第05讲 必修三&选择性必修一重点语法讲解-【暑假自学课】2022年新高二英语暑假精品课（译林版2020选择性必修第二册）

这是一份第05讲 必修三&选择性必修一重点语法讲解-【暑假自学课】2022年新高二英语暑假精品课（译林版2020选择性必修第二册），文件包含专题05必修三选择性必修一重点语法讲解解析版-暑假自学课2022年新高二英语暑假精品课译林版2020选择性必修第二册docx、专题05必修三选择性必修一重点语法讲解原卷版-暑假自学课2022年新高二英语暑假精品课译林版2020选择性必修第二册docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共28页， 欢迎下载使用。
巩固必修三和选择性必修一的语法知识点
2．针对这部分内容的难点进行点对点的讲解和练习
【基础知识】
非谓语动词-动词不定式讲解
不定式的形式及用法
动词不定式的句法功能
1）主语：
例1. T finish the wrk in ten minutes is very hard.
例2. T lse yur heart means failure.
★ 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard t finish the wrk in ten minutes.
It means failure t lse yur heart.
2）表语：
例1. Her jb is t clean the hall.
例2. He appears t have caught a cld.
3）宾语：
下列动词只能接不定式作（直接）宾语：
hpe, wish, want, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, care, chse, arrange, expect, decide, agree, plan, prmise, ffer, manage, pretend, prepare, elect, fail, lng, determine, desire等。
不定式一般不做介词的宾语，但是可以放在介词but/except之后做宾语。
如果介词之前有行为动词d的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带t；否则就要带t。即所谓的“前有d后无t”。
例1. I have n chice but t stay here.
例2. I can d nthing but stay here.
it作形式宾语
如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，常用的动词有（cnsider, think, make, find, believe, cunt, declare, fancy, feel, guess, imagine, judge, prve, see, shw, suppse, understand, take等）。
注：这里高考常考的动词有：cnsider, make, find, feel, see, suppse, take 等。
例1. We cnsider it ur duty t supprt gd leaders.
例2. The new methd makes it pssible t cmplete the task faster.
4）作宾语补足语：
下列动词之后用省略t的不定式作宾语补足语，用一句口诀来记忆：
“五看三使两听一感觉”
see, lk at, watch, ntice, bserve/ make, let, have/ listen t, hear/ feel
5）定语：
下列情况下一般用动词不定式做后置定语：
★不定式表将来
I have a meeting t attend this afternn.
★用来修饰被序数词、最高级限定的中心词。
She was the first wman t win the gld medal in the Olympic Games.
The best way t earn respect was t study hard and achieve high grades.
★用于修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, prmise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reasn, mment, time等，这些名词经常被n, all, any等修饰。
I had n ability t read and write English when I was five years ld.
下列情况下，不定式之后要有相应的介词：
★作定语的不定式是不及物动词。There is nthing t wrry abut.
★不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等。Please give me a knife t cut with.
★如果不定式修饰place, way, 可以省略介词。
He has n place t live.
This is the best way t wrk ut this prblem.
当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：
Have yu gt anything t send?（你有什么东西要寄吗？——不定式t send的动作执行者是“你”）
Have yu gt anything t be sent?（你有什么要寄的东西吗？——不定式t be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）
6）状语：
目的
例. He wrked day and night t get the mney.
不定式做状语表示目的，可以用in rder t, s as t 来替换，但是s as t不能用于句首。
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
结果
例1. He arrived late t find the train gne.
例2. I visited him nly t find him ut.
注：nly t d sth.、turn ut t be 通常表示的是意料之外的结果。
例3. It’s t dark fr us t see anything.
例4. The questin is simple enugh fr him t answer.
原因：不定式与表示喜怒哀乐的形容词连用，一般表示原因。
例. They were very sad t hear the news.
非谓语动词-现在分词讲解
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。在句中做定语，表语，补足语和状语。
1、现在分词的形式：ding--being dne having dne—having been dne
否定式：nt + 现在分词
（1）现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
“We can’t g ut in this weather,” said Bb, lking ut f the windw.
Having been lst in the muntains fr a week, the tw students were finally saved by the lcal plice.
Nt having received a reply, he decided t write again.
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
Having been tld many times, the naughty by made the same mistake.
Nt having been warned even nce, the staff was fired.
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。表示存在的状态。强调主动或者动作正在进行。
The swimming by is my friend.
The man speaking t the teacher is ur mnitr's father.
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，
the swimming by = the by wh is swimming.
the man speaking t the teacher = the man wh is speaking t the teacher.
注意：现在分词完成式不能做定语（不定式的完成式也不能）
（2）现在分词作表语：表示主语的特征或是对主语的描述。
