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第15讲阅读理解讲与练【暑假自学课】2022年新高三英语暑假精品课（新高考专用）
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这是一份第15讲阅读理解讲与练【暑假自学课】2022年新高三英语暑假精品课（新高考专用），共26页。
第15讲阅读理解讲与练
【学习目标】
能够快速阅读并能从中获取有用信息并加以处理做出正确选择。
【基础知识】
读文方式
(一)问题→文章→问题 先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，适用于解答细节性和事实性的题目。
(二)文章→问题→文章 泛读文章，然后看题目，再精读来答题。这种方式有利于把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，但速度较慢。
上面两种读文方式无优劣之别，一旦选择了适合自身的方式，就要持之以恒。
化解生词
在此，我们首先强调必须要注意词汇的积累，因为它是提高阅读水平最基础也是最重要的一步。但一般来说，在文章中总会碰到一些生词，这也符合《考试大纲》(允许出现3%的超纲词)的要求。对于生词我们一般可通过以下三种方式来破解：
1．跳过无关紧要的词
高考的阅读理解中出现的生词有相当大的一部分是没必要精准知道词义的，它的具体含义对文章或基本句意的理解不会有什么影响。如，同时出现的几个首字母大写的单词，很可能是专有名词，只需知道它是某个名称即可；再如，斜体的单词很可能是某书、电影等的名称或某个专业术语，只需知道它代表何物即可。对于类似这样的词汇，不必过多纠缠，跳过便是。我们建议在平时练习时，要加强对生词的容忍度并进行跳过技巧的训练，这样临场时才能保证做题的速度和准确率。
2．猜测有影响的词
阅读中有些生词对文章理解至关重要，必须要知道它的准确含义，这类词通常是“词义猜测”类试题的设题重点。对于它的破解我们会在下文“第4讲 词义猜测类”中具体阐述。
3．拆分长难句
阅读中出现的长难句经常是对文章理解的障碍，这是因为它一方面结构复杂，经常多种从句套用，另一方面是因为它分隔现象比较普遍，常将从句隔离开，有时还出现省略、倒装、虚拟等特殊句式用法，这些无疑都增加了理解的难度。长难句的破解关键在于要能找出句子的主干成分，分清从属成分。即将“枝叶”——介词短语、插入语、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非谓语等去掉，留下的便是“主干”。
[典例] Rachel Liang (梁文音), a Taiwanese singer, who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show (《我爱黑涩会》), and One Million Stars (《超级星光大道》), rose to fame while playing Kojima Tomoko (小岛友子) in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7 (《海角七号》)．
去枝叶：同位语(a Taiwanese singer)，定语从句(who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show, and One Million Stars)，状语从句的省略(while playing Kojima Tomoko in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7)；
留主干：Rachel Liang rose to fame. (S＋V)梁文音成名了。
梁文音何许人也(同位语)，经历如何(定语从句)，什么节目中成名(状语从句的省略)。
阅读侧重点
1．首尾处
高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此，这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。
2．转折处
文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary等。
3．对比处
文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with, in comparison等。
4．举例处
一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take ... as an example等。
5．因果处
因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒。常见的标志性词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
6．特殊标点处
文章的特殊标点处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，要对下列特殊标点格外留心：①破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号，需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
7．结论处
当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the report suggests等结论性表达时，要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。
8．观点处
文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of等词语。
考点一细节理解题
细节理解题在阅读理解中所占比重较大，约60%左右，但相对简单。只需根据题干的关键词定位到原文加以对比，便可得出答案。此类试题应力保不失分。
正确项特征
1．同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如，将lose one's job换成be out of work，将主动语态变为被动语态等。
2．信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文比较分散或复杂的信息，并设置为正确选项。
3．正话反说 即将原文中意思反过来表达并设成正确答案。
干扰项特征
1．扩缩范围：以偏概全或以全概偏。
2．张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。
3．无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。
4．偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合文章内容。
5．颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。
6．正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。
考查角度
1．高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
2．低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。
1 定位对比破解直接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文→比对选项与文中细节，得出答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·A篇)
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
21．What would you do get ticket information?
A．Call 13 16 17.
B．Visit translink.com.au.
C．Ask at the local station.
D．Check the train schedule.
【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据本段最后一句“For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”可知，查询车票信息，请向您当地的车站询问或拨打13 12 30。故选C。
2 同义互释破解间接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。
3 整合推算破解数字计算题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。
[典例] (2018·江苏高考·A篇) ...
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
...
56．How much may they pay if an 11yearold girl and her working parents visit the museum?
A．$12. B．$37.
C．$50. D．$62.
【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.”可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选C。
4 首尾定位破解细节排序题
解题指导 审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。
[典例] A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.
However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She's a little star，” said Debbie, “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.”
Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
What's the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped.
A．③①②④ B．④②③①
C．③④②① D．④③①②
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是Colm's heart stopped，而最后一件事是Izzy kicked Colm，故选B。
考点二推理判断题
推理判断题要求在遵循原文意义的基础上去进行分析和逻辑推断，领会作者的言外之意。此类试题在高考中也占有相当大的比重且相对来说难度较大，是易失分点，应重视起来。
正确项特征
1．不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，而是间接表达了除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，但需要推敲的内容。
2．通常正确选项含义深刻，不是常识选项。
干扰项特征
1．夸大事实：对原文信息进行某方面的夸大。
2．无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息并作为依据进行推断。
3．张冠李戴：作者观点与文中他人的观点混淆。
4．常识干扰：符合常识但不忠于文章内容。
5．推理过度：结论过于绝对化。
6．细节推断：原文的复述，并非推断内容。
考查角度
1．高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2．低频考点：推断文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
题型破解
1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义
解题指导 1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；2.整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e－spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic－like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e－space protection.
【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。故选D。
29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
【答案】 C
【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客。故选C。
2 文体特点推断写作意图
解题指导 1.记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；2.应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；3.说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句；4.议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·C篇)
In the mid1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24yearold who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
...
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a wellrounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book.
B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer.
D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。文章第一段和第二段开头部分交代了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书的创作背景；第二段后半部分和第三段介绍了书的具体内容，包括主题、人物和事件等；最后一段描述了作者的创作手法、写作技巧以及对书的评价。综合全文来看，本文的中心是围绕着一本书展开的，目的就是为了介绍这本书。故选A。
3 忠于措辞推断观点态度
解题指导 1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断；2.牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
...
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
31．Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
【答案】 B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B。
4 语言特色推断出处
解题指导 1.广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；2.报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活为主；3.杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；4.产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；5.药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；6.网络：文体不限，找到click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语。
[典例] (2020·安徽省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题)
Researchers in Singapore found that eating mushrooms over twice per week could help prevent memory and language problems later in life.
According to the study, published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, there is a unique antioxidant (抗氧化物质) present in mushrooms that helps protect certain brain functions.
