专题13-Unit 5 词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测【暑假自学课】2022年新高二英语暑假精品课（人教版2019选择性必修第一册）

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专题13 Unit 5词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测【词汇表】1.hybrid n.杂交植(动)物;合成物;混合动力车2.devote vt.把…献(给);把…专用于;专心于3.devote...to把…用于;献身;致力;专心4.shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺5.tackle vt.解决(难题);应付(局面);处理6.crisis n.(pl. crises/-siz/)危机;危急关头7.boost vt.使增长;使兴旺n.增长;提高;激励8.yield n.产量;产出.出产(作物);产生(收益、效益等)vi.屈服;让步9.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服10.characteristic n.特征;特点;品质adj.典型的;独特的11.attain vt.(通常经过努力)获得;得到12.conventional adj.传统的;习惯的13.pollinate vt.授粉;传粉14.assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的);承担;(权利的)获得15.intense adj.热切的;十分强烈的;激烈的16.overcome vt.( overcame,overcome)克服;解决;战胜17.expand vt.＆vi.扩大;增加vt.扩展;发展(业务)18.output n.产量;输出;输出量vt.( output,output)输出19.estimate vt.估计;估价;估算n.估计;估算20.domestic adj本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的21.consumption n.消耗;消耗量;消费22.comprise vt包括;包含;由…组成23.be comprised of包括;包含;由…组成(或构成)24.generate vt.产生;引起25.strain n.(动、植物的)系;品种;拉伤;压力26.ensure n.闲暇;休闲;空闲27.deep down在内心深处;本质上;实际上28.soil n.泥士;土壤;国土;领土29.celebrity n.名望;名誉;名人;名流30.envision vt.展望;想象31.sorghum n.高梁;高梁米32.broom n.扫把;扫帚;金雀花33.grain n.谷物;谷粒;颗粒34.vision n.想象;视力;视野;影像35.reality n.现实;实际情况;事实36.salty adj含盐的;成的37.urban adj城市的;都市的;城镇的38.bomb n.炸弹v.轰炸;对…投炸弹39.tunnel n.地下通道;地道;隧道40.extension n.扩建部分;扩大;电话分机41.chemical adj.与化学有关的;化学的n.化学制品;化学品42.wheat n.小麦;小麦籽43.flavor   n.味道;特点;特色44.fertilizer  n.肥料45.nutritional adj.营养(物)的46.nutritious adj有营养的;营养丰富的47.nutrition n.营养;滋养48.alleviate vt.减轻;缓解49.poverty n.贫穷;贫困50.organic adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;有机物的51.pesticide n.杀虫剂;除害药物52.widespread a.分布广的;普遍的;广泛的53.bacterium n.细菌。54.in turn相应地;转而;依次;轮流55.digest vt.＆vi.消化v.领会;领悟 n.摘要;文摘56.essential adj.完全必要的;极其重要的57.mineral  n.矿物;矿物质58.alternative n.可供选择的事物adj.可供替代的;非传统的59.grocery n.食品杂货店;[pl.]食品杂货60.instance n.例子;实例;事例61.for instance例如;比如62.depth n.向下(或向里)的距离;深(度)63.root n.根;根茎;根部;根源64.entirely adv.全部地;完整地;完全地65.aspect n.方面;层面66.Vietnam 越南(国家名)  【课文英汉对照】A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE造福全人类的先驱者Yuan Longping, known as the “father of hybridrice”, is one of China’s most famous scientists. Yet, he considers himself a farmer because he continually works the land in his research. Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life. 袁隆平，被誉为“杂交水稻之父”，是中国最著名的科学家之一。然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他不断地在田间耕作，进行科学研究。确实，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民一样。Yuan Longping was born in 1930 in Beijing. His parents wanted him to pursue a career in science or medicine. However, what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat. To tackle this crisis, he chose to study agriculture and received an education at Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing.袁隆平1930年出生于北京。他的父母希望他从事科学或医学方面的工作。然而，最让他担心的是，农民经常歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食物。为了应对这一危机，他选择了学习农业，并在重庆的西南农学院接受教育。After graduating in 1953, he worked as a researcher. Yuan Longping realised that larger fields were not the solution. Instead, farmers needed to boost yields in the fields they had. How this, could be done was a challenging question at the time. Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice. A hybrid is a cross between two or more varieties of a species. One characteristic of hybrids is that they usually attain a higher yield than conventional crops. However, whether it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate. The common assumption then was that it could not be done. Through intense effort, Yuan overcame enormous technical difficulties to develop the first hybrid rice that could be used for farming in 1974. This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly. 1953年毕业后，他从事研究工作。