高三英语大一轮复习14-3 Unit 4 astronomythe science of the stars核心素养测评含解析

核心素养测评  十四　必修3　 Unit 4　Astronomy:the science of the stars

(限时35分钟)

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

A

There is an ancient Chinese story about a giant man named Kua Fu who chases the sun.  He drains (喝干) the Yellow and Wei rivers during his race and finally dies of dehydration(脱水).  His failure has reminded people of the unstoppable power of the sun for centuries.  And yet,  scientists throughout history have tried to better understand the most important star in our sky.  On Aug 12,  2018,  NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe(探测器),  marking the start of its trip to the sun.

The probe itself is almost as big as a car and needed the help of a powerful rocket to escape Earth’s orbit,  change direction and reach the sun.  In order to reach the sun,  the probe must complete seven flights of Venus,  using the power of the planet’s gravity to change its path,  sending it toward the sun.  But that’s not the only difficult part of the journey.  As the probe approaches the sun’s corona(日冕),  it will have to bear temperatures reaching 1, 400 ℃,  as well as deal with serious radiation.  So how will the probe survive?

According to NASA,  a special shield (保护罩) has been used,  which is a special 11. 5 cm-thick carbon-composite shield that will be positioned between the probe and the sun’s corona.  Its advanced technology like this will make the probe’s trip to the sun much smoother.  If everything goes as planned,  the probe will reach a speed of 692, 018 kilometers per hour as it orbits the sun,  setting a new record for the fastest man-made object in history,  NBC noted.  It will fly close to the sun 24 times between 2018 and 2025,  NBC added.

The “mission to touch the sun” will “not only make history by answering questions that have puzzled scientists for decades,  but it may also lead to the discovery of new phenomena that are completely unknown to us now, ” Raouafi told Discovery Magazine.  “This mission has the potential to push solar research into a new direction, ” he added.

【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。古有“夸父逐日”的故事, 自古至今人们一直未停止对太阳的探索。近日, 美国国家航空航天局发射了帕克太阳探索器, 人类“逐日”的梦想终于要实现了。

1. What does “it” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. A powerful rocket. 　 B. The probe.

C. Venus.   D. The planet’s gravity.

【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据第二段的In order to reach the sun,  the probe must complete seven flights of Venus可知, 此处是指利用行星引力的力量改变探测器的路径, 使它朝向太阳, 因此, 此处的it是指probe, 故选B。

2. What do we know about the Parker Solar Probe?

A. It’s the fastest probe ever designed.

B. It has an 11. 5-inch-thick shield.

C. It was designed to carry a powerful rocket.

D. It’s twice the size of a car.

【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段的If everything goes as planned,  the probe will reach a speed of 692, 018 kilometers per hour as it orbits the sun,  setting a new record for the fastest man-made object in history,  NBC noted.  可知, the Parker Solar Probe是曾被设计的最快的探测器, 故选A。

3. The probe will meet the challenges except ______.  

A. the route to the sun

 B. the heat near the sun

C. the distance to the sun

D. the radiation from the sun

【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的the probe must complete seven flights of Venus,  using the power of the planet’s gravity to change its path和As the probe approaches the sun’s corona,  it will have to bear temperatures reaching 1, 400 ℃,  as well as deal with serious radiation. 可知, 探测器将会遇到去太阳的路线、太阳的温度和太阳辐射的挑战, 但没有到太阳的距离问题, 故选C。

4. What’s the main purpose of the last paragraph?

A. To stress the importance of advanced technology.

B. To prove the mission is the greatest move in human history.

C. To suggest there is a long way to go in solar exploration.

D. To show the mission will fill the gap in solar research.

【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据上文主要介绍了“触日任务”, 再结合本段内容, 尤其是This mission has the potential to push solar research into a new direction. 由此可推断出, 本段的目的是证明这一任务将填补太阳能研究的空白, 故选D。

　【知识拓展】难句分析

If everything goes as planned,  the probe will reach a speed of 692, 018 kilometers per hour as it orbits the sun,  setting a new record for the fastest man-made object in history,  NBC noted.

分析:本句是一个复合句。句中if引导条件状语从句, 从句中含有一个as引导的方式状语从句的省略(as it is planned);as引导时间状语从句;setting a new record for the fastest man-made object in history为现在分词作结果状语。

翻译:NBC指出, 如果一切如计划的那样, 探测器在绕太阳轨道运转的时候会达到692, 018千米每小时的速度, 创了历史上人造物体的最快速度。

B

　　According to the Guinness World Records,  a Sitka Spruce (锡特卡云杉) growing on New Zealand’s southernmost island is the loneliest tree on Earth.  Not only is it the only tree on Campbell Island,  but the nearest other tree can be found over 200 km away on the Auckland Islands.