Researchers observed 663 Chinese adults aged over 60 whose diets and lifestyles were tracked from 2011 to 2017. In the study, the participants were asked how often they ate six different types of mushrooms: oyster, shiitake, white button, dried, golden and tinned. The findings showed that eating more than two shares of mushrooms per week somehow lowered the chances of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by 50% against those who ate fewer than one share.
MCI is a condition that can make people forgetful, affect their memory and cause problems with language, attention and finding the exact position of objects in space. Changes in behavior can be not very noticeable and not serious enough to be known as dementia (痴呆)．
Participants who ate more mushrooms were found to perform better in thinking and processing exams and also exhibited a faster processing speed. The advantage was reportedly more apparent in those who ate more than two shares a week or more than 300 grams.
The scientists pointed out, however, that they have yet to put up a direct link between the fungi and brain function.
The researchers also acknowledged that since this study mainly relied on selfreported information on mushroom intake and other dietary factors (因素), further studies may be required.
Still, the lead study author Lei Feng is encouraged by their findings.
“This correlation is surprising and encouraging”， Lei said.
Mushrooms are one of the richest dietary sources of ergothioneine—a matter which humans can't make on our own.
31．From which is the text most probably taken?
A．Scientific fiction. B.An advertisement.
C．A science report. D．Adult literature.
【答案】 C
【解析】推理判断题。文章主要介绍了经常吃蘑菇的好处，即预防记忆力退化与语言问题，并阐述了其相关细节，由此可推断，本文最有可能出现在科学报告中，故选C。
5 写作思路推断文章结构
解题指导 1.了解常见写作手法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间顺序；按地点或空间顺序；按内容总分关系；按人物活动内容；2.把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或论证过程中使用的论证方法进行推理判断和分析总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。
[典例] (2016·四川高考·D篇)
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
...
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
35．How does the author support the theme of the text?
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By providing research results.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据原文中的has found, Researchers have discovered, the study及Previous studies have also indicated等信息可知，作者以呈现研究事实结果的方式来写作本文。故选D。
考点三主旨大意类
主旨大意题要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章的主旨要义。此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。
正确项特征
1．涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。
2．范围恰当：既不大也不小。
3．精准度高：不改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
干扰项特征
1．以偏概全：只阐述了局部信息或主旨的部分内容。
2．主题过大：概括过于宽泛，超出文章实际讨论的内容。
3．断章取义：以次要事实或细节代替全文主要观点或结论。
4．似是而非：干扰项中的关键词语虽在文中有所谈及，但与文章内容无关。
考查角度
1．主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)。
2．标题类：标题判断题(选择最佳标题)。
题型破解
1 寻找主题句确定文章大意
解题指导 文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等词。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his motherinlaw, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a threestorey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his motherinlaw.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 2534yearolds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。
2 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
解题指导 1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)
The creative team behind “Apes” used motioncapture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realisticlooking ape.
25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
【答案】 B
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。
3 三大方法定标题
解题指导 1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁；②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。2.三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②方面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an_added_meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about Writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
【答案】D
【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情的读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，在图书馆工作。有了孩子以后，将阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故选D。
考点四词义猜测类
词义猜测题要求根据特定语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知信息或常识来推测某词、短语或句子的含义。
正确项特征
1．含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。
2．上下文逻辑通顺。
3．与原句意思最接近。
干扰项特征
1．与所考词汇形似。
2．如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确。
3．句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。
考查角度
1．猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。
题型破解
1 语境分析猜词义
解题指导 词义猜测常用的五种方法：1.基本构词法：根据前后缀、合成及词性转换去猜测词义；2.同义或定义解释法：上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释；3.前后对比法：上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景，且常以反义或对照的方式出现，以此可推测出生词的含义；4.因果推断法：结合上下文的因果关系进行猜测；5.语境理解法：要准确猜测出生词的含义大多需要根据上下文语境去分析和推断。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·D篇) ...
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
【答案】 D
【解析】词义猜测题。第一段最后一句提到，现有的研究表明，你应该避免和吃得多的比较胖的人一起吃饭。又根据提示词“contrary to existing research”可知，后面提到的内容恰好与前面相反，由此可推测，真正需要避免一起吃饭的是那些大胃口的瘦高个。beanpole词义与heavier people相对，意为“瘦高个”。故选D。
2 就近原则猜指代
解题指导 猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子→将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。
[典例] (2020·浙江高考·B篇) ...
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9：30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9：33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
25．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Increased length of green lights.
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【答案】 C
【解析】指代判断题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。第一段最后一句主要讲述了信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
3 意义吻合猜句意
解题指导 句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点： 1.返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案；2.一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来进行了转换表达而已。
[典例] (2019·浙江高考·B篇)
Money_with_no_strings_attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
【答案】C
【解析】句意理解题。根据第一段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需)”可知， 此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”，故选C。
【考点剖析】
He has been called France's youngest leader since Napoleon Bonaparte. Emmanuel Macron, age 39, swept to victory in France's secondround of presidential election which was held on May 7,2017. He defeated Marine Le Pen by a large margin of 62% of votes. He was inaugurated (就职) as President.
Both of Macron's parents were doctors, and he attended one of the most prestigious (有声望的) schools in France, Lycee Henri Ⅳ. From there, he became an investment banker and economy minister. Unlike the other presidential candidates, he has always worked outside of the government.
In April 2016, he created his own political movement, called En Marche! (On the Move！), recruiting (招募) more than 20,000 members. His party's ideals were neither rightor leftwinged, but more independent. As his party became more and more successful, Macron began to think about presidency, something he'd always been interested in. In November 2016, he announced his decision to run in the 2017 election.
Macron's campaign relied on his political movement. He struggled to win votes from both parties in France, as well as from the working class. In addition, he was the only candidate that was proEU, or supportive of European Union.
While in office, Macron's biggest focus will be on improving the economy. A total of 50 billion will be dedicated to job training and creating green and sustainable energy. Macron also plans to cut down on corporate taxes, improve the public education system, and lower the unemployment rate by 2.7%.
Following the election is the selection of the president's cabinet (内阁). The Prime Minister position was given to Edouard Philippe, mayor of Northern Le Havre. However, Macrons cabinet is surprising—one France has never seen before: a genderbalanced cabinet. Out of the 22 seats available, 11 will be taken by women and 11 will be filled by men. This percentage is much higher than other European countries.
With each change of leadership come new ideals and changes to the country. Macron needs a parliament (议会) that will support his hopes and dreams for the future of France.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了法国总统马克龙以及他独特的内阁。
4．What did Macron work as before the election?
A．A manager. B．A teacher.
C．A doctor. D．A banker.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，马克龙在选举前是一位银行家，故选D。
5．According to the text, Macron ________.
A．founded his party for presidency
B．had no interest in politics before election
C．was on behalf of the working class
D．was a supporter of EU
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，马克龙是欧盟的支持者，故选D。
6．What is the biggest challenge for Macron?
