第09讲并列句和状语从句讲与练【暑假自学课】2022年新高三英语暑假精品课(新高考专用)
展开1.认识连接并列句和状语从句的连词
2.掌握并列句和状语从句的运用
【基础知识】
1.并列连词及重点句式
(1)并列连词的功能及常用的并列连词
并列连词既可以连接并列的单词或短语,也可以连接并列的分句。在语法填空无提示词的考查中,当两个或两个以上的单词、短语之间没有连词时,一般是填并列连词;当两个或两个以上的句子之间没有连词时,就需要根据逻辑关系来判定用并列连词还是从属关联词。
常见的并列连词有:
(2)并列句的重点句式
●祈使句+and/r+陈述句。
●sb was ding sth when was abut t d sth when ...
2.并列句的易错点
(1)并列句本身的易错点
并列句本身的易错点主要集中在三方面:一是逻辑关系不清,误用连词;二是连词的多余,如,althugh/thugh不能和but连用,because不能和s连用;三是连词的缺失,要牢记,两个谓语之间或两个分句之间应有一个连词。
(2)并列句与定语从句的区别
并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于:并列句是由and, but等并列连词连接两个简单句,这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
[典例1] ①They live in a small huse, in frnt f stands an range tree.
②They live in a small huse, and in frnt f stands an range tree.
解析 两句的区别是连词and,句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句,空格处为引导词,表示物,故填which;句②and连接两个并列分句,空格处指代前面分句中的small huse,故填it。
(3)并列句与状语从句的区别
并列句是连词连接两个“互不依存的主谓结构”,两者之间是并列关系;而在状语从句中前后两个句子一个是主句,一个是从句,从句是用来修饰主句的。
[典例2] ① mney is necessary fr a happy life, it can't buy happiness.
②Mney is necessary fr a happy life, it can't buy happiness.
解析 两个题都应该填连词。句①空格所在句子是让步状语从句,故填从属连词Althugh/Thugh;句②空格前后是转折关系,是两个并列的简单句,故填并列连词but。
1.定语从句的引导词和解题步骤
●定语从句的引导词
●定语从句的解题步骤
[典例] But my cnnectin with pandas ges back t my days n a TV shw in the mid-1980s, I was the first Western TV reprter permitted t film a special unit caring fr pandas rescued frm starvatin in the wild.
解析 第一步:找出句子中的先行词,并将其还原代入从句中,使从句成为一个完整的句子“in the mid-1980s I was the first Western TV reprter permitted t film a special unit caring fr pandas rescued frm starvatin in the wild”;
第二步:确定被代入部分在从句中充当的成分。in the mid-1980s在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词;
第三步:先行词in the mid-1980s指时间,故填when。
2.定语从句的易错点
易错点1 what不能引导定语从句
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thank yu fr yur letter, what really made me happy.
解析 逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词yur letter,在从句中作主语,指物。故将what改为which。
易错点2 that不能引导非限制性定语从句
[典例] (2020·湖南省雅礼中学高三月考(一))Frtunately, the by that I stayed with was crazy abut ftball, that made my stay enjyable.
解析 第二个that前的整个句子作先行词,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,后面的定语从句应用which引导,故将第二个that 改为which。
易错点3 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的选择
[典例] I simply cut the branch the bird was sitting n.
解析 定语从句的先行词为表示地点的branch,但定语从句缺少宾语,故填that/which。注意:此处不能用where。
易错点4 逗号后面的引导词不一定用which
[典例] (2020·全国百校联盟高三TOP300尖子生联考)Despite this, the term was nt made knwn t the academic wrld until the 20th century, which gegrapher Sven Hedin wrte a bk titled “The Silk Rad” in 1938.
解析 第二个逗号后为非限制性定语从句, 先行词the 20th century在从句中作时间状语,因此用when引导。故将which改为when。
易错点5 that与which的误用
下列情况只用that不用which
●当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nthing等不定代词或被它们修饰时;
●当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时;
●当先行词被the nly, the very, the just, the same等修饰时;
●当先行词既有人又有物时。
易错点6 非限制性定语从句中as和which的误用
as和which均可用来引导非限制性定语从句,指代主句的内容,但as可位于句首,而which常位于句中;as常用于肯定句,而which可用于否定句;as常用于被动句,而which常用于主动句。此外,as译作“正如,正像”,而which译作“这,这一点”。
The mther tried t persuade her sn t give up smking, which didn't help.