The film being shwn in the cinema is exciting.
The present situatin is inspiring.
be + ding既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + ding表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
He is writing an article.
The stry is very tuching.
有很多现在分词和过去分词已经被看作是形容词，比如说：exciting, interesting, disappinting, discuraging, puzzling, surprising, amusing, astnishing, delighted, drunk, tired, satisfied, pleased, surprised, married.
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后跟现在分词作宾语补足语.表示动作在延续或进行。与宾语之间是逻辑主谓关系see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, ntice, bserve, listen t, lk at, keep, leave, catch，have等。如：
Can yu hear her singing the sng in the next rm?
He kept the car waiting at the gate.
Dn’t have yur kids wrking at their hmewrk all the time.
I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.
（4）作状语：
逻辑主语通常要和句子主语保持一致
Finding her car stlen, _____ ______.
a pliceman was asked t help
the area was searching thrughly
it was lked fr everywhere
she hurried t a pliceman fr help
= 1 \* GB3 ①作时间状语：可以与when, while引导的时间状语从句转换。
(While) Wrking in the factry, he was an advanced wrker.
=While he wrked in the factry, he was an advanced wrker.
=When he was wrking in the factry, he was an advanced wrker.
②作原因状语：可以与as, since, because引导的原因状语从句转换。
Being a League member, he is always helping thers.
=Because he is a League member, he is always helping thers.
Having suffered such heavy pllutin already, the river deadly needs cleaning up.
=As the river has suffered such heavy pllutin already, the river needs cleaning up.
③作伴随状语：不能转化为从句，但是可以转化为并列句。
He stayed at hme, cleaning and washing.
=He stayed at hme, cleaned and washed.
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfactin, adding that he had enjyed his stay here.
=……and added that he had enjyed his stay here.
④作方式状语
Travelling by car, we visited many places.
=We travelled by car, and visited many places.
⑤作条件状语：可以转换为if, unless 引导的条件状语从句。
Turning t the left, yu will find the pst ffice.
=If yu turn t the left, yu will find the pst ffice.
=Turn t the left and yu will find a gd idea.
Using yur head, yu will find a gd idea.
=If yu use yur head, yu will find a gd idea.
=Use yur head, and yu will find a gd idea.
⑥作结果状语：
He drpped the glass, breaking it int pieces.
= 7 \* GB3 ⑦作让步状语：
Thugh raining heavily, it cleared up very sn.
=Thugh it rained heavily, it cleared up very sn.
Admitting what she said, I still think she hasn’t tried her best.
= Althugh I admitted what she said, I still think she hasn’t tried her best.
Wrking very hard, he didn’t feel a bit tired.
⑧独立主格：
I waiting fr the bus, a bird fell n my head．
= When I was waiting fr the bus, a bird fell n my head.
All the tickets having been sld ut, they went away disappintedly.
= Because all he tickets had been sld ut, they went away disappintedly.
Time permitting; we'll d anther tw exercises.
= If time permits, we will d anther tw exercises.
有时也可用with (withut) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式，成为with的复合结构
She used t sleep with the windws pen.
With Mr Smith away, we’ve gt mre rm.
The man was walking n the street, with a bk under his arm.
With all this wrk t d, I dn’t knw if I’ll have time t g ut.
In part f Asia yu must nt sit with yur feet pinting at anther persn.
The murderer was brught in, with his arms tired behind his back.
= 9 \* GB3 ⑨作独立成分：judging frm, generally\hnestly\strictly\bradly speaking, cnsidering(考虑到)，taking sth int cnsideratin(考虑到), given(鉴于, 如果)，wing t(因为)，accrding t(根据)， suppsing(假如，如果)，prviding\prvided(如果，)，seeing(既然，由于)虽然分词逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，却依然正确，也被称为垂悬分词。
Judging frm(by) his appearance, he must be an actr.
Generally speaking, girls are mre careful.
Taking everything int cnsideratin, they ught t stay at hme.
Given their inexperience, they’ve dne a gd jb.
Prvided\prviding the weaher is fine, we shall g.
非谓语动词-过去分词讲解
过去分词的概念
及物动词过去分词一般表示被动和完成意义，
不及物动词的过去分词则只表示完成意义。
形式只有dne一种。
过去分词的句法功能
定语：