Bluff,  Campbell Island is one of the harshest places in the world.  With strong winds blowing almost all year round and less than 600 hours of sunshine,  it’s not exactly a good place to live in,  which is probably why,  except for occasional visits by research scientists,  it,  has remained deserted for over half a century.

It is believed that the Sitka Spruce on Campbell Island was planted by Lord Ranfurly,  a former governor of New Zealand,  sometime between 1901 and 1907.  It’s not clear why he decided to plant there,  but according to some sources he said that the island was not productive,  and took the first step to cover it with forestry.  His idea was never going to work because of the harsh climate of the area,  but somehow the Sitka Spruce survived.

Apart from its reputation as the loneliest tree on Earth,  the Sitka Spruce of Campbell Island has a series of other particularities.  First of all its shape makes it look more like a giant cauliflower than a tree.  This is believed to have been caused by repeatedly cutting down its trunk every year,  for decades.  Another interesting thing about the world’s loneliest tree is that,  though it is over 100 years old,  it has never produced cones (球果).

Who knew a lonely tree growing 200 km away from its nearest cousins could be so interesting?

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍世界上最孤独的树。

5. What does the underlined word “harshest” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Loneliest. 　　　　　　 B. Rarest.

 C. Hottest.   D. Severest.

【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据第二段中With strong winds blowing almost all year round and less than 600 hours of sunshine,  it’s not exactly a good place to live in“这里一年四季都有强风, 日照不足600小时, 不太适合居住, ”由此推知划线词的意思是“剧烈的, 严峻的”。故选D。

6. What can be learned about Lord Ranfurly?

A. He was a governor for ten years.

B. He made Campbell Island productive.

C. He attempted to get Campbell Island forested.

D. He realized the Sitka Spruce could survive in New Zealand.

【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段but according to some sources he said that the island was not productive,  and took the first step to cover it with forestry. 可知, 关于Lord Ranfurly我们能了解到他试图让Campbell Island森林化。故选C。

7. Paragraph 4 is mainly about ______of the Sitka Spruce.  

A. the unique shape B. the special features

C. the high reputation D. the growth process

【解析】选B。段落大意题。根据第四段第一句Apart from its reputation as the loneliest tree on Earth,  the Sitka Spruce of Campbell Island has a series of other particularities. 可知, 第四段主要是关于the Sitka Spruce的特点。故选B。

8. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To introduce the loneliest tree in the world.

 B. To promote tourism on Campbell Island.

C. To emphasize the importance of forestry. 

D. To honour Lord Ranfurly.

【解析】选A。目的意图题。根据倒数第二段中First of all its shape makes it look more like a giant cauliflower than a tree.  This is believed to have been caused by repeatedly cutting down its trunk every year,  for decades.  Another interesting thing about the world’s loneliest tree is that,  though it is over 100 years old,  it has never produced cones. 可知, 这篇文章的目的是介绍世界上最孤独的树。故选A。

Ⅱ. 完形填空世纪金榜导学号

　　After I struggled to get over my first wife Ceorgia’s death, my life finally returned to normal.

But a few weeks after she was called to heaven, I was cooking dinner for my son and myself.  For a 　1　, I decided on frozen peas.  As I was cutting open the bag, it 　2　 from my hands and crashed to the floor.  The peas rolled everywhere.  I tried to use a 　3　, but with each swipe the peas rolled across the 　4　, bounced off the wall on the other side and rolled in another 　5　.  

My mental state at the time was 　6　.  Losing my wife is an unbearable 　7　.  I got on my hands and knees and pulled them into a 　8　.  I was half laughing and half crying as I 　9　 them.  I could see the humor in what happened, 　10　 it doesn’t take much for a person dealing with grief(悲痛)to break down.  

For the next week, every time I was in the kitchen, I would find a pea that had 　11　 my first cleanup.  Eight months later I 　12　 the refrigerator to clean, and found those few 　13　 peas.  At that time, I was in a new 　14　 with a wonderful woman I met at a party.  After we married, I was 　15　 of those peas under the refrigerator.  I 　16　 that my life had been like that bag of frozen peas.  My wife was 　17　.  I was in a new city with a busy job and a son having trouble adjusting to his new 　18　 and the loss of his mother.  My whole life is falling apart.  

When life gets you down;when you think you can never 　19　 the tough times, remember, it is just a bag of scattered, frozen peas.  You will find all the peas.  When you pull all the peas together, life will be 　20　 again.  

