第05讲动词的时态与语态讲与练-【暑假自学课】2022年新高三英语暑假精品课(新高考专用)
展开第05讲动词的时态与语态讲与练
【学习目标】
- 掌握并识别动词的时态和语态形式。
- 正确使用动词的时态和语态。
【基础知识】
解答谓语动词的时态和语态的问题时,可通过以下几种途径来解决:
1.通过“时态定义”解决时态:虽然新课标或考纲中列出了10种时态,但近三年全国卷主要考查一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。尽管如此,以下8种时态的基本用法和构成还应掌握。准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
一般将来时 | will do |
过去将来时 | would do |
一般现在时 | do/does |
一般过去时 | did |
现在进行时 | am/is/are doing |
过去进行时 | was/were doing |
现在完成时 | have/has done |
过去完成时 | had done |
2.通过“标志性状语”解决时态:高考中,很多题目本身就带有明确的用某种时态的时间状语,要学会利用这些状语来解决时态问题。
(1)看到always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示频率的时间状语,要想到用一般现在时。
(2)看到yesterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998, just now, once upon a time等时间状语,要想到用一般过去时。
(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等时间状语,要想到用一般将来时。
(4)看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等时间状语,要想到用过去将来时。
(5)看到all the time, now, at 4 o'clock, at this moment, at present等时间状语,要想到用现在进行时。
(6)看到at that time, at this time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等时间状语,要想到用过去进行时。
(7)看到at this time tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等时间状语,要想到用将来进行时。
(8)看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last+时间段等时间状语,要想到用现在完成时。
(9)看到by that time, by the end of+过去时间,before 2000, by the time+一般过去时的从句,要想到用过去完成时。
(10)看到by the time+一般现在时的从句,by the end of+将来时间的名词,by+将来时间名词等时间状语,要想到用将来完成时。
3.通过“动作先后”解决时态:此种方法主要用来解决两种类型的试题:①并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., either ... or ..., not only ... but also ..., rather than等及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系,决定着所选动词的时态;②涉及主从句时态的题目,我们可通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间先后来确定时态。
例如:
One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
本句为and连接的并列结构,根据前面的was drawing便可得知此处应填 was bathing。
Mr White (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
根据for nearly forty years可知应用完成时,再根据before从句中的retired可知,从句中用的为过去时,主句动作发生在其前,故应用过去完成时,即had taught。
4.通过“语境暗示”解决时态:实际上,高考对时态的考查更注重“情境立意”,即在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。正因为如此,有些试题的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显,此时要树立全局观念,根据提供的语境,挖掘隐含信息,从而找到解题的突破口。
例如:
While online shopping (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
根据语境结合后面的have been可知此处应用现在完成时,强调对现在造成的结果或影响,又主语为online shopping,故应填has changed。
5.通过“固定句式”解决时态:所谓固定就是需要记住,因此必须要熟记一些常见的固定句式结构。
(1)看到no sooner ... than ...或hardly ... when ...,要想到主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
(2)看到并列连词when,要想到was/were doing sth when ...;be about to do sth when ...等句式。
(3)看到It/This/That is+the+序数词+time+that从句,要想到从句用现在完成时。
(4)看到It/This/That was+the+序数词+time+that从句,要想到从句用过去完成时。
(5)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时表示将来。
(6)在由since引导的时间状语从句中,如果主句是现在完成时,从句则用一般过去时。
(7)看到“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”,要想到陈述句用一般将来时。
6.通过“逻辑关系”解决语态:对于语态问题的解题关键就在于理清主语与谓语的关系,如果为主动关系,则用主动语态,如果为被动关系,则用被动语态。需要注意的是,在做题时往往对时态问题比较关注,但却容易忽略语态问题,因此我们可采用“先语态,后时态”的做题方式来避免此类问题的发生。被动语态在各种时态中的构成形式如下所示:
| 一般式 | 进行式 | 完成式 |
现在时 | am/is/ are done | am/is/are being done | have/has been done |
过去时 | was/ were done | was/were being done | had been done |
将来时 | will/shall be done | / | will/shall have been done |
过去将来时 | would/should be done | / | would/should have been done |
7.注意“特殊动词”:有些动词(短语)的用法比较特殊,要格外注意。如belong to(属于)不用进行时和被动语态;date from或date back to(追溯到)常用一般现在时;系动词如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear等不能用被动语态。对于这些特殊的词汇,务必要记牢。
【考点分析】
1. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.