母亲竭力劝说儿子戒烟,但没有作用。
As the ld saying ges, “Yu can't judge a bk by its cver”.
正如谚语所言“人不可貌相”。
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四种从句。
1.名词性从句的引导词
2.名词性从句的易错点
易错点1 that与what的误用
[典例1] (2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考)Hwever, it's nt just when yu eat that matters, but that yu eat als matters.
解析 句意:但是,重要的不只是你什么时候吃,而是你吃了什么。 yu eat是主语从句,从句中缺少宾语,故将that改为what。
[典例2] It is cheerful what the lcal authrities have prmised them t shrten the time f btaining it.
解析 It为形式主语,cheerful后面的句子为主语从句,引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故将what改为that。
易错点2 that与if/whether的误用
[典例1] I'm glad t hear if yu're cming t Sichuan in August.
解析 hear后为宾语从句,句意表示“我听说你要来”,而非“我听说你是否要来”。故if→that或去掉if。
[典例2] (2020·黑龙江省哈尔滨市第一中学高三6月一模)Still, I dubted that the letter frm my past wuld make it t me, all these years later.
解析 dubt后为宾语从句,在肯定句中,dubt后接whether引导从句,表示疑问。故将that改为whether。
易错点3 which与that, what的误用
[典例1] (2020·重庆市七校高三6月联考)The American peple finally had an pprtunity t express their cncern abut that was happening t the land, rivers, lakes and air.
解析 名词性从句中that不作任何成分,只起连接作用,abut后为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,表示“发生……的事情”。故将that改为what。
[典例2] (2020·陕西省西安中学高三适应性考试)The example I frequently share with teens is the questin f which ne will d if he is pushed int a deep lake.
解析 在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词,但which表示“哪一个”,而what表示“……的事情/物”。故将which改为what。
易错点4 if与whether的误用
[典例] (2020·甘肃省天水市第一中学高三二模)He is nt sure if it is right r nt.
解析 if和whether都可引导宾语从句意为“是否”,但if不能跟r nt连用等。故将if改为whether。
易错点5 that, what与连接副词的误用
[典例1] (2020·“皖南八校”高三摸底联考)I dn't remember that it first started annying me—her hands pushing my hair that way.
解析 句意:我不记得母亲最初是什么时候开始用手拨弄我的头发了。此处为宾语从句,表示时间,用连接副词when。故将第一个that改为when。
[典例2] (2020·全国百校联盟高三TOP300尖子生联考)The chice f ur idls reflects that hw we see the wrld.
解析 句意:我们对偶像的选择反映出我们如何看世界。此处用hw引导宾语从句,在从句中作方式状语,故that多余。故删除hw前的that。
1.状语从句的分类及常用连词
2.状语从句的易错点
易错点1 逻辑关系不清,导致连词误用
[典例] If I was nly a child when I studied in that classrm, I will never frget it.
解析 根据语意“尽管我在那件教室学习时还只是个小孩子,但我永远不会忘记那间教室。”可知,此处应为让步状语从句,故应将If改为Althugh/Thugh。
易错点2 受到汉语干扰,导致连词重复
[典例] Every time when he arrived hme at the end f the day, we'd greet him at the dr.
解析 汉语可以说“每次当……时候”,但英语中every time和when同为连词,不能同时引导时间状语从句,故去掉when。
【考点剖析】
1. I’ll be ut fr sme time. _______ anything imprtant happens, call me up immediately. (2014四川)
A. In case B. As if C. Even thugh D. Nw that
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我要出去一会。万一有重要事情的话,立即给我打电话。in case引导条件状语从句
2. I tk my driving license with me n hliday, ______ I wanted t hire a car. (2013北京)
A. in case B. even if C. ever since D. if nly
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我度假的时候随身带着我的驾照,以备想租车的时候用。in case意为“以防”,引导目的状语从句。
3. Yu wn’t find paper cutting difficult ________ yu keep practicing it. (2015北京)
A. even thughB. as lng as C. as if D. ever since
【答案】B
【解析】由句意“只要你坚持练习,你会发现剪纸并不难。”可知,应用as lng as引导条件状语从句。as lng as意为“只要”。
4.— Cach, can I cntinue with the training?