【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章。作者的妻子去世了, 作者感到生活完全破碎了。后来作者意识到:困难时期就像一袋散了的冻豌豆。最终会找到所有散落的豌豆, 渡过艰难时期, 生活终将变得完整。

1.  A. fruit　　　　　　 B. vegetable

C. meat  D. salad

【解析】选B。fruit水果;vegetable蔬菜;meat肉;salad沙拉。pea属于蔬菜类, 故B选项正确。

2. A. slipped  B. disappeared

C. crawled  D. lost

【解析】选A。slip滑, 滑倒;disappear消失;crawl爬, 爬行;lose失去。根据下文中“The peas rolled everywhere”可以推知, 作者在剪开袋子的时候, 袋子从作者的手里滑了下去, 掉到了地板上。豌豆滚得到处都是。故A选项正确。

3. A. tool  B. cloth

C. brush  D. broom

【解析】选D。tool工具;cloth布;brush刷子;broom扫帚。根据后面的each swipe可知, 作者用扫帚扫掉到地上的豌豆。故D选项正确。

4. A. kitchen  B. washroom

C. restaurant  D. bedroom

【解析】选A。kitchen厨房;washroom洗手间;restaurant餐馆;bedroom卧室。作者做晚饭, 当然是在厨房里。故A选项正确。

5. A. disagreement  B. effort

C. direction  D. companion

【解析】选C。disagreement异议, 分歧;effort努力;direction方向;companion同伴。豌豆从另一边的墙上反弹过来, 向另一个方向滚去。C选项正确。

6. A. fragile  B. gentle

C. potential  D. ambitious

【解析】选A。fragile易碎的;gentle温柔的;potential有潜力的;ambitious有雄心的, 有野心的。根据下文中的“I was half laughing and half crying”可知, 当时作者的精神状态几近崩溃, 很脆弱, 妻子的去世对他打击很大。故A选项正确。

7. A. sorrow  B. pain

C. emotion  D. anger

【解析】选B。sorrow悲伤;pain痛苦;emotion情绪, 情感;anger生气。妻子去世对丈夫来说是一种难以忍受的痛苦。B选项正确。

8. A. piece  B. part

C. pile  D. line

【解析】选C。piece片, 条;part部分;pile堆;line线。作者四肢着地, 将豌豆归拢到一起, 堆成一堆。C选项正确。

9. A. collected  B. accumulated

C. obtained  D. possessed

【解析】选A。collect收集;accumulate积累;obtain获得;possess占有, 拥有。根据前文中的“pulled them into a pile”可知, 作者在将四散的豌豆收集到一起。故A选项正确。

10. A. and  B. or

C. so  D. but

【解析】选D。前一句提到:我能从所发生的事情中看出幽默。后一句提到:一个经历悲伤的人不需要太多的时间就能崩溃。很明显, 前后两句之间是转折关系。故D选项正确。

11. A. attracted  B. destroyed

C. escaped  D. buried

【解析】选C。attract吸引;destroy毁坏;escape逃脱;bury埋葬。接下来的一周里, 每次作者在厨房里的时候, 都会找到一颗最初“逃过”清理的豌豆。故C选项正确。

12. A. picked out  B. set out

C. pulled out  D. figured out

【解析】选C。pick out挑选出;set out出发, 动身;pull out拉出, 抽出;figure out弄清楚, 弄明白。根据下文中的“those peas under the refrigerator”可知, 作者为了清理, 要把冰箱从原地拉出来, 这样才能发现冰箱下面的豌豆。故C选项正确。

13. A. delicious  B. remaining

C. massive  D. additional

【解析】选B。delicious美味的;remaining剩下的;massive巨大的, 庞大的;additional额外的, 附加的。作者八个月后找到了剩下的豌豆。故B选项正确。

14. A. concern  B. mood

C. connection  D. relationship

【解析】选D。concern担心, 关心;mood情绪;connection连接;relationship关系。作者和聚会上遇到的一位女士开始了一段新的(恋爱)关系。故D选项正确。

15. A. informed  B. reminded

C. accused  D. required

【解析】选B。inform通知, 告知;remind提醒;accuse指控;require要求。下文的内容都是作者通过“豌豆事件”感悟出来的。也就是说:那些豌豆“提醒”了作者这些道理。故B选项正确。

16. A. supposed  B. doubted

C. recalled  D. sensed

【解析】选D。suppose认为, 假设;doubt怀疑;recall回忆;sense感觉到, 意识到。“豌豆事件”让作者意识到他的生活曾经就像那袋冷冻豌豆。故D选项正确。