A．Economy.
B．Politics.
C．The private education system.
D．The gender discrimination.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第五段首句可知，马克龙面临的最大挑战是经济，故选A。
7．What is special about Macron's cabinet?
A．Its members are all from his party.
B．It has more women members than other European countries.
C．Most of its members are men.
D．It has chosen a woman as the prime minister.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后三句可推断出，马克龙内阁的特别之处在于它的女性成员比其他欧洲国家都多，故选B。
【真题演练】
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ·B篇)Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24．Why does the author like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writerreader relationship.
B．It's a window to a whole new world.
C．It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
25．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A．It's a brief account of a trip.
B．It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C．It's a record of a historic event.
D．It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
26．What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt. B．Reward.
C．Allowance. D．Face value.
27．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He loves poetry. B．He's an editor.
C．He's very ambitious. D．He teaches reading.
第一步 速读全文，了解大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
第二步 细审题干，定位原文
24．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为可以扩展自己的理解。故选D。
25．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Moveable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B。
26．【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary (虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them”意为“重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出画线词的意思是“回报”。故选B。
27．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城：诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A。
第三步 有的放矢，核对答案
通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D篇)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables' playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind. B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34．What did Dr Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?
A．They appeared to be aggressive.
B．They tended to be more adaptable.
C．They enjoyed the highest status.
D．They performed well academically.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last
B．The Higher the Status, the Better
C．Be the Best—You Can Make It
D．More Self－Control, Less Aggressiveness
第一步 速读全文，了解大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度对青少年的影响。
第二步 细审题干，定位原文
32．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“early_years_of_elementary_school”可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。
33．【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知，Dr Prinstein教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“The_likables' ... ”和“Then_there's_the_kind_of_popularity_that_appears_in_adolescence ...”引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词sort ... into ... (把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。
34【答案】B
【解析】．推理判断题。根据题干信息定位文章第四段最后一句中的“It_clearly_showed_that_while_likability_can_lead_to_healthy_adjustment”可知，Dr Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable一词与第四段中的adjustment一词相呼应。故选B项。
35．【答案】A
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文并根据最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢对青少年成长有深远的有益影响，因此A项作为标题最合适。
第三步 有的放矢，核对答案
通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。
【过关检测】
Apple has filed a patent for “a wearable electronic ring” that could let you control your other devices (设备) without touching them. The file includes drawings of the potential design and lists intend functions like a rechargeable power source (电源). The ring is designed to be worn on one finger and doesn't appear to be a standalone product. Instead, it aims to improve the user experience of bigger devices like iPhone and iPad. Apple also throws attention onto the potential safety functions of the ring by stating that the light given off by some touchscreen devices could be “inappropriate in certain social environments or even dangerous if it gives away the position of a user who is in danger”．
The tech giant (巨头) explains in the patent that touchscreen devices we are using now can be seen as “burdensome, inconvenient, or useless for certain tasks and applications”. It suggests that holding an iPhone or iPad for too long could tire some users and obviously, Apple can't ignore such situations! It says the Apple Ring could be a more effective way to control those devices from a distance.
Apple isn't alone with this “smart ring” idea.
Amazon recently put the Echo Loop on the market, a smart ring that uses Alexa. The device is similar to the smart speaker but is worn on your finger instead. It's currently only available in the US and has an introductory price of $129.99 (￡100). Google recently presented its Pixel 4 smartphone and one of the top new functions is called Project Soli, which provides a “Motion Sense” effect. It lets you control the Pixel 4 without actually touching it. You can wave your hands in the air to pause or skip songs, alarms and phone calls, and more.
As with all patents, we can't know for sure if Apple is going to bring out a smart ring device until official word is given.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了苹果公司为一种穿戴式电子戒指申请了专利，同时提到了Amazon(亚马逊)和Google(谷歌)的智能产品。
12．What can Apple's smart ring do potentially?
A．Work as a mobile phone.
B．Charge itself automatically.
C．Promote users own security.
D．Stop viruses attacking phones.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句可知，苹果还强调触屏设备的潜在安全隐患，称如果触屏设备暴露了处于危险中的用户的位置，它发出的光在某些社会环境中可能是不合适的，甚至是危险的。由此推知，智能戒指可以提升用户的自身安全。故选C项。
13．What made apple develop the wearable product?
A．The drawbacks of its touchscreen devices.
B．The huge marketing potential of touchscreens.
C．The fierce competitions from across the country.
D．The introduction of other companies' technology.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，苹果公司在专利中解释道，我们现在使用的触摸屏设备有时可能“对某些任务和应用程序来说是繁重的、不方便的或无用的”。手中拿着 iPhone和iPad太久可能会让一些用户感到疲劳，显然，苹果不能忽视这种情况。由此可知，正是触摸屏设备的缺陷促使苹果公司研发智能戒指。故选A项。
14．What do we know about the Echo Loop?
A．It's popular with users.
B．It's under development.
C．It's not sold internationally.
D．It's not accepted by Apple.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第三句可知，它目前只在美国有售，推广价为129.99美元(100英镑)由此可知，这款智能戒指目前只在美国销售，还没有国际化销售。故选C项。
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Tech Firms' Smart Rings
B．Apple's New Device Patent
C．The Future of Touchscreen Devices
D．New Technologies, New Products
【答案】B
【解析】标题判断题。根据文章第一段第一句可知，苹果公司已经为“可穿戴电子戒指”申请了专利，这款电子戒指可以让你在不触碰的情况下控制你的其他设备。由此可知，本文主要介绍了苹果公司为一种穿戴式电子戒指申请专利。故选B项。
Anyone who has studied biology, watched a nature documentary, or, for that matter, simply enjoyed time in the outdoors, has likely been amazed by the variety of plant and animal life on our planet.
To date, about 1.5 million species have been formally described in the scientific literature, most of them insects. Proportionally, bacteria make up less than 1% of all described species.
Scientists generally agree that many more species exist than are formally described，but they disagree about how many there really are. Some studies have estimated 2 million or fewer, whereas others suggest as many as 12 million. In a new paper published in The Quarterly Review of Biology, researchers from the University of Arizona have estimated that there are roughly 2 billion living species on Earth, over a thousand times more than the current number of described species. In coming up with their estimate，the researchers took advantage of the fact that many estimates now agree on the projected number of insect species, around 6.8 million. They incorporated new estimates of species boundaries revealed by DNA sequences, which suggest there might be six times as many insect species，increasing the total to 40 million for insect species alone.
They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites. They found that each insect species most likely hosts a unique species of mite (螨), roundworm, a one－celled microsporidian (微孢子虫), and a one－celled organism called apicomplexan (顶覆虫). Most importantly, the researchers estimated that each insect species is likely to host at least 10 bacterial species found nowhere else. Based on these estimates, they conclude that there should be around 2 billion species on Earth.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。亚利桑那大学的研究人员回顾了所有与昆虫有关的寄生虫有机体，提出地球上应该有大约20亿物种。
9．How many bacterial species are formally described in the scientific literature?
