach to protecting its environment while ________ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide”．
2．[全国卷Ⅱ]It could be anything－gardening, cooking, music, sports but whatever it is, ________ (make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

【答题微点】
语法填空解题“2步骤”
第1步：分析句式结构，确定是何种特殊句式；
第2步：根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。

技法2　短文改错解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”________________
2．[全国卷Ⅰ]At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.________________
3．[全国卷Ⅱ]There have three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.________________

【答题微点】
利用特殊句式用法规则解题
(1)祈使句的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
(2)there be句型表“有”，there不能与have(有)连用。
(3)强调句型中，要用that/who做连接词，不能用which或其他词，且不能省略。
(4)利用句中的时态、时间状语或语境确定助动词/情态动词/系动词的正确使用。
Ⅰ.语法填空
[2021·广东七校联合体第二次联考]The origin of tea is lost among history and tales. 1.________ can be roughly confirmed is that tea originated in the southwest of China. According to ancient stories, the first person 2.________ (discover) the effects of tea is said to be Shennong—3.________ ancient figure devoted to agriculture and herbal medicine in China. Shennong once tried 74 different kinds of poisonous plants in a day and he 4.________ (lie) on the ground, barely alive. At this moment, he noticed several rather fragrant 5.________ (leaf) dropping from the tree beside him. Out 6.________ curiosity and habit, Shennong put those fragrant ones into his mouth and chewed 7.________ (they) slowly. After a little while, he felt well and 8.________ (energy) again, so he picked more to eat and thus cleared poison off his body.
The ancient Chinese medical book called Shennong Bencaojing states that “Tea tastes bitter. Drink it, 9.________ you will think quicker, move more swiftly and even see more clearly.” This is the 10.________ (early) book to record the medicinal effects of tea.
Ⅱ.短文改错
[2021·东北三省四市高考模拟二]I have many hobbies and I think fishing put at the top of the list. It is for fishing that has helped me improve my self­control.
My study was not satisfactory because of my impatience three years ago. When seeing that, my father comes up with a good idea and taught me why to fish to overcome my shortcoming. Telling that fishing was full of funs, I followed him without hesitation. Actually, fishing turned out to be more difficult than I had expected. To catch a fish, I tried hardly and became a skilled fisher. It is amazed that I can focus on my study now. I'd like to share my experience with those who have a same trouble, encouraging them to study with our full devotion and attention.