17. A. gone  B. asleep

C. fortunate  D. severe

【解析】选A。gone离开的, 过去的;asleep睡着的;fortunate幸运的;severe严重的。第一段提到作者的妻子去世了, 即离开了。故A选项正确。

18. A. friends  B. times

C. lessons  D. surroundings

【解析】选D。friend朋友;time次数, 倍数;lesson教训, 功课;surroundings周围环境。根据前面的“a new city”可知, 作者和儿子在一个新的城市生活, 儿子必须要适应新的环境, 还要适应母亲去世这个事实。故D选项正确。

19. A. take off  B. give away

C. get through  D. hold up

【解析】选C。take off起飞;give away赠送, 泄露;get through完成, 渡过, 通过;hold up举起, 支撑。当你认为你永远也不可能渡过艰难时期的时候, 记住:这只不过是一袋散了的冻豌豆。你总会找到所有散落的豌豆(暗指你总会渡过艰难时期)。C选项正确。

20. A. clear  B. whole

C. correct  D. complex

【解析】选B。clear清楚的;whole完整的, 整个的;correct正确的;complex复杂的。当你将所有的豌豆聚拢到一起的时候, (破碎的)生活将会再次变得完整。故B选项正确。

Ⅲ. 语法填空

阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Three hundred years ago,  the maohou or “hairy monkeys”quickly became much loved by the people in Beijing.  How did somebody come up with them?

The story 1. __________ (go) that the shopkeeper of a Chinese medicine shop was often seen shouting at his employees.  One evening an apprentice was tidying up the ingredients(原料)2. (use) to make Chinese medicines in the shop.  To pass the time,  he found 3. __________ (he) making a little figure out of the feathery flowers and the head and legs of a cicada’s(蝉)skin.  The apprentice showed it to his colleagues,  4. (joke) that it looked like their bad-tempered boss.  

The little creature became such 5. __________ hit that they started making more figures.  Thus,  Beijing’s unbelievable craft of “hairy monkey” making 6. _______ (born).  

Nowadays,  “hairy monkeys” are far 7. the most popular children’s gifts on the market in Beijing.  Mass-produced toys have 8. (most) reduced demand for handmade figures.  But that’s not to say that they have completely died out.  Walk among the 9. (seller) and giant teddy bear stands of today’s temple fairs in Beijing,  10. __________ you might still find a few places selling “hairy monkeys”.  They are without doubt one of the city’s most amazing crafts.  

【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。文章主要讲了老北京“毛猴”手艺的由来, 以及“毛猴”手艺的现状。

1. 【解析】goes。考查固定用法。句意:据说, 一家中药店的老板经常对他的伙计大喊大叫。the story goes that故事是这样的, 该用法是固定用法, 所以填goes。

2. 【解析】used。考查非谓语动词。句意:一天晚上, 一个学徒正在整理店里用来做中药的原料。the ingredients与use之间是被动关系, 用过去分词作定语, 所以填used。

3. 【解析】himself。考查反身代词。句意:为了打发时间, 他发现他自己用羽毛似的花朵和蝉皮的头和脚做成了一个小人。文中表示“他发现他自己”, 用反身代词, 所以填himself。

4. 【解析】joking。考查非谓语动词。句意:学徒把它拿给他的同事看, 开玩笑说它看起来像他们脾气暴躁的老板。joke的逻辑主语是The apprentice, 它们之间是主动关系, 用现在分词作状语, 所以填joking。

5. 【解析】a。考查冠词。句意:这个小人是如此大的一次成功, 以至于他们开始制作更多的人物。泛指“一次成功”, hit的首字母发音以辅音音素开头, 所以填不定冠词a。

6. 【解析】was born。考查时态和固定用法。句意:于是, 北京令人难以置信的“毛猴”制作工艺诞生了。be born诞生, 该用法是固定用法。描述发生在过去的事情, 用一般过去时。craft是不可数名词, 所以填was born。

7. 【解析】from。考查固定短语。句意:如今, “毛猴”根本不是北京市场上最受欢迎的儿童礼物。far from根本不, 该短语是固定短语, 所以填from。

8. 【解析】mostly。考查副词。句意:大量生产的玩具大多减少了对手工玩偶的需求。该空修饰动词reduced, 用副词, 所以填mostly。

9. 【解析】sellers。考查名词单复数。句意:走在今天北京庙会的摊贩和巨大的泰迪熊摊之间, 你可能还会发现一些卖“毛猴子”的地方。“摊贩”是复数意义, 用名词复数, 所以填sellers。

10. 【解析】and。考查连词。句意:走在今天北京庙会的摊贩和巨大的泰迪熊摊之间, 你可能还会发现一些卖“毛猴子”的地方。文中表示并列关系, 所以填and。