A．About 1.5 billion. B．About 1.5 million.
C．About 150 thousand. D．About 15 thousand.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，正式载入科学文献中的物种大约是150万，细菌占比不超过1%，所以大约有一万五千种细菌计入科学文献。故选D项。
10．Which of the following do scientists generally agree on?
A．There are many more species not included in the scientific literature.
B．There are about 1.5 million insects described in the scientific literature.
C．There are about 12 million species existing but not known to the scientists.
D．There tire about 6. 8 million insect species not hosting parasites.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，科学家们一致认为真正存在的物种比计入文献的物种要多。故选A项。
11．Which word can best explain “hosts” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Attracts. B．Supports.
C．Kills. D．Invites.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句“They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites.”可知，科学家研究了和昆虫相关联的寄生虫。而本句中host的主语是昆虫，宾语是寄生虫的种类，由此可以推断host在此处作动词，意为“供养(寄生虫)”，和B项意思相近。故选B项。
12．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．A discovery of new bacterial species.
B．Different theories to estimate species.
C．A new estimate of biodiversity on Earth.
D．Different opinions on the number of species.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites.”提出了预测物种数量的依据，和最后一句“Based on these estimates, they conclude that there should be around 2 billion species on Earth.”可知，文章是关于对地球生物多样性的最新估计。故选C项。
We all carry fear, and accepting the type of fear you carry is the first step in pushing past it. So, here's a breakdown of the fear archetypes (典型) and how to make them work for you. We also invited Dr Alicia Hodge to give us her feedback on a few of them.
The procrastinator (拖延症患者)
The procrastinators often obsess (痴迷于) over the outcome of whatever they're doing and insist on it being perfect. Because of this, they tend to spend too much time planning and researching instead of simply diving_in.
For procrastinators, it's important to push past that fear of starting. Hodge suggests setting a deadline for when your planning and researching period will end and when you'll actually get started.
The people pleaser
Those who have the people－pleaser archetype struggle with the fear of being judged and worry most about disappointing others. They have a hard time setting clear boundaries and saying “no.”
“Having boundaries often sounds scary to someone who is used to putting others first” Hodge says. “Remind yourself that you deserve to be prioritized, just as much as other people in your life.”
The self－doubter
This archetype is dominated by the fear of not being good enough. Those who self－doubt tend to feel not confident about their capabilities.
A good way to overcome self－doubt is to step outside your comfort zone every once in a while—and take note of the outcome. Practice being proactive about your life, you'll be surprised to see just how much you are capable of.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了三种典型的恐惧，并“对症”地就如何克服恐惧提供了一些建议。
1．What probably is Dr Alice Hodge?
A．An editor. B．A reporter.
C．A psychologist. D．A teacher.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，我们所有人都有恐惧感，而接受恐惧感是度过恐惧的第一步。因此，本文后面介绍了恐惧的原型的分类并还邀请了艾丽西亚·霍奇(Alicia Hodge)博士就其中一些给出了她的回应。恐惧的原型是属于心理学范畴的，因此Alicia Hodge博士有可能是一个心理学家，故选C。
2．What is the underlined phrase “diving in” in the second paragraph mean?
A．Swimming in. B．Jumping into.
C．Starting doing. D．Escaping from.
【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“Because of this, they tend to spend too much time planning and researching instead of simply diving in.”可知，拖延症患者往往会花太多时间计划和研究而不是开始行动。因此猜测画线词“diving in”的意思是“开始做”，故选C。
3．How to overcome self－doubt?
A．Setting a deadline for your work.
B．Putting yourself first.
C．Ignoring others' judgement.
D．Taking an active part in life.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Practice being proactive about your life, you'll be surprised to see just how much you are capable of.”可知，对于自我怀疑者，文中给出的建议是积极主动地对待你的生活，你会惊讶地发现你能做到的有很多。故选D。
Smart TVs and other Internetconnected household devices will be made to carry labels setting out how secure they are, under proposals being put forward by the government.
Ministers want the labels introduced on a voluntary basis at first, but propose that they are eventually made compulsory. The labels will help consumers identify which products are more and which are less secure. Under the plans, announced by the digital minister Margot James on Wednesday, merchants will only be able to sell products that carry the label, which will indicate to consumers whether the device observes the principal three security standards set out by the government practice in February.
The move is designed to deal with the problems caused by insecure connected household devices, such as TVs, doorbells and locks, which can be hijacked by malicious (恶意的) actors. There have also been warnings that governments could use them to spy on people in their homes. James said, “Many consumer products that are connected to the Internet are often found to be insecure, putting consumers' privacy and security at risk. Our code of practice was the first step towards making sure that products have safety features built in from the design stage.”
Prof Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity expert at the University of Surrey, said the proposals represented a good start, but added, “The problem is what happens to those who don't follow the guidelines. Or, more importantly, who is going to check that a device does follow whatever the eventual guidelines are. ”
Woodward said the government would need to “put some teeth behind whatever standards they set out”， suggesting a watchdog along the lines of the Information Commissioner's Office.
The plan will form part of a wider government consultation into improving general cybersecurity in the UK, with three key requirements in a code of practice for device manufacturers. The requirements include ensuring passwords of devices are not resettable to a universal factory setting, and ensuring they provide a public point of contact as part of a policy for disclosing any discovered weaknesses. It also calls for device makers to explicitly state the minimum length of time a device will receive security updates, never making users puzzled.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了政府要加强智能家用电器设备的监管，以保护用户的隐私。
4．How does the government expect the labels to be introduced at the beginning?
A．On a compulsory basis.
B．On a voluntary principle.
C．By making laws.
D．By educating consumers.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“Ministers want the labels introduced on a voluntary basis at first”可知，最初政府想让这些标签在自愿的基础上主动介绍，故选B。
5．What does the author mainly want to tell us in the third paragraph?
A．The potential risks of smart household devices.
B．The responsibilities of the government.
C．The popularity of illegal Internet access.
D．The measures of avoiding being attacked.
【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据本段内容可知，本段主要介绍了家用智能电器面临的种种不安全，比如黑客攻击，政府监视，信息泄露等。故选A。
6．What can we infer from what Woodward said?
A．Smart devices need strict and clear guidelines.
B．Related departments are necessary to be set.
C．The government should take tough measures.
D．Some people are strongly against the proposal.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四、五段中Woodward说的话，尤其是“put some teeth behind whatever standards they set out”可知，Woodward建议政府采取强硬措施保证他们的提议得以实施。故选C。
7．What's the meaning of the underlined word “explicitly” in the last paragraph?
A．Happily. B．Roughly.