— Srry, yu can’t ______ yu haven’t recvered frm the knee injury. (2012重庆)
A. until B. befre C. as D. unless
【答案】C
【解析】由答语的意思“对不起,你不能(继续训练),因为你的膝盖伤还没有痊愈。”可知,这里表示原因,应用as引导原因状语从句。
短文改错
短文改错对并列句和复合句的考查主要集中于连词的误用、缺失或多余。
1. Actually, I started t learn kung fu when I was seven years ld, fr I have lng been ut f practice.
【答案】fr→but/yet
【解析】句意:事实上我7岁就开始学习功夫,但我早就不练习了。此处前句提到“我7岁开始学功夫”,后句提到“很久没有练习了”。此处前后应是转折关系。故将fr改为but/yet。
2. Understanding her gd intentins, I eat all the fd what is prvided by Mm with appreciatin.
【答案】what→that
【解析】这里含有一个定语从句,先行词是all the fd,在从句中作主语,引导词可用that或which,先行词被all所修饰,只能使用that,不能使用which,故将what改为that。
3. At the end f ut trip, I tld my father that I planned t return every tw years, but he agreed.
【答案】but→and
【解析】根据语意可知,此处为并列递进关系,而非转折关系。
4. What is knwn t all, eating selfcked fd is a much healthier and less cstly way f life than eating in a restaurant.
【答案】What→As
【解析】as is knwn t all “众所周知”,是固定用法,as引导非限制性定语从句,故将What改为As。
5. What bad weather! I hate it s I can't g ut t play.
【答案】s→because
【解析】根据句意可知,此处表示原因,故将s改为because。
【真题演练】
1.Over thusands f years, they began t depend less n culd be hunted r gathered frm the wild, and mre n animals they had raised and crps they had swn.
【答案】what
【解析】设空处引导宾语从句,宾语从句中缺主语,且根据句意,此处表示“什么”之意。故填what。
2. he asked the villagers n the banks f the river where he culd find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pinted dwn the river.
【答案】When/As
【解析】本句为时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”,且从句中动词ask为短暂性动词,不能用while引导,故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
3. They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring fr these animals.
【答案】wh
【解析】分析句子结构可知,所填词引导定语从句,修饰指人的先行词their masters,且在从句中作主语,故填关系代词wh。
4. Selfdriving is an area China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.
【答案】where
【解析】该句为定语从句,句中an area为先行词,在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导该定语从句。句意:自动驾驶是中国和世界其他地区站在同一起跑线上的领域。
5. The gld medal will be awarded t wins the first place in the bicycle race.
【答案】wh/whever
【解析】介词t后是宾语从句。从句中动词wins前缺主语,此处表述: 获得第一名的人/任何获得第一名的人。故用wh/whever引导宾语从句。
【过关检测】
1. The dctr shares his phne number with the patients __________ they need medical assistance.
A. if nly B. as if C. even thugh D. in case
【答案】D
【解析】医生把他的电话号码给了病人们,以备他们需要医疗救助。in case引导目的状语从句,表示“以便”。
2. Let's nt pick these peaches until this weekend ________ they get sweet enugh t be eaten.
A. ever since B. as if C. even thugh D. s that
【答案】D
【解析】s that引导目的状语从句,表示“以便”。
3. Cathy had quit her jb when her sn was brn _______ she culd stay hme and raise her family.
A. nw thatB. as ifC. nly ifD. s that
【答案】D
【解析】s that引导目的状语从句,表示“以便”。
4. _________ we dn’t stp climate change, many animals and plants in the wrld will be gne.
A. AlthughB. WhileC. IfD. Until
【答案】C
【解析】由句意“如果我们不阻止气候变化,很多动植物就会死去。”可知,应用if引导条件状语从句。
5. _______ yu can sleep well, yu will lse the ability t fcus, plan and stay mtivated after ne r tw nights. A. OnceB. Unless C. If D. When
【答案】B
【解析】由句意“除非你睡好觉,否则过一,两个晚上,你就会失去集中注意力,计划和保持积极性的能力。”可知,应用unless引导条件状语从句。unless意为“除非”。
6. _______ the damage is dne, it will take many years fr the farmland t recver.
A. UntilB. UnlessC. OnceD. Althugh
【答案】C
【解析】由句意“一旦造成损害,土地就需要很多年才能恢复过来。”可知,应用nce引导条件状语从句。nce意为“一旦”。
7. I really enjy listening t music _________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away frm ther cares f the day.
A. because B. befre C. unless D. until
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我非常喜欢听音乐,因为这有助于我放松并从日常琐事中解脱出来。because意为“因为”,引导原因状语从句。
8. Mark needs t learn Chinese _______ his cmpany is pening a branch in Beijing.
A. unless B. until C. althugh D. since
【答案】D
【解析】句意:马克需要学习汉语,因为他的公司要在北京开分公司。 since表示“由于,因为”,引导原因状语从句。
9.The weather was __________ cld that I didn’t like t leave my rm.
A. reallyB. such C. tD. s
【答案】D
【解析】s…that引导结果状语从句。cld是形容词,故用s,不用such。
10. _______ birds use their feathers fr flight, sme f their feathers are fr ther purpses.
A.Once B. If C. Althugh D. Because
【答案】C
【解析】由句意“虽然鸟用羽毛来飞行,但是有些羽毛还有别的用途。”可知,应用althugh引导让步状语从句。
11. My grandfather still plays tennis nw and then, he’s in his nineties.
A. as lng as B. as if C. even thugh D. in case
【答案】C
【解析】由句意“我爷爷还时不时地打网球,即使他已经九十多岁了。”可知,应用even thugh引导让步状语从句。
12. ___ the students came frm different cuntries, they gt alng quite well in the summer camp.
A. While B. Unless C. Since D. Until
【答案】A
【解析】由句意“虽然学生们来自不同的国家,但是他们在夏令营期间相处得非常融洽。”可知,应用while引导让步状语从句。
13._______ the frest park is far away, a lt f turists visit it every year.
A. AsB. When C. Even thughD. In case
【答案】C
【解析】由句意“虽然森林公园很偏远,但是每年还有很多游客来。”可知,应用even thugh引导让步状语从句。
14. Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him _______ he had dne smething very clever.
A. as if B. in case C. while D. thugh
【答案】A
【解析】句意:杰克什么也没说,可是,老师向他微笑着,好像他做了什么很聪明的事似的。as if意为“好像,似乎”,引导方式状语从句。
15.Accrding t statistics, a man is mre than twice as likely t die f skin cancer _________ a wman.
A. than B. such C. s D. as
【答案】D
【解析】as是比较连词,与前面的as likely构成同级比较。
16. Unless sme extra mney ____, the theatre will clse.
A. was fundB. findsC. is fundD. fund
【答案】C
【解析】unless引导条件状语从句,表示将来的事情,应用一般现在时。
17. Yu’d better write dwn her phne number befre yu _______ it.
A. frget B. are frgetting C. frgt D. will frget
【答案】A
【解析】befre引导时间状语从句,表示将来的事情,应用一般现在时。
18. Whenever yu _______ a present, yu shuld think abut it frm the receiver’s pint f view.
A. bught B. have bught C. will buyD. buy
【答案】D
【解析】whenever引导时间状语从句,表示将来的事情,应用一般现在时。
19.Try ______ she might, Sue culdn’t get the dr pen.
A. if B. when C. since D. as
【答案】D
【解析】句意:虽然苏竭尽全力,可就是打不开门。as引导让步状语从句时,而且要用倒装语序。这里的as也可以用thugh替换。
20. N matter hw ________, it is nt necessarily lifeless.
A. a desert may be dry B. dry a desert may be
C. may a desert be dry D. dry may a desert be
【答案】B
【解析】n matter hw引导让步状语从句,语序为:n matter hw+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数。
21. ______ yu may have, yu shuld gather yur curage t face the challenge.
A. Hwever a serius prblem B. What a serius prblem
C. Hwever serius a prblem D. What serius a prblem
【答案】C
【解析】句意:不管问题有多严重,你都应鼓起勇气来面对挑战。hwever引导让步状语从句,意为“无论,不管”。hwever与“形容词+名词”连用时,其顺序是:hwever+形容词+a/an+名词。
22. __________ that Marie was able t set up new branches elsewhere.
A. S successful her business was B. S successful was her business
C. S her business was successful D. S was her successful business
【答案】B
【解析】 s…that引导结果状语从句,s置于句首,要用倒装语序。
23. S much f interest __________ that mst visitrs simply run ut f time befre seeing it all.
A. ffers Beijing B. Beijing ffers C. des Beijing ffer D. Beijing des ffer
【答案】C
【解析】s…that引导结果状语从句,s置于句首,要用倒装语序。谓语动词是实义动词ffer,应借助于助动词d形成部分倒装。
24. _____ yu start eating in a healthier way, weight cntrl will becme much easier.
A. Unless B. Althugh C. Befre D. Once
【答案】D
【解析】句意:一旦你开始健康饮食,减肥就更加容易了。用nce引导条件状语从句。
25. Yu will never gain success _______ yu are fully devted t yur wrk.
A. whenB. becauseC. afterD. unless
【答案】D
【解析】由句意“除非你全身心投入工作,否则你永远不会获得成功。”可知,应用unless引导条件状语从句。
26. Leave yur key with yur neighbr yu lck yurself ut ne day. (2012辽宁)
A. as lng as B. even thugh C. in case D. as if
【答案】C
【解析】句意:给你的邻居留把钥匙,以防哪天把你自己锁在外面。in case意为“以防”,引导目的状语从句。
27.Animals suffered at the hands f Man __________ they were destryed by peple t make way fr agricultural land t prvide fd fr mre peple.
A. in whichB. fr whichC. s thatD. in that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:动物在人类的手中遭受痛苦,因为人类毁灭它们的家园以扩大耕地,为更多的人提供食物。in that引导原因状语从句,意为“因为”。
28. The plice fficers in ur city wrk hard ______ the rest f us can live a safe life. (2011上海)
A. in caseB. as if C. in rder thatD. nly if
【答案】C
【解析】句意:为了使我们过上安全的生活,我们市里的警务人员工作都很努力。in rder that引导目的状语从句,意为“以便”。
29.Pp music is such an imprtant part f sciety __________ it has even influenced ur language.
A. asB. thatC. whichD. where
【答案】B
【解析】such…that…引导结果状语从句。
并列连词
并列关系或递进关系
and, when (=and just at that time), nt nly ... but als ..., neither ... nr ..., bth ... and ...
转折或对比关系
but, while (而,尽管), yet, nt ... but ...
选择关系
r, either ... r ..., therwise, r else (否则,要不然)
因果关系
fr, s
定语从句
关系
代词
先行词是人
wh/that(主语),whm/that(宾语),whse=f whm(定语)
先行词是事或物
which/that(主语或宾语),
whse(= f which,定语)
关系
副词
一般情况下,先行词为时间,在定语从句中作状语,用when(状语);先行词为地点,在定语从句中作状语,用where(状语);先行词为原因,在定语从句中作状语,用why(状语),但特殊情况除外(参考下面的易错点)。
判断
方法
将先行词代入定语从句,代入后无需加介词的用关系代词,需要加介词的则用关系副词,然后根据所作成分再去确定具体用哪个引导词。
名词性从句
连词that
没有词义,不作句子成分,引导宾语从句时可省略
连词if/
whether
意为“是否”,不作句子成分,引导宾语从句时一般可互换
连接代词
有词义,作句子成分:wh (ever), whm (ever), which (ever), what (ever), whse
连接副词
有词义,作句子成分:when (ever), where (ever), why (ever), hw (ever)
状语从句
时间状语
when, while, as, befre, after, nce, till, until, since, every time, the mment, hardly ... when
地点状语
where, wherever (无论什么地方,不管哪里)
原因状语
because, since, as, nw that (=since 既然,由于)
目的状语
s that (为了,以便),in rder that, in case (以防万一)
结果状语
s that (结果), s ... that, such ... that (如此……以至于)
条件状语
if, unless (除非,如果不), as lng as (只要), s lng as (只要), n cnditin that (条件是), in case (如果,万一)
方式状语
as (像,依照), as if/as thugh (好像,仿佛)
让步状语
althugh, thugh, as (状语或表语要提到as前,作表语的单数可数名词提前时,不用a或an),even if/even thugh (即使), whether ... r ... (不管……还是), whever (=n matter wh), whatever (=n matter what), whenever (=n matter when), whichever (=n matter which)
比较状语
than, as ... as ..., nt as ... as ..., nt s ... as ..., the same ... as ..., such ... as ..., the mre ... the mre ...
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