袁隆平意识到，解决问题的办法并不是扩大农田面积，而是农民们需要提高他们已有土地上农作物的产量。如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题。袁隆平坚信，可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到答案。杂交植物是一个物种的两个或多个变种之间的杂交。杂交作物的一个特点是它们的产量通常比常规作物高。然而，是否有可能培育出如水稻等自花授粉植物的杂交种，这是一个充满争议的问题。人们普遍认为这是不可能做到的。通过不懈的努力，袁隆平克服了巨大的技术难题，于1974年研制出了第一批可用于农业生产的杂交水稻。这种杂交植物使农民能够大幅度增加他们的水稻产量。Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains, and his strains have allowed China’s farmers to produce around 200 million tons of rice per year. Yuan’s innovation has helped feed not just China, but many other countries that depend on rice as well, such as India and Vietnam. Because of his invaluable contributions, Yuan Longping has received numerous awards both in China and abroad.据估算，现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物，这些品种(形成的作物)让中国农民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨稻米。袁隆平的创新不仅帮助养活了中国，也养活了许多其他依赖大米的国家，如印度和越南。因为他做出了不可估量的贡献。袁隆平在国内外获得了无数奖项。Given that Yuan’s hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one might think he would retire to a life of leisure. However, this is far from the case. Deep down, Yuan is still very much a farmer at heart. As a man of the soil, he cares little for celebrity or money. Instead, he makes large donations to support agricultural research.考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。然而，事实远非如此。实际上，袁隆平在内心深处仍然是一位农民。作为一个土生土长的人，他不太在乎名利。相反，他大量捐款支持农业科学研究。What impresses people most about Yuan Longping is his ongoing ability to fulfill his dreams. Long ago, he envisioned rice plants as tall as sorghum, with each ear of rice as big as a broom, and each grain of rice as huge as a peanut. He succeeded in producing a kind of rice that could feed more people at home and abroad. His latest vision for “seawater rice” has also become a reality, and potentially opened up nearly one million square kilometres of salty land in China for rice production. Despite his advanced years, Yuan Longping is still young at heart and full of vision, and everyone is waiting to see what he will dream up next.袁隆平给人印象最深的是他不断实现梦想的能力。很久以前，他设想水稻高至高粱，稻穗大如扫帚，而每粒稻谷大如花生。他成功地种植出一种可以养活国内外更多人口的水稻。他对“海水稻”的最新设想也已成为现实，并可能在中国开辟近100万平方公里的盐碱地，用于水稻生产。尽管年事已高，袁隆平的内心仍然年轻，富有远见，每个人都在等着看他下一步的梦想。 CHEMICAL VERSUS ORGANIC FARMING化学耕作和有机耕作Chemical pesticides and artificial fertilisers have been in widespread use in farming since the middle of the 20th century. When they were first introduced, many farmers welcomed them as a great way to fight crop disease and increase production. Over time, however, what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the land and people’s health.自20世纪中期以来，化学农药和人工化肥在耕作中得到了广泛使用。当它们第一次被引进时，很多农民喜欢使用农药和化肥，把它们作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段。然而，随着时间的推移，一些科学家发现长期使用农药和化肥会造成土地受损，对人们的健康造成危害。For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not only harmful bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones. In addition, these chemicals can stay in the soil and underground water sources for a long time. This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the animals and humans who digest them. Many people worry that these chemicals may make them ill and even cause cancer. In fact, some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause to people and the environment. As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually grow too fast to be rich in nutrition. They may look beautiful on the outside, but inside there is usually more water than essential minerals, and they often have less flavour as well.例如，农药在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。此外，这些化学物质可以在地里和地下水中保存很长时间，而这会影响生长在土地上的农作物，进而影响到消化它们的动物和人类。许多人担心这些化学物质会使他们生病甚至导致癌症。事实上，像滴滴涕这样的杀虫剂在大多数国家已经被禁止了，因为它们对人类和环境造成了破坏。至于化肥，施过化肥的农作物通常生长得过快而营养不足。它们表面上很好看，但是里面的水分通常比必需的矿物质多，而且味道也不太好。