C．Confidently. D．Clearly.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的部分，尤其是“never making users puzzled”(不要让使用者困惑)可推测该词的意思为“明确地，清楚地”。故选D。
第15讲阅读理解讲与练
【学习目标】
能够快速阅读并能从中获取有用信息并加以处理做出正确选择。
【基础知识】
读文方式
(一)问题→文章→问题 先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，适用于解答细节性和事实性的题目。
(二)文章→问题→文章 泛读文章，然后看题目，再精读来答题。这种方式有利于把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，但速度较慢。
上面两种读文方式无优劣之别，一旦选择了适合自身的方式，就要持之以恒。
化解生词
在此，我们首先强调必须要注意词汇的积累，因为它是提高阅读水平最基础也是最重要的一步。但一般来说，在文章中总会碰到一些生词，这也符合《考试大纲》(允许出现3%的超纲词)的要求。对于生词我们一般可通过以下三种方式来破解：
1．跳过无关紧要的词
高考的阅读理解中出现的生词有相当大的一部分是没必要精准知道词义的，它的具体含义对文章或基本句意的理解不会有什么影响。如，同时出现的几个首字母大写的单词，很可能是专有名词，只需知道它是某个名称即可；再如，斜体的单词很可能是某书、电影等的名称或某个专业术语，只需知道它代表何物即可。对于类似这样的词汇，不必过多纠缠，跳过便是。我们建议在平时练习时，要加强对生词的容忍度并进行跳过技巧的训练，这样临场时才能保证做题的速度和准确率。
2．猜测有影响的词
阅读中有些生词对文章理解至关重要，必须要知道它的准确含义，这类词通常是“词义猜测”类试题的设题重点。对于它的破解我们会在下文“第4讲 词义猜测类”中具体阐述。
3．拆分长难句
阅读中出现的长难句经常是对文章理解的障碍，这是因为它一方面结构复杂，经常多种从句套用，另一方面是因为它分隔现象比较普遍，常将从句隔离开，有时还出现省略、倒装、虚拟等特殊句式用法，这些无疑都增加了理解的难度。长难句的破解关键在于要能找出句子的主干成分，分清从属成分。即将“枝叶”——介词短语、插入语、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非谓语等去掉，留下的便是“主干”。
[典例] Rachel Liang (梁文音), a Taiwanese singer, who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show (《我爱黑涩会》), and One Million Stars (《超级星光大道》), rose to fame while playing Kojima Tomoko (小岛友子) in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7 (《海角七号》)．
去枝叶：同位语(a Taiwanese singer)，定语从句(who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show, and One Million Stars)，状语从句的省略(while playing Kojima Tomoko in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7)；
留主干：Rachel Liang rose to fame. (S＋V)梁文音成名了。
梁文音何许人也(同位语)，经历如何(定语从句)，什么节目中成名(状语从句的省略)。
阅读侧重点
1．首尾处
高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此，这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。
2．转折处
文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary等。
3．对比处
文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with, in comparison等。
4．举例处
一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take ... as an example等。
5．因果处
因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒。常见的标志性词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
6．特殊标点处
文章的特殊标点处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，要对下列特殊标点格外留心：①破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号，需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
7．结论处
当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the report suggests等结论性表达时，要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。
8．观点处
文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of等词语。
考点一细节理解题
细节理解题在阅读理解中所占比重较大，约60%左右，但相对简单。只需根据题干的关键词定位到原文加以对比，便可得出答案。此类试题应力保不失分。
正确项特征
1．同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如，将lose one's job换成be out of work，将主动语态变为被动语态等。
2．信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文比较分散或复杂的信息，并设置为正确选项。
3．正话反说 即将原文中意思反过来表达并设成正确答案。
干扰项特征
1．扩缩范围：以偏概全或以全概偏。
2．张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。
3．无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。
4．偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合文章内容。
5．颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。
6．正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。
考查角度
1．高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
2．低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。
1 定位对比破解直接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文→比对选项与文中细节，得出答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·A篇)
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
21．What would you do get ticket information?
A．Call 13 16 17.
B．Visit translink.com.au.
C．Ask at the local station.
D．Check the train schedule.
【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据本段最后一句“For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”可知，查询车票信息，请向您当地的车站询问或拨打13 12 30。故选C。
2 同义互释破解间接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。
3 整合推算破解数字计算题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。
[典例] (2018·江苏高考·A篇) ...
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
...
56．How much may they pay if an 11yearold girl and her working parents visit the museum?
A．$12. B．$37.
C．$50. D．$62.
【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.”可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选C。
4 首尾定位破解细节排序题
解题指导 审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。
[典例] A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.
However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She's a little star，” said Debbie, “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.”
Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
What's the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped.
A．③①②④ B．④②③①
C．③④②① D．④③①②
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是Colm's heart stopped，而最后一件事是Izzy kicked Colm，故选B。
考点二推理判断题
推理判断题要求在遵循原文意义的基础上去进行分析和逻辑推断，领会作者的言外之意。此类试题在高考中也占有相当大的比重且相对来说难度较大，是易失分点，应重视起来。
正确项特征
1．不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，而是间接表达了除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，但需要推敲的内容。
2．通常正确选项含义深刻，不是常识选项。
干扰项特征
1．夸大事实：对原文信息进行某方面的夸大。
2．无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息并作为依据进行推断。
3．张冠李戴：作者观点与文中他人的观点混淆。
4．常识干扰：符合常识但不忠于文章内容。
5．推理过度：结论过于绝对化。
6．细节推断：原文的复述，并非推断内容。
考查角度
1．高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2．低频考点：推断文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
题型破解
1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义
解题指导 1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；2.整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e－spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic－like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e－space protection.
【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。故选D。
29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
【答案】 C
【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客。故选C。
2 文体特点推断写作意图
解题指导 1.记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；2.应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；3.说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句；4.议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·C篇)
In the mid1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24yearold who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
...
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a wellrounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book.
B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer.
D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。文章第一段和第二段开头部分交代了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书的创作背景；第二段后半部分和第三段介绍了书的具体内容，包括主题、人物和事件等；最后一段描述了作者的创作手法、写作技巧以及对书的评价。综合全文来看，本文的中心是围绕着一本书展开的，目的就是为了介绍这本书。故选A。
3 忠于措辞推断观点态度
解题指导 1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断；2.牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
...
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
31．Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
【答案】 B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B。
4 语言特色推断出处
解题指导 1.广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；2.报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活为主；3.杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；4.产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；5.药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；6.网络：文体不限，找到click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语。
[典例] (2020·安徽省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题)
Researchers in Singapore found that eating mushrooms over twice per week could help prevent memory and language problems later in life.
According to the study, published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, there is a unique antioxidant (抗氧化物质) present in mushrooms that helps protect certain brain functions.