例1. Our class went n an rganized trip last Mnday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
例2. Thse elected as cmmittee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注：
1. 注意有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
biled water（开水）
fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived gds（新到的货）
the risen sun（升起的太阳）
2. 当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Our class went n a trip which was rganized last Mnday.
Thse wh were elected as cmmittee members will attend the meeting.
表语：
例1. The windw is brken. 窗户破了。
例2. They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
例1. The windw is brken.（系表）
例2. The windw was brken by the by.（被动）
宾语补足语：
例1. I heard the sng sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
例2. With the wrk dne, they went ut t play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
状语：
例1. Praised by the neighbrs, he became the pride f his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
例2. Once seen, it can never be frgtten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
例3. Given mre time, I’ll be able t d it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
例4. Thugh tld f the danger, he still risked his life t save the by. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
【考点剖析】
考点一：动词不定式
例1．判断下列句子中的不定式作哪种成分
I find it impssible t get thrugh t her. _______
Our first pririty is t imprve standards. _______
We’re trying t persuade manufacturers t sell them here. _______
If anything surs the relatinship, it is likely t be differences in the wrld-views. _______
Yu dn’t have t sacrifice envirnmental prtectin t prmte ecnmic grwth. _______
She turned up the driveway, nly t find her way blcked. _______
They did nt think they had the ability t d an imprtant jb. _______
Yu wuld make a great mistake t accept his ffer. _______
We’re prud t be yung peple f China. _______
He pened his muth as if t say smething. _______
考点二：现在分词
例2．现在分词语法专项练习
1.The park was full f peple, _________( enjy) themselves in the sunshine.
2. A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse _________( want) a gd night's sleep.
3.As I was abut t give up hpe , a man_________（drive) an ld car came t help me.
4.Tm sat in the dctr's_________ ( wait) rm.There were many patients there.
5.When I was a child, ging t hspital was a very_________ (frighten) thing t me.
6.Listen! The sng_________ (sing) is very ppular with the students.
7. _________( face ) tugh challenges,the Chinese wmen's vlleyball team wn the Olympic gld medal in Ri.
8.It rained heavily in the suth,_________( cause) serius flding in several prvinces.
9.On the last day f ur week-lng stay, we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars, _________( listen) t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.
10.This isn't as hard as it sunds, and it is far better than any ther methd because yu imprve yur vcabulary while_________ ( read) an interesting piece f literature.
11._________( wrk) in several cuntries, the yung man seems t have the experience we're lking fr.
12._________(cver ) an area f ver 4,000 square kilmeters, Qinghai Lake is als the the biggest salt water lake in China.
13.When the little girl fund s many peple _________(surrund) her,she felt very nervus.
14._________( knw) all this,l still want t see it in persn.
15. Cnsequently,she succeeded in making a kind f candy nly_________(use) natural sweeteners, which can reduce ral bacteria.
16._________ (translate ) int English,the sentence has an entirely different wrd rder.
17.Kids usually finish schl at 3: 30 , mst parents wrk until 6:00 p.m.,_________( make)it hard fr them t pick their kids up.
18.—Mr Jhnsn,Im really srry t have kept yu _________(wait) fr a lng time.
—I knw yu are very busy at the mment.
When_________( teach) English,whether t children r adults, yu have t be very creative t keep their interest.
20. Dn't leave the lights _________( burn) all night. It will waste t much electricity.