As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic farming, and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. Organic farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease through natural means. For example, many organic farmers use natural waste from animals as fertiliser. This makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals. It also keeps the air, soil, water, and crops free of chemicals.作为另一种选择，一些农民开始转向有机耕作，许多顾客在当地杂货店购物时转向有机食品。有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作。有机耕作的农民注重通过自然的方式保持土壤肥沃和免受病害。例如，许多有机耕作的农民把天然的动物粪便当作肥料。这样会使他们地里的土壤更富含矿物质，同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。Organic farmers also use many other methods to produce rich soil. They often change the kind of crop grown in each field every year. For instance, they may grow corn or wheat in a field one year, and then grow beans there the next. Why different crops are grown is because they put important minerals back into the ground, making it ready for the next batch of crops. Organic farmers also plant diverse crops that use different depths of soil to help keep it rich. For example peanuts grow on the ground’s surface, but many other vegetables put down deep roots. The goal of using different organic farming methods is to grow good food while avoiding damage to the environment or to people’s health.有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土壤肥沃。在同一块地里， 他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物。例如，他们可能一年在一块地里种玉米或小麦后来年再改种豌豆。种植不同的作物是因为它们把重要的矿物质带回土壤，，从而使之适宜于种植下一批作物。有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物，利用不同层次的土壤来帮助保持肥沃。例如，花生种植生长于浅层土壤，但许多其他蔬菜种植生根于深层土壤。使用不同的有机耕作方法的目的是种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康。Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture entirely. What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a suitable solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as healthy as possible. 有些人宁愿完全停止在农业中使用人造化学品。阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。有机耕作完全不能满足那样的需求。因此，要找到一个合适的解决方案，使人们的餐桌上有足够的食物，同时保持人们和环境尽可能地健康仍然有很长的路要走。【知识点梳理】  重点单词1、devote  vt.把……献（给）；把……专用于；专心于①devote...to把……用于；献身；致力；专心②be devoted to对……专一/专注③devote oneself to致力于，献身于④devote one’s life/time/energy/attention to...把某人的生命/时间/精力/注意力奉献于……【拓展】专心于，致力于①be lost in②devote oneself to=be devoted to③concentrate on④be absorbed in⑤focus on2、shortage  n.不足；缺少；短缺short  adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的①a shortage of funds资金不足②fall short of sth.未达到；不符合③be short of缺乏，短缺④in short总之；简言之3、yield  vt.出产（作物）；（产生收益、效益等）  vi.屈服；让步  vi.放弃；缴出  n.产量；产出；利润①yield（to sth./sb.）屈服；让步②yield sth./sb.（up）（to sb.）放弃；缴出③yield to sth.被...替代；为...所取代④a high crop yield作物丰收4、convince  vt.使相信；使确信；说服convinced  adj.确信的convincing  adj.令人信服的，有说服力的①convince that...使某人相信……②convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事③convince to do sth.说服某人做某事④be convinced of/that...确信……5、attain  vt.(经过努力)获得；得到；达到(年龄、水平、状况等)attainable  adj.可获得的；可达到的attainment  n.达到；成就6、assumption  n.假定；设定；（责任的）承担；（权利的）获得assume  vt.假定；设想①assume...to be/as...假定……是……，认定……是……②assume that...假定……，认定……③make an assumption 假设；认为④assume that...假设...⑤on the assumption that...在假定...的情况下⑥assume an air/expression of...装出…的样子/表情7、overcome vt.（overcame，overcome）克服；解决；战胜overcome difficulties/one’s fear克服困难/某人的恐惧【辨析】overcome/beat/defeat/win（1）overcome强调克服困难、障碍等。（2）beat常指（在比赛或竞争中）赢（某人）。（3）defeat侧重指在战场上打败敌人。（4）win后跟表示物的名词，比如比赛、战斗、奖金、奖品、金钱等。8、expand  vt.&vi.扩大；增加  vt.扩展；发展（业务）①expand（...）into（把……）扩展/发展成……②expand on/upon详述；充分叙述【辨析】expand/enlarge/extend/spread（1）expand指范围、体积的扩大、膨胀；（2）enlarge指面积、体积的扩大；（3）extend指长度、宽度的延伸及时间的延长；（4）spread指物种、疾病、思想、文化等的传播、延伸。9、comprise  vt.包括；包含；由……组成be comprised of包括；包含；由……组成（或构成）10、generate  vt.产生；引起generation  n.一代人；一代；一批；产生  adj.第…代的generator  n.发电机11、urban  adj.城市的；市镇的urbanization  n.都市化，城市化12、reality  n.现实；实际情况；事实①in reality实际上，事实上②face/accept reality面对/接受现实③lose touch with reality脱离现实④become a reality成为现实⑤The reality is that...