Researchers observed 663 Chinese adults aged over 60 whose diets and lifestyles were tracked from 2011 to 2017. In the study, the participants were asked how often they ate six different types of mushrooms: oyster, shiitake, white button, dried, golden and tinned. The findings showed that eating more than two shares of mushrooms per week somehow lowered the chances of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by 50% against those who ate fewer than one share.
MCI is a condition that can make people forgetful, affect their memory and cause problems with language, attention and finding the exact position of objects in space. Changes in behavior can be not very noticeable and not serious enough to be known as dementia (痴呆)．
Participants who ate more mushrooms were found to perform better in thinking and processing exams and also exhibited a faster processing speed. The advantage was reportedly more apparent in those who ate more than two shares a week or more than 300 grams.
The scientists pointed out, however, that they have yet to put up a direct link between the fungi and brain function.
The researchers also acknowledged that since this study mainly relied on selfreported information on mushroom intake and other dietary factors (因素), further studies may be required.
Still, the lead study author Lei Feng is encouraged by their findings.
“This correlation is surprising and encouraging”， Lei said.
Mushrooms are one of the richest dietary sources of ergothioneine—a matter which humans can't make on our own.
31．From which is the text most probably taken?
A．Scientific fiction. B.An advertisement.
C．A science report. D．Adult literature.
【答案】 C
【解析】推理判断题。文章主要介绍了经常吃蘑菇的好处，即预防记忆力退化与语言问题，并阐述了其相关细节，由此可推断，本文最有可能出现在科学报告中，故选C。
5 写作思路推断文章结构
解题指导 1.了解常见写作手法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间顺序；按地点或空间顺序；按内容总分关系；按人物活动内容；2.把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或论证过程中使用的论证方法进行推理判断和分析总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。
[典例] (2016·四川高考·D篇)
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
...
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
35．How does the author support the theme of the text?
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By providing research results.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据原文中的has found, Researchers have discovered, the study及Previous studies have also indicated等信息可知，作者以呈现研究事实结果的方式来写作本文。故选D。
考点三主旨大意类
主旨大意题要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章的主旨要义。此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。
正确项特征
1．涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。
2．范围恰当：既不大也不小。
3．精准度高：不改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
干扰项特征
1．以偏概全：只阐述了局部信息或主旨的部分内容。
2．主题过大：概括过于宽泛，超出文章实际讨论的内容。
3．断章取义：以次要事实或细节代替全文主要观点或结论。
4．似是而非：干扰项中的关键词语虽在文中有所谈及，但与文章内容无关。
考查角度
1．主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)。
2．标题类：标题判断题(选择最佳标题)。
题型破解
1 寻找主题句确定文章大意
解题指导 文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等词。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his motherinlaw, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a threestorey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his motherinlaw.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 2534yearolds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。
2 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
解题指导 1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)
The creative team behind “Apes” used motioncapture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realisticlooking ape.
25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
【答案】 B
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。
3 三大方法定标题
解题指导 1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁；②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。2.三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②方面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an_added_meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about Writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
【答案】D
【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情的读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，在图书馆工作。有了孩子以后，将阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故选D。
考点四词义猜测类
词义猜测题要求根据特定语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知信息或常识来推测某词、短语或句子的含义。
正确项特征
1．含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。
2．上下文逻辑通顺。
3．与原句意思最接近。
干扰项特征
1．与所考词汇形似。
2．如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确。
3．句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。
考查角度
1．猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。
题型破解
1 语境分析猜词义
解题指导 词义猜测常用的五种方法：1.基本构词法：根据前后缀、合成及词性转换去猜测词义；2.同义或定义解释法：上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释；3.前后对比法：上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景，且常以反义或对照的方式出现，以此可推测出生词的含义；4.因果推断法：结合上下文的因果关系进行猜测；5.语境理解法：要准确猜测出生词的含义大多需要根据上下文语境去分析和推断。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·D篇) ...
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
【答案】 D
【解析】词义猜测题。第一段最后一句提到，现有的研究表明，你应该避免和吃得多的比较胖的人一起吃饭。又根据提示词“contrary to existing research”可知，后面提到的内容恰好与前面相反，由此可推测，真正需要避免一起吃饭的是那些大胃口的瘦高个。beanpole词义与heavier people相对，意为“瘦高个”。故选D。
2 就近原则猜指代
解题指导 猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子→将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。
[典例] (2020·浙江高考·B篇) ...
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9：30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9：33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
25．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Increased length of green lights.
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【答案】 C
【解析】指代判断题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。第一段最后一句主要讲述了信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
3 意义吻合猜句意
解题指导 句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点： 1.返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案；2.一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来进行了转换表达而已。
[典例] (2019·浙江高考·B篇)
Money_with_no_strings_attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
【答案】C
【解析】句意理解题。根据第一段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需)”可知， 此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”，故选C。
【考点剖析】
He has been called France's youngest leader since Napoleon Bonaparte. Emmanuel Macron, age 39, swept to victory in France's secondround of presidential election which was held on May 7,2017. He defeated Marine Le Pen by a large margin of 62% of votes. He was inaugurated (就职) as President.
Both of Macron's parents were doctors, and he attended one of the most prestigious (有声望的) schools in France, Lycee Henri Ⅳ. From there, he became an investment banker and economy minister. Unlike the other presidential candidates, he has always worked outside of the government.
In April 2016, he created his own political movement, called En Marche! (On the Move！), recruiting (招募) more than 20,000 members. His party's ideals were neither rightor leftwinged, but more independent. As his party became more and more successful, Macron began to think about presidency, something he'd always been interested in. In November 2016, he announced his decision to run in the 2017 election.
Macron's campaign relied on his political movement. He struggled to win votes from both parties in France, as well as from the working class. In addition, he was the only candidate that was proEU, or supportive of European Union.
While in office, Macron's biggest focus will be on improving the economy. A total of 50 billion will be dedicated to job training and creating green and sustainable energy. Macron also plans to cut down on corporate taxes, improve the public education system, and lower the unemployment rate by 2.7%.
Following the election is the selection of the president's cabinet (内阁). The Prime Minister position was given to Edouard Philippe, mayor of Northern Le Havre. However, Macrons cabinet is surprising—one France has never seen before: a genderbalanced cabinet. Out of the 22 seats available, 11 will be taken by women and 11 will be filled by men. This percentage is much higher than other European countries.
With each change of leadership come new ideals and changes to the country. Macron needs a parliament (议会) that will support his hopes and dreams for the future of France.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了法国总统马克龙以及他独特的内阁。
4．What did Macron work as before the election?
A．A manager. B．A teacher.
C．A doctor. D．A banker.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，马克龙在选举前是一位银行家，故选D。
5．According to the text, Macron ________.
A．founded his party for presidency
B．had no interest in politics before election
C．was on behalf of the working class
D．was a supporter of EU
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，马克龙是欧盟的支持者，故选D。
6．What is the biggest challenge for Macron?
A．Economy.
B．Politics.
C．The private education system.
