重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用）

这是一份重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用），文件包含重难点03阅读理解之说明文解析版doc、重难点03阅读理解之说明文原卷版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共23页， 欢迎下载使用。
  【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词根据因果关系猜测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀、合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。【热点话题】    说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：每篇7分钟）A（2021·广西柳州·一模）话题：文章介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁及其特征，它们的生存方式给研究人员带来了很多发明灵感。难度：★★建议用时：6分A recent issue of National Geographic magazine described one of the wonders of the earth, the tiny silver ants of the Sahara desert. These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57℃, as the article described it, an environment “where shoes melt.”These tiny ants are amazing. In the Sahara desert, where most creatures avoid going out in the middle of the day to avoid high temperatures,the Saharan silver ants have evolved(进化)a number of adaptations to do just that. Scientists have discovered that several unique features of the Saharan silver ants permit them to grow well in a scorching climate. These ants have longer legs than other ants, which keep their bodies critically greater distance away from the hot desert sand. The ants run 108 times the length of their own bodies every second at a speed of just over 3kph. And they keep track of the position of the sun, so that they always know the most direct route back to the nest, thus lowering their time spent in extreme heat. Their bodies produce proteins that resist heat. Some other creatures produce such proteins after they come in contact with extreme heat. But since the silver ants only exit the nest for a few minutes at a time — not long enough for the protein to take effect — they produce the protein while still in the nest before they go out, or they would die before the protein could take effect.Researchers also discovered that the ants are covered on their tops and sides with the uniquely triangular(三角的)shape of the silver hairs,which enable them to dissipate(消散)heat.The hairs help an ant's body exchange its heat to a cooler area, even under full sun conditions. This discovery inspired the scientists, for it could lead to new materials and paints that can be applied to rooftops or cars to keep them cool. And it is also expected to be applied in clinical care, wearable devices,protective clothing and other fields.What does the underlined word “scorching”in Paragraph 2 mean?A．extremely chilly          B．extremely cool        C．extremely mild       D．extremely hot2. Which statement can be inferred from the text?A．The Saharan silver ants' hairs act like a tiny air-heating system.B．The Saharan silver ants are born with the ability to track the moon.C．The Saharan silver ants' adaptations to the desert are to be discovered.D．Inspiration from the Saharan silver ants will bring up more new inventions.3. When do the Saharan silver ants produce the protein that resists heat?A. After coming in contact with extreme heat.B. Before traveling in the sun.C. While running under full sun condition.D. After coming back to the nest from outside.4. What would be the best title for the text?A．Small Ants Make a Big DifferenceB．Small Ants Hunt for Food EasilyC．Small Ants Survive in the Saharan DesertD．Small Ants Jump the Fastest in the World【答案】1-4 DDBC【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁及其特征，它们的生存方式给研究人员带来了很多发明灵感。1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57℃, as the article described it, an environment "where shoes melt."(这些蚂蚁生活在文章描述的温度高达7℃的地区，这是一个“鞋子都会融化”的环境。)”，以及第二段“In the Sahara desert, where most creatures avoid going out in the middle of the day to avoid high temperatures,the Saharan silver ants have evolved(进化)a number of adaptations to do just that.”可知，银蚂蚁它们生长在温度很高的地方，由此可推知scorching意为“特别热的”，故选D项。2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This discovery inspired the scientists, for it could lead to new materials and paints that can be applied to rooftops or cars to keep them cool. And it is also expected to be applied in clinical care, wearable devices,protective clothing and other fields.”可知，来自撒哈拉银蚁的灵感将带来更多的新发明。故选D项。3．细节理解题。根据第三段“But since the silver ants only exit the nest for a few minutes at a time — not long enough for the protein to take effect — they produce the protein while still in the nest before they go out, or they would die before the protein could take effect.(但是，由于银蚁一次只离开巢穴几分钟——时间不足以使蛋白质发挥作用——它们在外出前仍在巢穴中产生蛋白质，否则它们会在蛋白质发挥作用之前死亡。)”可知，它们在出去太阳下行动之前就产生蛋白质，故选B项。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent issue of National Geographic magazine described one of the wonders of the earth, the tiny silver ants of the Sahara desert. These ants live in areas where temperatures reach up to 57℃, as the article described it, an environment “where shoes melt.”(最近一期《国家地理》杂志描述了地球上的奇迹之一，撒哈拉沙漠中的小银蚁。这些蚂蚁生活在文章描述的温度高达57℃的地区，这是一个“鞋子都会融化”的环境。)”，结合全文内容可知，本文介绍了在高温地区撒哈拉沙漠生存的银蚂蚁，所以C项“小蚂蚁在撒哈拉沙漠生存”符合文章主旨，适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。B（2021·全国·高考真题）话题：文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。难度：★★★建议用时：7分Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.5. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.6. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.7. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?A．Favorable.            B．Intolerant.            C．Doubtful.             D．Unclear.8. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies.C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives.【答案】5-8 DBAB【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。5．细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities ”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。6．推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。7．推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。8．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. ”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。C（2021·浙江台州·一模）话题：文章主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产生重大影响。难度：★★★建议用时：7分Feeling inactive at work? Indoor pollution might play a part. A new study by scientists at Harvard has found that the air quality inside an office can have a significant impact on employees cognitive (认知的) function."The limited amount of previous studies on indoor settings focused on measures like thermal (热的) comfort and satisfaction, rather than on cognitive outcomes," Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent, a researcher told AFP.Jose and his colleagues designed a study that followed 302 office workers across six countries over a period of a year, all of whom were aged between 18 and 65 and worked at least three days in an office building. Their workspaces were fitted with an environmental sensor to monitor real time concentrations of PM2.5. The participants were given a custom-designed app on their phones to carry out the cognitive tests, which they were reminded to take at prescheduled times or when PM2.5 levels fall below or rise beyond certain thresholds (临界点).There were two tests for the participants. The first required them to correctly identify the color of displayed words that spelled out another color. This evaluated cognitive speed. The second test involved basic calculation with long numbers to assess cognitive speed and working memory.Results showed that an increase of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of PM led to about a one percent reduction in response times, and more than a one percent reduction in accuracy."While past studies have shown that prolonged exposure to PM2.5 damages the central nervous system and causes long-term neuro diseases, this is the first to show short-term effects on people's cognitive abilities," Jose told AFP.For employees returning to in-person office work, it is time to open a window for fresh air. If the outdoor air quality isn't good, adding high quality portable air cleaners is a good choice.What's the function of the environmental sensor?A．To monitor indoor air quality.B．To evaluate workers'job performanceC．To improve working environment.D．To develop workers' memory accuracy10. What method did Jose mainly use in his study?A．Giving examples. B．Analyzing causes.C．Making comparisons. D．Confirming assumptions.11. It can be concluded from the passage that________.A．polluted air destroys one's nervous systemB．an air cleaner is a must in an office buildingC．indoor setting determines a person's productivityD．fresh air contributes to a person's cognitive accuracy 【答案】9-11 ACD【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产生重大影响。9．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Their workspaces were fitted with an environmental sensor to monitor real time concentrations of PM2.5.”可知，环境传感器的功能是监测室内空气质量。故选A项。10．细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“There were two tests for the participants.（对参与者进行了两项测试。）”可知，在这项研究里主要使用做比较的方法。故选C项。11．推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“A new study by scientists at Harvard has found that the air quality inside an office can have a significant impact on employees cognitive function.（哈佛大学科学家的一项新研究发现，办公室里的空气质量会对员工的认知功能产生重大影响。）”可知，新鲜空气有助于一个人的认知准确性。故选D项。 D（2021·云南·曲靖一中一模）话题：文章介绍了在疫情大环境下出行时需要注意的事项。难度：★★建议用时：7分When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. Consider the following tips for practicing social distancing when you decide to go out.Know Before You Go: Before going out, know and follow the guidance from local public health authorities where you live.Prepare for Transportation: Consider social distancing options to travel safely when running errands or commuting to and from work, whether walking, bicycling, wheelchair rolling, or using public transit, rideshares, or taxis. When using public transit, try to keep at least 6 feet from other passengers or transit operators – for example, when you are waiting at a bus station or selecting seats on a bus or train. When using rideshares or taxis, avoid pooled rides where multiple passengers are picked up, and sit in the back seat in larger vehicles so you can remain at least 6 feet away from the driver. Follow these additional tips to protect yourself while using transportation.Choose Safe Social Activities: It is possible to stay socially connected with friends and family who don’t live in your home by calling, using video chat, or staying connected through social media. If