实际情况是……【拓展】事实上，实际上①in reality②in truth③in fact④in actual fact⑤as a matter of fact⑥actually13、alleviate  vt.减轻；缓解alleviation  n.减轻；缓解；缓和；镇痛物14、digest  vt.消化食物；领悟，融汇贯通  vi.消化  n.摘要；文摘digestion  n.消化digestive  adj.消化的；易消化的15、alternative  n.可供选择的事物  adj.（仅用于名词前）可供替代的，可供选择的；非传统的①have no alternative/choice but to do...别无选择，只能这么做...②can’t choose but to do...做出选择，只能去做...③alternative energy替代性能源④alternative ways/approaches/methods其他的方法⑤alternative suggestions可供选择的建议16、depth  n.向下（戒向里）的距离；深（度）deep  adj.深的.deeply  adv.很深地；深刻地deepen  v.变深①in depth全面，深入，详细②at a depth of 30 metres在30米的深处③a metre/foot in depth一米/一英尺深  重点短语1、be known as作为……而出名；被称为……【拓展】有关“known”的词组①be known/famous as作为……而出名②be known/famous for因……而出名③be known to为……所知④It is well-known that...众所周知……⑤as is known to all/as we all know/as everyone knows...众所周知……2、varieties of许多的；各种各样的（=a variety of）【拓展】有关“vary”的知识①vary v.相异；变化.various adj.各种各样的variety n.多种多样；多样化；种类②vary from…to…由……到……不等③vary with随……而变化④vary in在……方面不同3、far from完全不，并非（后接名词、动名词戒“being+形容词”，being可省略）【拓展】far from it（口）完全相反，并非如此4、make use of利用；使用【拓展】充分利用①make+full/good+use+of②make+the best/the most+use+of5、make up one’s mind下决心，决定【拓展1】有关“mind”的词组①bear/keep...in mind记住……；考虑到……②keep one’s mind on...把注意力集中于……③be/go out of one’s mind心智失常，发疯④lose one’s mind失去理智⑤change one’s mind改变主意【拓展2】决定做某事，下决心做某事①make up one’s mind to do sth.②decide to do sth.③be determined to do sth.6、in turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流【拓展】有关“turn”的词组①take turns to do/in doing sth.轮流做某事②It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了③by turns轮流地，交替地7、focus on关注，聚焦于【拓展】注意①focus one’s attention/mind on集中某人的注意力/心思于……②fix one’s attention on把某人的注意力集中于③concentrate on集中（注意力、精力）于④pay attention to注意⑤put one’s heart into全神贯注于8、deep down 在内心深处；本质上；实际上9、for instance例如；比如  必背重点句型1.Indeed,his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers,to whom he has devoted his life.确实,他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千千万万的中国农民一样。2.Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice.袁确信,在杂交水稻的研制中可以找到答案。3.One characteristic of hybrids is that they usually attain a higher yield than conventional crops.杂交水稻的一个特点是它们通常比传统作物获得更高的产量。4.Through intense effort,Yuan overcame enormous technical difficulties to develop the first hybrid rice that could be used for farming in 1974.通过努力,袁隆平克服了巨大的技术困难,在1974年研制出第一种可用于农业的杂交水稻。5.This hybriden abled farmers to expand their output greatly.这种杂交水稻使农民大大增加了产量。7.Today,it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains...据估算,现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物……8.YuanLongping,known as the “father of hybrid rice”,is one of China’s most famous scientists.袁隆平,被称为杂交水稻之父,是中国最著名的科学家之一。9.Given that Yuan’s hybrids have made him quite wealthy,one might think he would retire to a life of leisure考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有,人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。10.To deal with this crisis,he chose to study agriculture.为了应对危机,他选择了学习农业。11.Then businessmen decided to make use of it to grow green vegetables to meeting creasing consumption demands.两位商人决定利用它种植绿色蔬菜,以满足日益增长的消费需求。12.Now that both of my grand parents have retired from their jobs in the city,how they are going to spend their retirement is an important decision for them.既然我的祖父母都已经从城市的工作中退休了,那么他们将如何度过退休生活对他们来说是一个重要的决定。13.When people present important facts,they usually give some evidence to support their claims.当人们提出重要事实时,他们通常提供一些证据来支持他们的主张。14.This affects the crops grown on the land and,in turn,the animals and humans who digest them.这影响到种在土地上的庄稼,进而影响动物和消化这些作物的人。15.They may look beautiful on the outside,but inside there is usually more water than essential minerals,and they often have less flavour as well.它们可能外表看起来很漂亮,但里面通常有更多的水,而不是必要的矿物质,而且它们的味道通常也更差。16.As an alternative,some farmers have switched to organic farming,and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery.作为一种选择,一些农民转向了有机农业,许多顾客在当地商店购物时转向了有机食品。