外研版 (2019)必修 第二册Unit 6 Earth first练习题

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Unit6 　Earth first
必备词汇速记
重点单词·快速记 □target 　　　　　v.把……作为目标□attitude n.(尤指通过行为表现出的对某事的一般)看法,态度　　　　　　　　□ocean n. 海洋,大海□staff n. 员工□establish v. 建立,设立
□drought n.旱灾,干旱□flood n. 洪水,水灾□supply n.煤气、电力、自来水等供应(系统)　　　　　　□carbon n.碳□greenhouse n.温室,暖房 □smog n. 烟雾,雾霾□lecture n. (尤指大学里的)讲座,讲课,演讲　　　
□slide n. 幻灯片□amount n.数量,数额□remove v.移走,搬走,去掉□average adj. 平均(数)的□damage v.破损,损害,损伤□release v.释放,排放□severe adj. (问题、伤势、疾病等)很严重的
拓展单词·联想记 □scare v. 使(某人)惊恐,吓唬 →scared adj. 害怕的 →scaring adj.吓人的□fortunately adv. 幸运地→fortunate adj. 幸运的□extinction n.灭绝,绝种 →extinct adj. 灭绝的,绝种的□reduce v. 减少,降低→reduction n. 减少;缩小;降低□permission n.允许,许可→permit v. 允许;许可
□majority n.多数,大多数(人或物)→major adj.主要的;大多数的□electricity n. 电→electric adj.电的;电动的 →electrical adj.电学的;用电的□concerned adj.焦急的,担忧的→concern v.让……担忧;涉及→concerning prep.关于□contribute v. 促成,造成(某事发生)→contribution n. 贡献,捐款□infection n. 感染,传染病→infect v. 感染,传染→infectious adj.传染的
重点短语·高效记□due to　　　　　　　　由于;因为□take...into account 把……考虑进去 □in fear 害怕□be scared/frightened/afraid of 害怕;恐惧□cut...off 把……切断;中断□have a(n)...effect upon 对……有影响
□see...as　　　　　　把……视为;当作□the other way round 反过来;倒过来□mistake...for 把……误认为;误当作□break down 失败;损坏;衰弱□stand-by mode 待机模式□common sense 常识
Period 1　Starting out & Understanding ideasNO.1 scare v.使(某人)惊恐,吓唬 n. 恐惧;惊吓 派生:scared adj. 害怕的;恐惧的【教材语境】 People have always been scared of sharks,but Jaws made things worse.(P62)人们一直害怕鲨鱼,但《大白鲨》让事情变得更糟。
核心词汇探究
【语块归纳】
【语境助记】 ▶Local businesses were scared into paying protection money.当地商家迫于威胁缴纳了保护费。▶People are scared to take the buses late at night.人们不敢在深夜乘坐公共汽车。【链接高考】(2020•浙江高考)Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears off.有时候像这种大的噪音会把熊吓跑。
NO.2 dive v.潜水 派生:diver n.潜水员【教材语境】 In 1980,Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight.(P63)1980年,本奇利在潜水时看到了一个可怕的景象。
【语块归纳】
【语境助记】 ▶The goalkeeper dived for the ball,but missed it.守门员一个鱼跃向球扑去,可是没有扑到。▶We dived into the river to cool off.我们一头跳进河里,凉快一下。【熟词生义】 She dived into her bag and took out a couple of coins.她迅速把手伸进包里拿出几枚硬币。
【链接高考】(2020•全国Ⅲ卷)A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.东南亚的一群住在海上的人已发展成为了更好的潜水员。
NO.3 target v.把……作为目标n.目标,指标【教材语境】 Sharks don’t target humans.(P63)鲨鱼不把人类作为目标。【语块归纳】target for　　　　……的目标on target 有望达到目标
【语境助记】 ▶Doors and windows are easy targets for burglars.门窗很容易成为窃贼的目标。▶We were still right on target for our deadline.我们那时仍然很有希望在最后期限之前完成目标。
【知识延伸】区分 aim/goal/targetaim从本义“靶子”引申而来,侧重比较具体而明确的目标,但常指短期目标。goal指经过考虑和选择,需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。target指射击的靶,军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或嘲笑的目标。
【链接高考】(2020•天津高考) Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups.图书馆将会经常举办针对不同年龄段的阅读小组会议。
NO.4 fortunately adj. 幸运地【教材语境】 Fortunately, not everyone who watched the film Jaws became afraid of sharks—some became interested in understanding them.(P63) 幸运的是,不是每个看过电影《大白鲨》的人都变得害怕鲨鱼——有些人开始对了解这种动物感兴趣了。
【语块归纳】 be fortunate to do sth./in having sth./sb.有幸做某事/拥有某物(人)fortunately for sb.　　 对某人来说幸运的是
【语境助记】 ▶I have been fortunate enough to visit many parts of the world as a lecturer.我很有福气,去过世界许多地方演讲。▶Fortunately for him, he was very soon offered another job.他运气好,很快就有人聘请他做另一个工作。
NO.5 due to 由于,因为【教材语境】 This was not only due to fear of sharks, but also finning.(P62) 这不仅仅是由于对鲨鱼的恐惧,还有鱼翅行业。【语块归纳】be due to do sth.　　　预计做某事be due to sb. 应给予某人的
【语境助记】 ▶She is due to start school in January.她预计一月份开学。▶Our thanks are due to the whole team.我们要向全队致谢。
【链接高考】(2021•浙江高考) In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier and that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.在对200个国家33年的体重指数趋势进行的一项研究中,科学家发现,全世界的人越来越重,而且大部分的增长是由于农村地区体重指数的提高。
Period 2　Using languageNO.1 reserve n.保护区 v.预订;储备;保留派生:reserved adj.保留的;预订的;缄默的【教材语境】 SNNR was established in 2000 and is the highest and second largest nature reserve in China.(P65)三江源自然保护区成立于2000年,是中国最高和第二大的自然保护区。
【语块归纳】
【语境助记】 ▶I told her all about it without reserve.我毫无保留地将一切都告诉了她。▶We always reserve some money in reserve.我们总是存一些备用的钱。
【知识延伸】区分reserve/conserve/preserve
【链接高考】(2018•全国卷Ⅰ) Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!在樱花盛开之前就预定好位置!