meeting others in person (e.g., at small outdoor gatherings, yard or driveway gathering with a small group of friends or family members), stay at least 6 feet from others who are not from your household. Follow these steps to stay safe if you will be participating in personal and social activities outside of your home.Keep Distance at Events and Gatherings: It is safest to avoid crowded places and gatherings where it may be difficult to stay at least 6 feet away from others who are not from your household. If you are in a crowded space, try to keep 6 feet of space between yourself and others at all times, and wear a mask. Masks are especially important in times when physical distancing is difficult. Pay attention to any physical guides, such as tape markings on floors or signs on walls, directing attendees to remain at least 6 feet apart from each other in lines or at other times. Allow other people 6 feet of space when you pass by them in both indoor and outdoor settings.Stay Distanced While Being Active: Consider going for a walk, bike ride, or wheelchair roll in your neighborhood or in another safe location where you can maintain at least 6 feet of distance between yourself and other pedestrians and cyclists. If you decide to visit a nearby park, trail, or recreational facility, first check for closures or restrictions. If open, consider how many other people might be there and choose a location where it will be possible to keep at least 6 feet of space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.The best title for this passage may be ________.A．Suggestions to wear masks B．Protective ways to use transportationC．Tips for social distancing D．Methods to slow down COVID-1913. What does the underlined word rideshares in the third paragraph most probably mean?A．several passengers riding in the same vehicle for freeB．several passengers going Dutch taking the same transportation.C．some riders bearing the same cost in different vehicles.D．some riders heading to the same place but paying fifty-fifty14. From the passage we can infer that ________.A．To protect ourselves from the COVID-19, wearing masks is a must at all times.B．If you are a cyclist, you NEEDN’T care about the guidelines for social distancing.C．At social gatherings, you’d better wear masks because it is not easy to keep six feet away from others.D．To keep socially connected with others, you can chat with others on video-phone or in person【答案】12-14 CBC【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在疫情大环境下出行时需要注意的事项。12．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Consider the following tips for practicing social distancing when you decide to go out.”可知，本文主要讲述了保持社交距离的建议，故选C。13．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“When using rideshares or taxis, avoid pooled rides where multiple passengers are picked up, and sit in the back seat in larger vehicles so you can remain at least 6 feet away from the driver.”可知，划线词rideshares应该是“拼车”(几个人平摊车费)的意思，故选B。14．推理判断题。根据第五段中“ It is safest to avoid crowded places and gatherings where it may be difficult to stay at least 6 feet away from others who are not from your household.”“Masks are especially important            in times when physical distancing is difficult.”可知，在社交聚会上，你最好戴上口罩，因为与别人保持六英尺的距离并不容易，故选C。E（2020·福建·模拟预测）话题：短文说明了抱怨带来的一些负面影响以及应对抱怨的措施。难度：★★建议用时：7分While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.Why isn't complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity. The brain is designed to work efficiently. This means that when we repeat a thought, negative or positive, the nerve cells form a bridge between each other to pass information at a higher speed. Therefore, the next time we have a similar type of thought, it is more easily passed. This explains why certain thought patterns become habits.Yet the harmful effects don't stop there. A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus(海马区), which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone(激素): cortisol, a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力).The ill effects of our complaining aren't just limited to ourselves: they also involve those around us. We tend to mirror the moods of our friends. For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude (感恩). Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. Research shows it lowers cortisol levels by 23 percent, as well as reduces blood pressure and blood sugar. It also decreases tiredness and depression. Gratitude is the perfect cure for complaining, a behavior that steals our brain power, happiness and physical well-being.What have you observed about the effects of complaining in your own life or in the lives of others? Have you noticed that when you are grateful, you feel better all over? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.What do Para 2-3 mainly talk about?A．The diseases caused by complaining.B．The decrease of a vital part of our brain.C．The bad effects of complaining on brain power.D．The reason why certain thought patterns become habits.16. What can we know about cortisol from the passage?A．Gratitude is an effective cure for cortisol.B．Our body produce cortisol when we feel exited.C．Cortisol is a chemical that can cause brain damage.D．