17.For instance,they may grow corn or wheat in a field one year,and then grow beans there the next.18.Therefore,thereis still a long way to find a suitable solution that puts sufficient food onthe dinner table while keeping people and the environment as healthy aspossible.因此,要找到一个合适的解决方案还有很长的路要走,该方案可以在餐桌上提供足够的食物,同时又要尽可能保持人和环境的健康。18..In fact,some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause to people and the environment.事实上,在大多数国家,像滴滴涕这样的杀虫剂已经被禁止,因为它们对人和环境造成了损害。【自我检测】I. 单句语法填空。1．The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art___________(devote)to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages.   The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water__________(short). 3．Like any other parents would，my parents first totally refused my idea but my sister and I______(convince) them to keep Spotty. 4．I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and______(take)my mind away from other cares of the day. 5．It is wrong______(assume) arts groups cannot make a profit. 6．If you come to visit China, you will experience a culture of amazing______(deep) and variety. 7．Always keep______mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly. (用适当的词填空)8．As their world______(expand), she said, children compared themselves to others online. 9．The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need______(raise) by 50 percent to maintain current levels. 10．Crown Plaza,______instance, has a wake-up call guarantee. 【11．While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new______(aspect) of life, college sets the stage for that exploration.12．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be______(entire) free from dust. 13．Now other students were coming to him for coaching and they,______turn, were winning contests. 14．Neighbors devoted their spare time______helping others rebuild. 15．Young children have a limited attention span and can’t concentrate______one activity for very long. II. 选词填空。use up;       be responsible for;       be concerned about;       in harmony with;turn to;       in particular;       provide...for...;       in turn1．The problem is that modern cities tend to ______ all available land.2．“Great achievements can be done ______ nature,” said Tom.3．______, I enjoy learning new ways to better myself and my relationships with others.4．Do you want to ______ your own life decisions?5．When we have questions we ______ each other for answers.6．Because if I ______ not ______ one thing or another, that means I have no choice but to relax.7．We will examine each of these methods ______.8．Therefore, you have to ______ an element ______ this operation.III. 七选五。Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain（保持）long-distance friendships. ·Set a regular dateLong-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact（联系）and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.   36    ·More isn't always merrierMake sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both.   37   . There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat. ·Practise empathy（共情）   38   . The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned. ·   39   Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends' birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you. ·Don't rely on technology alone   40   , but long-distance friendships -even close ones -may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it? Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible. A. Remember important datesB. Compensate by writing lettersC. It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeperD. Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to itE. Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communicationF. It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social mediaG. You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind