2022版高考英语二轮复习 模块1 语篇能力 专题1 阅读理解课件

这是一份2022版高考英语二轮复习 模块1 语篇能力 专题1 阅读理解课件，共53页。PPT课件主要包含了专题一　阅读理解，考情分析·明方向，年考情分析，掌握攻略·巧破题，实战导引·点迷津等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1 考情分析·明方向
2 掌握攻略·巧破题
3 实战导引·点迷津
高考阅读理解从语言能力、文化意识、思维品质、学习能力四个方面对学生的英语学科核心素养进行综合考查，包含了《课程标准》里的全部主题语境(人与自我、人与社会、人与自然)，其中涉及“人与社会”主题语境较多。考生不仅要能正确理解语篇的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思推断出语篇中的隐含意义。 近几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查，即用英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。
由以上统计可看出，全国卷对阅读理解的考查文体上以应用文、说明文为主，记叙文、议论文为辅；题型以细节理解题、 推理判断题为主，词义猜测题、主旨大意题较难，所占比例较少，命题很好地体现了“注重基础，体现层次，有利于选拔人才”的高考命题思想。
一、常用阅读步骤：1．文章→问题→文章速读文章掌握大意，然后看题目，再细读问题所在文章的部分来答题。这种方式有利于整体把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，适合于大多数语篇。2．问题→文章→问题先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章的某些部分，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，但只适用于较简单的文章，解答细节性和事实性的题目。缺点是先看问题会干扰对文章主旨大意的理解把握。
二、解题三步法第一步：速读全文，抓住主旨。 1．速读全文，重点读：(1)文章第一段。文章的主题、核心概念一般在首段出现。(2)其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读。2．读后掌握两点：(1)文章的主旨大意； (2)作者的大致态度。
第二步：细审题干，定位原文。1．仔细审明题干内容，把每道题和原文的信息所在处建立联系，定好位。(1) 信息词定位原则：通常是由题干出发，去原文中寻找可靠信息词：有大写字母的专有名词(如人名、地名等)、时间、数字等。(2)自然段定位原则：出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。平时训练时要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。
2．重点关注点(1)首尾处高考中的阅读理解文章一般结构层次清晰，逻辑性强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。(2)转折处文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, hwever, yet, still, in fact, as a matter f fact, n the cntrary等。
(3)对比处文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by cntrast, (be) cmpared with, in cmparisn等。
(4)举例处一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点所在。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, fr example, fr instance, an example等。
(5)因果处因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。常见的词语有：because, fr, since, as, s, thus, therefre, cnsequently, cause, because f, due t, thanks t, as a result (f), result in/frm, lead t等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
(6)特殊标点处文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。①破折号。其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号。主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号。英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
(7)结论处文章中the research/study indicates, the reprt suggests, in shrt, in brief, in cnclusin等都是表达结果或结论的所在。(8)观点处文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意dubt, appreciate, hate, be against/fr, in favr f等词语。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较重叠选项，选出答案。
【特别提醒】　错误选项的特征：第一类错误：(1)无中生有。选项所说内容看似合理，但在原文中未提及或与原文不符；(2)正反混淆。选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反；(3)答非所问。虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边。
第二类错误：(1)绝对化错误，常用all，every等词汇；(2)扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mstly)；(3)因果倒置；(4)常识判断错误。
A(2021·全国新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解C)When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl(水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地)．
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry (迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival.Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding” Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme.Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat.Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
28．What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?A．Lss f wetlands.　　　　B．Ppularity f water sprts.C．Pllutin f rivers.D．Arrival f ther wild animals.29．What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A．Acquire.　　　　　B．Exprt.C．Destry.　　　　D．Distribute.
30．What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?A．The stamp price has gne dwn.B．The migratry birds have flwn away.C．The hunters have stpped hunting.D．The gvernment has cllected mney.31．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?A．The Federal Duck Stamp StryB．The Natinal Wildlife Refuge SystemC．The Benefits f Saving WaterfwlD．The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
【解题导引】　第一步　速读全文，抓住主旨。本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需使大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。第二步　细审题干，定位原文。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地)．”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降。故选A。
29．词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfrtunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acquire获得；B.Exprt出口；C.Destry破坏；D.Distribute分配。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金。故选D。
31．标题归纳题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事。故选A。第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
B(2020·全国卷ⅠB)Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend.There’s a welcme familiarity—but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship.But bks dn’t change, peple d.And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register.It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings.But with reading, it’s all abut the present.It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader.Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually.The first, which I take t reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Mveable Feast.Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris.The language is almst intxicating(令人陶醉的)，an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time.Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble(随笔) abut everything and nthing.The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight：Selected Pems, because petry.And because Crtázar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifts, which might add t the meaning I attach t them.But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes.But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24．Why des the authr like rereading?A．It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.B．It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.C．It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.D．It extends the understanding f neself.
25．What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?A．It’s a brief accunt f a trip.B．It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.C．It’s a recrd f a histric event.D．It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26．What des the underlined wrd “currency” in Paragraph 4 refer t?A．Debt.　　　　　　B．Reward.C Allwance.　　　　D．Face value.27．What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?A．He lves petry.　　　　B．He’s an editr.C．He’s very ambitius.　　　D．He teaches reading.
【解题导引】　第一步　速读全文，抓住主旨。本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。第二步　细审题干，定位原文。24．推理判断题。根据题干关键信息词like 定位第一段最后两句和第二段第一句。作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25．推理判断题。根据题干信息定位第三段中作者对第一本书的介绍。由关键信息“his classic memir f 1920s Paris”及“an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time”，可判断出A Mvable Feast是一本关于海明威年轻时的生活的回忆录。故选B项。26．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面“while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary”可知，前后句为转折关系。根据上下文的语境可推知“rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them”意为“但是重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由句意和信息词pay判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。
27．推理判断题。根据题干中关键信息“abut the authr”可定位倒数第二段“The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight：selected pems, because petry.”由“because petry”推断作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。第三步　仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
C(2019·全国卷ⅠD篇)During the rsy years f elementary schl (小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status.I was the queen f the playgrund.Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids.They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy.Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries：the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk.Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence：status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences.Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事) in dangerus and risky behavir.”In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究)．“We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates.But s had thse wh were high in status.It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us.”
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date—sharing, kindness, penness—carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.In analyzing his and ther research, Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin：Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t.“Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage，” he said.
1．What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?A．Unkind.　　　　　B．Lnely.C．Generus.　　　　　D．Cl.2．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?A．The classificatin f the ppular.B．The characteristics f adlescents.C．The imprtance f interpersnal skills.D．The causes f dishnrable behavir.
3．What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?A．They appeared t be aggressive.B．They tended t be mre adaptable.C．They enjyed the highest status.D．They perfrmed well academically.4．What is the best title fr the text?A．Be Nice—Yu Wn’t Finish LastB．The Higher the Status, the BetterC．Be the Best—Yu Can Make ItD．Mre Self－Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
【解题导引】　第一步　速读全文，抓住主旨。本文是一篇说明文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度对青少年的影响。 第二步　细审题干，定位原文。1．推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“early years f elementary schl”可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人。故选C项。
2．段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知Dr. Prinstein教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“The likables’...”和“Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence...”引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词(把……分成……)与A项中的classificatin相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。3．推理判断题。根据题干信息定位文章第四段最后一句中的“It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment”可知，Dr. Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable一词与第四段中的adjustment一词相呼应。故选B项。