Having a high level of cortisol can lead to many health problems.17. What attitude does the writer take to stubborn complainers?A．Grateful.    B．Tolerant.    C．Disapproving.      D．Doubtful.18. Where can the passage most probably appear?A．In a newspaper.              B．In a medical report.   C．On a website.              D．In a radio program.【答案】15-18 CDCC【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文说明了抱怨带来的一些负面影响以及应对抱怨的措施。15．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Why isn't complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity.”及第三段“A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus(海马区), which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.”（一项研究表明，抱怨会导致海马体变小，而海马体在解决问题中起着至关重要的作用）由此可知，第二段和第三段主要在说抱怨对脑力的不良影响。故选C项。16．细节理解题。根据第四段“Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力).”（持续高水平的皮质醇会导致高血压、高血糖和免疫力低下。）由此可知，皮质醇水平高会导致许多健康问题。故选D项。17．推理判断题，根据倒数第二段“For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.”由此判断出作者对顽固的抱怨者持反对的态度。故选C项。18．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.”由此判断出，短文来自于网站。故选C项。F（2021·湖北·一模） 话题：主要讲述了面临脆弱的退休金体系，工作人口数量的萎缩，中国政府决定逐步实行延迟退休的政策。难度：★★★建议用时：8分At about 54, the average age of retirement in China is among the lowest in the world. This is a problem. Since standards were set. life expectancy has increased while the number of working adults-those whose labor, in fact, supports retirees--has begun to drop. But persuading people to work longer is proving hard. In 2008 the government said it was thinking about raising retirement ages, but backed away with a public protest. Now it feels it can wait no longer. The pressure to act is evident. Current retirement ages were set in the 1950s, when the average person was expected to die before reaching that stage. For most men in China the age is6o, much lower than the average of 64.2 in the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries. Yet life expectancy in China is now just two years short of the OECD average of 79, so Chinese retirees on a state pension (养老金) usually needs several more years of support from government funds than those in rich world. In 2019 the public-pension system covered almost 1billion adults, more than any other such organization in the world. The country’s main pension fund may run out of money by 2035, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, an official think-tank, has warned. The government appears not yet to have decided how to reform the system. The current five-year economic plan contains merely a sentence on the topic, calling for adjustment in “small steps”. But its inclusion means that changes are all but certain to begin before the plan ends in 2025. After the plan for older Chinese to work longer was revealed, it became a hot issue. On Weibo, posts tagged with “postpone the retirement age” have launched more than 100, 000 discussions. Many comments have been critical. In 2020 a survey of 96, 000 people found that more than 80% opposed later retirement. They wondered whether they would have the strength to keep working into their 60s.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A．Most people lived longer than 60 in China in the 1950s.B．Current pension fund may not last long with growing retirees.C．Decreasing number of adults alone leads to pension problem.D．Retirees in China get more pension than those in rich countries.20. What can we infer from paragraph 5?A．Some announced goals are hard to achieve.B．Measures are sure to be taken before 2025.C．Ways to change the system have been confirmed.D．Details of adjustment should be mentioned.21. What’s the author’s attitude to “later retirement“?A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Supportive. D．Opposed.22. What is the passage mainly about?A．Problems of aging population in China.B．An expected five-year economic plan.C．A heated debate on longer working time.D．Delayed retirement to be carried out.【答案】19-22 BBAD【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了面临脆弱的退休金体系，工作人口数量的萎缩，中国政府决定逐步实行延迟退休的政策。19．推理判断题。根据第一段“life expectancy has increased while the number of working adults-those whose labor, in fact, supports retirees--has begun to drop. ”和第四段“The country’s main pension fund may run out of money by 2035, (中国的主要公共养老金很可能到2035年枯竭)”可知，随着人类寿命周期变长，银发族在整体人口占比增大，现有的退休金体系可能在不久的将来难以维持。故选B项。20．推理判断题。根据第五段“The current five-year economic plan contains merely a sentence on the topic, calling for adjustment in “small steps”. But its inclusion means that changes are all but certain to begin before the plan ends in 2025.”可知，目前的五年发展计划提及退休金相关变革，且肯定会在2025年阶段性结束前制定执行明确政策。作者在文章当中不偏不倚地提出延迟退休可能带来的弊端，但同时也指出为解决公共养老金体系崩溃的问题，坚定执行该政策的必要性。故选B项。21．推理判断题。根据第三段段首句“The pressure to act is evident. (采取有效措施的压力是显而易见的)”和第五段“In 2020 a survey of 96, 000 people found that more than 80% opposed later retirement.(2020年的一项针对96000人的调查表明，超过80%的人反对延迟退休)”可知，作者在文中提到了公共养老金日益枯竭的背景下延迟退休的必要性，同时也指出该政策受到人们的反对，态度是客观的。故选A项。22．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Now it feels it can wait no longer. ”和最后一段“But its inclusion means that changes are all but certain to begin before the plan ends in 2025. After the plan for older Chinese to work longer was revealed, it became a hot issue.”可知，面临退休人员人数激增和工作人口日渐萎缩，中国政府坚定做出表态，要逐渐实行延迟退休政策。故选D项。