【答案】carries
【解析】这是一个表语从句,从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers,所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
2.And, as more children were born, more food (need).
【答案】was needed
【解析】food和need之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。此处描述的是过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。food为不可数名词,应用单数形式。故填was needed。
3. When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody (have) to worry about fashion (时尚).
【答案】has/will have
【解析】空格前面的从句为一般现在时,主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数,所以当句子为一般现在时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。
4. Amy, as well as her brothers, (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
【答案】was given
【解析】A as well as B作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由A,也就是本题中的Amy决定;由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去,且Amy与give之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
5. While regularly eating out seems to (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.
【答案】have become
【解析】根据时间状语in recent years可知,此处应用动词不定式的完成式。 seem to have done “似乎已经做过”。
【真题演练】
1. While running regularly can't make you live forever,the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking,cycling or swimming.
【答案】is
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。本文介绍了跑步的好处,通篇以一般现在时为主。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致,故用一般现在时;且宾语从句中的主语为it,故用is。
2. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
【答案】has grown
【解析】考查时态。由句中的时间状语Since 2011可知,此空应用现在完成时。
3. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government ______(start) a soiltesting program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】started
【解析】考查时态。根据语境可知,此处叙述发生在过去的情况,应用一般过去时,故填started。
4. I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel (challenge).
【答案】challenged
【解析】考查时态。 此处表示“我迅速低下头避免和它直视,以便它不会感到受到挑战”,主语he和challenge构成被动关系,故填challenged。
5. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature,the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.
【答案】meant
【解析】考查时态。由于此处描述的动作已经发生,故用一般过去时。
单句改错
1. Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, I have long been out of practice.
【答案】start→started
【解析】考查时态。句意:事实上,我七岁时就开始学功夫了。分析句子,此处动词start讲述的是7岁的时候,动词应该用过去时。故将start改为started。
2. For example, every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple.
【答案】had改为have
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据上下文的时态可知,需用一般现在时。
3. My dad don’t like the soup and I don’t enjoy apples.
【答案】don’t改为doesn’t
【解析】考查主谓一致。此处指爸爸不喜欢喝鸡蛋汤,主语为第三人称单数,谓语部分的助动词应用第三人称单数形式。此处为一般现在时,需用 doesn’t 。
4. During my last winter holiday,I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.
【答案】find改为found
【解析】本句考查动词的时态。find改为found。考查时态。根据前一句中的时间状语“During my last winter holiday”可知,本文讲述作者去年寒假的故事。所以此处应用一般过去时,故把find改为found。句意:在去年寒假,我和父亲去乡下看望我的祖父母,我发现那里有很大的变化。
5. Still I unwilling to play the game with them sometimes.
【答案】在I后加was
【解析】考查谓语动词。此句缺谓语动词,be unwilling to do sth.是固定用法,表示“不愿做某事”。结合语境和时态可知,应用一般过去时,故在I后加was。
6. It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
【答案】begin改为begun
【解析】考查谓语动词。根据语境可知,此处为过去完成时,故应用过去分词。
7. I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
【答案】考are改为were
【解析】查时态。根据上下文语境可知此处要用一般过去时。故把are改为were。
8. The classroom is a place for learning and that include leaning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.
【答案】include 改成includes
【解析】考查主谓一致。that作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。
9. Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts.
【答案】required改为requires
【解析】本句考查动词的时态。短文的主体时态都是现代时。故把 required改为 requires。
10. The most excited activity was the fishing competition, during that I won the first prize. We all had a good time there. When we return in the afternoon, it was already five o’clock.
【答案】return改为returned
【解析】考查时态。句意:当我们下午返回时已经5点了。全文讲述的是上周末发生的事情,所以时态要用一般过去时。故return改为returned。
【过关检测】
1. ---- Have you learned Spanish before?
---- Yes. I______ English for six years in my hometown.
A.learn B.learned C.are learning D.have learned
【答案】B
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意:——你以前学过西班牙语吗?——是的。我在家乡学了六年英语。现在完成时的用法:发生在过去,对现在造成了影响,或者发生在过去,一直持续到现在。这里只是在陈述“在家乡曾经学过六年英语”的一个过去的事实,所以用一般过去时。故选B。
2.一Did you enjoy the party?
一Yes.We_______well by our hosts.
A.had treated B.were treated C.have treated D.would be treated
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态及语态。句意:——你喜欢聚会吗?——是的。我们受到主人的款待。根据“Did”可知,整个对话发生在过去,应用一般过去时,treat与主语We为被动关系,应使用一般过去时的被动语态。故选B项。
3.---Be careful! Your clothes will get caught in the machine.
---Thank you. I so close to it.
A.didn't know I was. B.thought I was
C.had thought I was D.don't know I am
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态和语序。句意:——小心!你的衣服会卡在洗衣机里的。——谢谢。我不知道我离它这么近。由句意可知,此句表示“我”刚才不知道自己站的那么靠近它,现在知道了,故时态是一般过去时,表示否定,因此要用didn't know,后接的是省略that的宾语从句,语序要用陈述语序。故选A项。
4. I would have attended your birthday party last night but for the fact that it at that time.
A.was raining B.had been raining C.had rained D.would rain
【答案】A
【解析】考查谓语动词时态。句意:要不是当时在下雨,我昨天晚上就去参加你的生日聚会了。 the fact 后的同位语从句陈述的是过去的事实,不用虚拟语气,根据时间状语“ at that time”可知,描述的是过去某一时刻正在发生的事情,用过去进行时。故选A。
5.Edison has been considered as one of the greatest inventors in the world and 1093 patents have been in his name.
A.registered B.invented C.associated D.preserved
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:爱迪生被认为是世界上最伟大的发明家之一,他已经注册了1093项专利。A.registered注册; B.invented 发明;C.associated联系; D.preserved保护。根据上文中“1093 patents have been ”可知,1093项专利已经被注册。故选A。
6.I promise I_________ all the money I owe you by the end of next month.
A.pay back B.will have paid back C.have paid back D.had paid back
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:我保证到下个月底把我欠你的钱都还了。根据后文 by the end of next month,可知表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,应用将来完成时。故选B。
7. ---How did you enjoy your weekend, Cindy?
---I _____ to go to camp on the mountain, but it was ruined by the rainy days.
A.would plan B.had planned C.have planned D.planned
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意:——辛迪,你周末过得怎么样?——我原计划在山上露营,但被雨天破坏了。根据“but it was ruined by the rainy days.”可知,事情发生在过去,而“计划”动作发生在“被雨天破坏”之前,所以用过去的过去,即过去完成时,表示“原计划”。故选B。
8. There are nearly 7000 local languages in the world, but only 7% ______ reflected in published online material.
A.were B.was C.is D.are
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:世界上有近7000种地方语言,但只有7%的语言在网上发布的材料中得到体现。根据句子结构可知,此空需填but之后分句的谓语动词,谓语动词的单复数取决于百分数修饰的名词,名词为7000 local languages,所以谓语动词用复数。根据there are可知,本句是一般现在时,描述一个客观的事实,故选D项。
9.(2021·天津高三期末)It’s the first time that a Nobel Prize in chemistry 2020 ______ to a female group-Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A.Doudna.
A.was awarded B.has been awarded C.is awarded D.had awarded
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:这是2020年诺贝尔化学奖首次颁发给女性团体Emmanuelle Charpentier 和Jennifer A. Doudna。It’s the first time that结构中,that从句通常用现在完成时。从句中主语 Nobel Prize 与award之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故选B。
10. Mr Wang said that he ________ the problem before the plan was carried out. However, he was asked to do it again.
A.explains B.has explained C.had explained D.was explaining
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意:王先生说他在计划实施之前已经解释了这个问题,但是他被要求再解释一遍。动词|explain作宾语从句的谓语动词,根据句意,该动词发生在was carried out之前,即过去的过去,所以应该用过去完成时态。故选C。
11. The police____to the spot____order immediately.
A.was sent; to keep B.were sent; keeping
C.was sent; keeping D.were sent; to keep
【答案】D
【解析】考查主谓一致,被动语态和不定式。句意:警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。结合句意,主语the police和谓语动词send之间是被动关系,需要用被动语态,the police是复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。结合句意,警察是被派往去维持秩序的,所以维持秩序是目的,用不定式表示目的。故选D项。
12. Mary____ in Beijing for 5 years, but she has never regretted moving back to Tianjin.
A.has worked B.was working C.had worked D.worked
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:玛丽在北京工作了5年,但是她从来没有后悔回到天津。由后半句“but she has never regretted moving back to Tianjin.”可知玛丽现在回到了天津。过去在北京工作,因此前半句应该用一般过去时,故选D。
13.—Have the workers got our roof repaired?
—I don’t know. But it ____when I called them yesterday.
A.was repairing B.was repaired C.had repaired D.was being repaired
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:—工人们把我们的屋顶修好了吗? —我不知道,我昨天给他们打电话的时候他们正在修屋顶。根据后文的when I called them yesterday,此处指的是过去的时间,结合句意,此处表示当过去某件事情发生时,另一件事情正在进行,需要用过去进行时态。主语it和谓语动词repair之间是被动关系,所以用过去进行时的被动语态。故选D项。
14.—What is that noise?
— Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______.
A.is being tested B.was tested C.will be tested D.has been tested
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态语态。句意:——那是什么声音?——哦,我忘了告诉你了。新机器正在测试中。此处表示正在进行的动作,使用现在进行时,主语The new machine和test为被动关系,现在进行时被动语态的基本构成形式是:am/is/are being done。故选A。
15. My bike needs ______ but I forgot ______ it to the repair shop.
A.to repair; to take B.repairing; to take
C.to be repaired; taking D.repairing; taking
【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我的自行车需要修理,但是我忘记要把它送到修理店。need做实意动词时,后接动词ing形式,表示被动。forget to do sth. 表示忘记去做某事(还没做)。根据句意可知,我的自行车需要被修理,但是我没有把自行车送去修理店了。故选B。
16. ---Where does your granny live?
---She lives in Nanjing now, but she _________in Boston for 10 years.
A.had lived B.has lived C.lived D.is living
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意:——你奶奶住在哪里?——她现在住在南京,但她在波士顿住了10年。由前一句时间状语now可知,空处描述的是过去发生的事情,和现在形成对比,所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时。故选C。
17. Hopefully, in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ____________ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
A.develop B.have developed
C.will develop D.will have developed
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意:希望到2025年我们不再互相发电子邮件,因为到那时我们会开发出更方便的电子通讯工具。根据前句中时间状语in 2025可知,用将来时态;再根据by then可知,到2025年那时,我们已经开出了更方便的通讯工具,所以用将来完成时。故选D。
18.The news of the earthquake when a large quantity of relief supplies ______ to the disaster-stricken area.
A.has hardly been spread; was delivered B.was hardly spread; were delivered
C.had hardly spread; were delivered D.had hardly spread; was delivered
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:地震的消息一传开,大量的救灾物资被运送到灾区。第一空,为固定句式hardly…when…表示“一……就……”,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;第二空,从句应用一般过去时,主语与谓语动词构成被动关系,故用一般过去时态的被动语态,主语是a large quantity of relief supplies,后面的谓语动词用单数形式。故选D。
19. It was the first time that he __________the New Coastal Area of Tianjin and was so impressed by its fast development.
A.have visited B.visited C.had visited D.would visit
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意:这是他第一次来到天津这个新的沿海地区,天津的快速发展给他留下了深刻印象。分析题意,根据固定搭配It +be+the +序数词+time+that(某人第几次做某事)可知,若be动词为was时,从句的动词用过去完成时。故此处的时态为过去完成时。综合分析,故选C项。
20.— Beijing is worth visiting. I _______ there with my parents during the holidays.
— I agree. I have been there twice.
A.went B.have gone C.have been D.am going
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:——北京值得一游。我和我的父母在假期去了那里。——我同意。我去过那儿两次。结合语境可知,“我”和父母去北京是假期期间做过的事情,故应用一般过去时。故选A。
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