D．The gender discrimination.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第五段首句可知，马克龙面临的最大挑战是经济，故选A。
7．What is special about Macron's cabinet?
A．Its members are all from his party.
B．It has more women members than other European countries.
C．Most of its members are men.
D．It has chosen a woman as the prime minister.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后三句可推断出，马克龙内阁的特别之处在于它的女性成员比其他欧洲国家都多，故选B。
【真题演练】
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ·B篇)Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24．Why does the author like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writerreader relationship.
B．It's a window to a whole new world.
C．It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
25．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A．It's a brief account of a trip.
B．It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C．It's a record of a historic event.
D．It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
26．What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt. B．Reward.
C．Allowance. D．Face value.
27．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He loves poetry. B．He's an editor.
C．He's very ambitious. D．He teaches reading.
第一步 速读全文，了解大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
第二步 细审题干，定位原文
24．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为可以扩展自己的理解。故选D。
25．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Moveable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B。
26．【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary (虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them”意为“重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出画线词的意思是“回报”。故选B。
27．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城：诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A。
第三步 有的放矢，核对答案
通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D篇)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables' playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind. B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34．What did Dr Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?
A．They appeared to be aggressive.
B．They tended to be more adaptable.
C．They enjoyed the highest status.
D．They performed well academically.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last
B．The Higher the Status, the Better
C．Be the Best—You Can Make It
D．More Self－Control, Less Aggressiveness
第一步 速读全文，了解大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度对青少年的影响。
第二步 细审题干，定位原文
32．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“early_years_of_elementary_school”可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。
33．【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知，Dr Prinstein教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“The_likables' ... ”和“Then_there's_the_kind_of_popularity_that_appears_in_adolescence ...”引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词sort ... into ... (把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。
34【答案】B
【解析】．推理判断题。根据题干信息定位文章第四段最后一句中的“It_clearly_showed_that_while_likability_can_lead_to_healthy_adjustment”可知，Dr Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable一词与第四段中的adjustment一词相呼应。故选B项。
35．【答案】A
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文并根据最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢对青少年成长有深远的有益影响，因此A项作为标题最合适。
第三步 有的放矢，核对答案
通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。
【过关检测】
Apple has filed a patent for “a wearable electronic ring” that could let you control your other devices (设备) without touching them. The file includes drawings of the potential design and lists intend functions like a rechargeable power source (电源). The ring is designed to be worn on one finger and doesn't appear to be a standalone product. Instead, it aims to improve the user experience of bigger devices like iPhone and iPad. Apple also throws attention onto the potential safety functions of the ring by stating that the light given off by some touchscreen devices could be “inappropriate in certain social environments or even dangerous if it gives away the position of a user who is in danger”．
The tech giant (巨头) explains in the patent that touchscreen devices we are using now can be seen as “burdensome, inconvenient, or useless for certain tasks and applications”. It suggests that holding an iPhone or iPad for too long could tire some users and obviously, Apple can't ignore such situations! It says the Apple Ring could be a more effective way to control those devices from a distance.
Apple isn't alone with this “smart ring” idea.
Amazon recently put the Echo Loop on the market, a smart ring that uses Alexa. The device is similar to the smart speaker but is worn on your finger instead. It's currently only available in the US and has an introductory price of $129.99 (￡100). Google recently presented its Pixel 4 smartphone and one of the top new functions is called Project Soli, which provides a “Motion Sense” effect. It lets you control the Pixel 4 without actually touching it. You can wave your hands in the air to pause or skip songs, alarms and phone calls, and more.
As with all patents, we can't know for sure if Apple is going to bring out a smart ring device until official word is given.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了苹果公司为一种穿戴式电子戒指申请了专利，同时提到了Amazon(亚马逊)和Google(谷歌)的智能产品。
12．What can Apple's smart ring do potentially?
A．Work as a mobile phone.
B．Charge itself automatically.
C．Promote users own security.
D．Stop viruses attacking phones.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句可知，苹果还强调触屏设备的潜在安全隐患，称如果触屏设备暴露了处于危险中的用户的位置，它发出的光在某些社会环境中可能是不合适的，甚至是危险的。由此推知，智能戒指可以提升用户的自身安全。故选C项。
13．What made apple develop the wearable product?
A．The drawbacks of its touchscreen devices.
B．The huge marketing potential of touchscreens.
C．The fierce competitions from across the country.
D．The introduction of other companies' technology.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，苹果公司在专利中解释道，我们现在使用的触摸屏设备有时可能“对某些任务和应用程序来说是繁重的、不方便的或无用的”。手中拿着 iPhone和iPad太久可能会让一些用户感到疲劳，显然，苹果不能忽视这种情况。由此可知，正是触摸屏设备的缺陷促使苹果公司研发智能戒指。故选A项。
14．What do we know about the Echo Loop?
A．It's popular with users.
B．It's under development.
C．It's not sold internationally.
D．It's not accepted by Apple.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第三句可知，它目前只在美国有售，推广价为129.99美元(100英镑)由此可知，这款智能戒指目前只在美国销售，还没有国际化销售。故选C项。
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Tech Firms' Smart Rings
B．Apple's New Device Patent
C．The Future of Touchscreen Devices
D．New Technologies, New Products
【答案】B
【解析】标题判断题。根据文章第一段第一句可知，苹果公司已经为“可穿戴电子戒指”申请了专利，这款电子戒指可以让你在不触碰的情况下控制你的其他设备。由此可知，本文主要介绍了苹果公司为一种穿戴式电子戒指申请专利。故选B项。
Anyone who has studied biology, watched a nature documentary, or, for that matter, simply enjoyed time in the outdoors, has likely been amazed by the variety of plant and animal life on our planet.
To date, about 1.5 million species have been formally described in the scientific literature, most of them insects. Proportionally, bacteria make up less than 1% of all described species.
Scientists generally agree that many more species exist than are formally described，but they disagree about how many there really are. Some studies have estimated 2 million or fewer, whereas others suggest as many as 12 million. In a new paper published in The Quarterly Review of Biology, researchers from the University of Arizona have estimated that there are roughly 2 billion living species on Earth, over a thousand times more than the current number of described species. In coming up with their estimate，the researchers took advantage of the fact that many estimates now agree on the projected number of insect species, around 6.8 million. They incorporated new estimates of species boundaries revealed by DNA sequences, which suggest there might be six times as many insect species，increasing the total to 40 million for insect species alone.
They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites. They found that each insect species most likely hosts a unique species of mite (螨), roundworm, a one－celled microsporidian (微孢子虫), and a one－celled organism called apicomplexan (顶覆虫). Most importantly, the researchers estimated that each insect species is likely to host at least 10 bacterial species found nowhere else. Based on these estimates, they conclude that there should be around 2 billion species on Earth.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。亚利桑那大学的研究人员回顾了所有与昆虫有关的寄生虫有机体，提出地球上应该有大约20亿物种。
9．How many bacterial species are formally described in the scientific literature?