【真题演练】
1.【2019·新课标II卷】When we gt a call ___68___ (say)she was shrt-listed，we thught it was a jke.
2.【2019·新课标III卷】 On ur way t the huse，it was raining ___s__ hard that we culdn't help wndering hw lng it wuld take ___62___ (get)there.
3.【2019·新课标III卷】On the last day f ur week-lng stay，we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars，___70___ (listen)t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.
4.【2019·浙江卷】When the children are walking r ___59___ (cycle) t schl n dark mrnings,…
5.【2019·新课标I卷】Mdem methds ___f__ tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perfrm) cnsistently ver a large area.
6.【2019·新课标I卷】Scientists have respnded by ___67___ (nte) that hungry bears may be cngregating(聚集) arund human settlements,…
7.【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】All the ftball players n the playgrund cheered ludly, say that I had a talent fr ftball.
8.【2019·新课标II卷】A 90-year-ld has been awarded“Wman Of The Year”fr ___61___ (be)Britain's ldest full-time emplyee-still wrking 40 hurs a week.
9.【2019·新课标II卷】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，prud Irene declared she had n plans ___65___ (retire) frm her 36-year-ld business.
10.【2019·浙江卷】But sme students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the unifrm.
11.【2019·北京卷】Nervusly ___2___ (face) challenges, I knw I will whisper t myself the tw simple wrds “Be yurself”.
12.【2018·浙江卷】I still remember 59 (visit) a friend wh’d lived here fr five years and I was shcked when I learnt she hadn’t cked nce in all that time.
13.【2018·新课标III卷】I quickly lwer myself, ducking my head t avid ____64____(lk) directly int his eyes s he desn't feel____65____(challenge).
【过关检测】
用动词的-ing形式改写以下句子。
When they heard the gd news, they jumped with great jy.
_____________________________________________________________________
As I did nt knw hw t get there, I had t ask the way.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. If yu have yur cell phne at wrk，yu shuld nly use it fr imprtant calls.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. She sat by the windw and enjyed the beautiful sights utside.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Thugh nline cmmunicatin develps rapidly, it is still nt the mst efective channel f cmmunicatin.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. A man wh lives in the village rarely sees subways.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. I nticed she was reading an e-bk with an e-reader.
_____________________________________________________________________
8.After he had turned ff the TV set, he began t g ver his lessns.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. He fell asleep while he was ding his hmewrk.
_____________________________________________________________________
The new machines will wrk faster. Thus it will reduce ur cst.
_____________________________________________________________________
单句改错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)If I succeed in manage ne, I will pen mre.

2．(2018·江苏高考改编)Develped the Yangtze River Ecnmic Belt is a systematic prject which calls fr a clear rad map and timetable.

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lt by sell the fish.

4．Taking a taxi is five times as expensive as t take a bus.

5．(2020·青海省西宁市高三复习检测)And I lk frward t see yu befre lng.

6．Please cntact me if yu have any difficulty find the bk.

7．He liked t have ccnut juice but this time he liked t have a tin f Cca Cla.

8．Ignre the difference between the tw research findings will be ne f the wrst mistakes yu make.

9．(2020·陕西省高三教学质量检测)At his new schl in the new cuntry, he shwed n interest in play basketball at all.

10．It was t prepare the president's speech that the secretary spent the whle mrning at hme.

用法
形式
主 动
被 动
与谓语动词动作的先后关系
例句
一般式
t d
t be dne
同时/之后
The patient was asked t be perated n at nce.
进行式
t be ding
/
同时
The by pretended t be wrking hard.
完成式
t have dne
t have been dne
之前
I happened t have seen the film.