A．About 1.5 billion. B．About 1.5 million.
C．About 150 thousand. D．About 15 thousand.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，正式载入科学文献中的物种大约是150万，细菌占比不超过1%，所以大约有一万五千种细菌计入科学文献。故选D项。
10．Which of the following do scientists generally agree on?
A．There are many more species not included in the scientific literature.
B．There are about 1.5 million insects described in the scientific literature.
C．There are about 12 million species existing but not known to the scientists.
D．There tire about 6. 8 million insect species not hosting parasites.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，科学家们一致认为真正存在的物种比计入文献的物种要多。故选A项。
11．Which word can best explain “hosts” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Attracts. B．Supports.
C．Kills. D．Invites.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句“They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites.”可知，科学家研究了和昆虫相关联的寄生虫。而本句中host的主语是昆虫，宾语是寄生虫的种类，由此可以推断host在此处作动词，意为“供养(寄生虫)”，和B项意思相近。故选B项。
12．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．A discovery of new bacterial species.
B．Different theories to estimate species.
C．A new estimate of biodiversity on Earth.
D．Different opinions on the number of species.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“They then reviewed all groups of organisms associated with insects as parasites.”提出了预测物种数量的依据，和最后一句“Based on these estimates, they conclude that there should be around 2 billion species on Earth.”可知，文章是关于对地球生物多样性的最新估计。故选C项。
We all carry fear, and accepting the type of fear you carry is the first step in pushing past it. So, here's a breakdown of the fear archetypes (典型) and how to make them work for you. We also invited Dr Alicia Hodge to give us her feedback on a few of them.
The procrastinator (拖延症患者)
The procrastinators often obsess (痴迷于) over the outcome of whatever they're doing and insist on it being perfect. Because of this, they tend to spend too much time planning and researching instead of simply diving_in.
For procrastinators, it's important to push past that fear of starting. Hodge suggests setting a deadline for when your planning and researching period will end and when you'll actually get started.
The people pleaser
Those who have the people－pleaser archetype struggle with the fear of being judged and worry most about disappointing others. They have a hard time setting clear boundaries and saying “no.”
“Having boundaries often sounds scary to someone who is used to putting others first” Hodge says. “Remind yourself that you deserve to be prioritized, just as much as other people in your life.”
The self－doubter
This archetype is dominated by the fear of not being good enough. Those who self－doubt tend to feel not confident about their capabilities.
A good way to overcome self－doubt is to step outside your comfort zone every once in a while—and take note of the outcome. Practice being proactive about your life, you'll be surprised to see just how much you are capable of.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了三种典型的恐惧，并“对症”地就如何克服恐惧提供了一些建议。
1．What probably is Dr Alice Hodge?
A．An editor. B．A reporter.
C．A psychologist. D．A teacher.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，我们所有人都有恐惧感，而接受恐惧感是度过恐惧的第一步。因此，本文后面介绍了恐惧的原型的分类并还邀请了艾丽西亚·霍奇(Alicia Hodge)博士就其中一些给出了她的回应。恐惧的原型是属于心理学范畴的，因此Alicia Hodge博士有可能是一个心理学家，故选C。
2．What is the underlined phrase “diving in” in the second paragraph mean?
A．Swimming in. B．Jumping into.
C．Starting doing. D．Escaping from.
【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“Because of this, they tend to spend too much time planning and researching instead of simply diving in.”可知，拖延症患者往往会花太多时间计划和研究而不是开始行动。因此猜测画线词“diving in”的意思是“开始做”，故选C。
3．How to overcome self－doubt?
A．Setting a deadline for your work.
B．Putting yourself first.
C．Ignoring others' judgement.
D．Taking an active part in life.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Practice being proactive about your life, you'll be surprised to see just how much you are capable of.”可知，对于自我怀疑者，文中给出的建议是积极主动地对待你的生活，你会惊讶地发现你能做到的有很多。故选D。
Smart TVs and other Internetconnected household devices will be made to carry labels setting out how secure they are, under proposals being put forward by the government.
Ministers want the labels introduced on a voluntary basis at first, but propose that they are eventually made compulsory. The labels will help consumers identify which products are more and which are less secure. Under the plans, announced by the digital minister Margot James on Wednesday, merchants will only be able to sell products that carry the label, which will indicate to consumers whether the device observes the principal three security standards set out by the government practice in February.
The move is designed to deal with the problems caused by insecure connected household devices, such as TVs, doorbells and locks, which can be hijacked by malicious (恶意的) actors. There have also been warnings that governments could use them to spy on people in their homes. James said, “Many consumer products that are connected to the Internet are often found to be insecure, putting consumers' privacy and security at risk. Our code of practice was the first step towards making sure that products have safety features built in from the design stage.”
Prof Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity expert at the University of Surrey, said the proposals represented a good start, but added, “The problem is what happens to those who don't follow the guidelines. Or, more importantly, who is going to check that a device does follow whatever the eventual guidelines are. ”
Woodward said the government would need to “put some teeth behind whatever standards they set out”， suggesting a watchdog along the lines of the Information Commissioner's Office.
The plan will form part of a wider government consultation into improving general cybersecurity in the UK, with three key requirements in a code of practice for device manufacturers. The requirements include ensuring passwords of devices are not resettable to a universal factory setting, and ensuring they provide a public point of contact as part of a policy for disclosing any discovered weaknesses. It also calls for device makers to explicitly state the minimum length of time a device will receive security updates, never making users puzzled.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了政府要加强智能家用电器设备的监管，以保护用户的隐私。
4．How does the government expect the labels to be introduced at the beginning?
A．On a compulsory basis.
B．On a voluntary principle.
C．By making laws.
D．By educating consumers.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“Ministers want the labels introduced on a voluntary basis at first”可知，最初政府想让这些标签在自愿的基础上主动介绍，故选B。
5．What does the author mainly want to tell us in the third paragraph?
A．The potential risks of smart household devices.
B．The responsibilities of the government.
C．The popularity of illegal Internet access.
D．The measures of avoiding being attacked.
【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据本段内容可知，本段主要介绍了家用智能电器面临的种种不安全，比如黑客攻击，政府监视，信息泄露等。故选A。
6．What can we infer from what Woodward said?
A．Smart devices need strict and clear guidelines.
B．Related departments are necessary to be set.
C．The government should take tough measures.
D．Some people are strongly against the proposal.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四、五段中Woodward说的话，尤其是“put some teeth behind whatever standards they set out”可知，Woodward建议政府采取强硬措施保证他们的提议得以实施。故选C。
7．What's the meaning of the underlined word “explicitly” in the last paragraph?
A．Happily. B．Roughly.
C．Confidently. D．Clearly.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的部分，尤其是“never making users puzzled”(不要让使用者困惑)可推测该词的意思为“明确地，清楚地”。故选D。
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