NO.2 devote v.致力,献身,倾注 　派生: devotion n.献身,奉献　devoted adj.忠诚的,献身的【教材语境】 Now, she is a model and performance artist devoted to ocean conservation. (P65)现在,她是一名致力于海洋保护的模特和行为艺术家。
【语块归纳】 devote oneself/one’s life/time/energy to (doing) sth.把自己/某人的生命/时间/精力投入于(做)某事be devoted to 　　　献身于,致力于
【语境助记】 ▶He devoted all his free time to playing the piano.他把所有的业余时间都用来弹钢琴。▶They are very close to the source of the virus and run a high risk of infection,but still devote themselves to fighting the epidemic.他们离感染源非常近,感染风险也很高,但是仍然致力于抗击疫情。▶He loves(the)students and is devoted to his work.他爱学生,并全身心投入他的工作。
【链接高考】(2020•北京高考) For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. 在过去的五年中,科学史学家Paula Smith致力于重新创造人们长期以来遗忘的技术。
NO.3 damage v.破损,损害,损伤【教材语境】 In recent years,we have seen large areas of wetland that were damaged by human activity. (P65)近年来,我们看到大片湿地被人类活动破坏。
【语块归纳】
【语境助记】 ▶The crowds might damage the beauty of the place.人群可能会破坏这个地方的美。▶The heavy rain didn’t do much damage to the crops.这场大雨没有对农作物造成很大的损害。▶He put in a claim for $500 damages.他提出一项五百美元赔偿的要求。
【知识延伸】 区分damage/destroy/ruin
NO.4 affect v.影响 effect n.影响【教材语境】 We’ve also seen droughts and floods caused by these changes, which affect the water supply downstream.(P65)我们也已经看到这些变化引起的旱灾和洪水,这也影响了下游的供水。
【语块归纳】
【语境助记】 The war had been a total war.It had affected everyone,and no one was immune from its impact.那是一场全面战争。它影响了所有人,无人能置身事外。▶These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。
【链接高考】(2020•江苏高考)However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.然而,关于进餐时间和运动如何影响整体健康,我们知之甚少。
NO.5 adopt v.采取(某种方法)【教材语境】 This includes keeping the original environment from being touched,as well as adopting new,sustainable ways of feeding farm animals.(P65)这包括保持原始环境不被破坏,以及采用新的、可持续的方式喂养农场动物。【语块归纳】 adopted 　　　　　　　adj.领养的,过继的 adoption n.采用,收养adopt an idea/a plan 采纳意见/计划
【语境助记】 ▶They have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions.他们已经接受了固定的态度和看法。▶As they had no children of their own,they adopted an orphan.他们没有亲生儿女,就收养了一个孤儿。▶He is their adopted son.他是他们的养子。
【联想空间】adopt与adapt词形相近,在书写时注意区分,后者的意思是“使适合;适应”,“改编”等。【链接高考】(2021•浙江高考)There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.在那里,他被一个澳大利亚家庭收养,然后飞往塔斯马尼亚。
NO.6 reduce v.减少,降低【教材语境】 Reduce waste by choosing reusable products.(P66)通过选择可重复使用的产品减少浪费。
【语块归纳】 reduce sth.　　　　减少,缩小reduce sb./sth.to sth./doing sth. 使某人/某物陷入(更坏的)境地/沦为做某事reduce sth.to sth. 将某事物概括成(或简化为)某事物
【语境助记】 ▶Giving up smoking reduces the risk of heart disease.戒烟会降低得心脏病的风险。▶They were reduced to begging in the streets.他们沦落到沿街乞讨。▶We can reduce the problem to two main issues.我们可以将这个问题概括成两个要点。
【链接高考】(2020•北京高考)People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems.积极思考的人寿命更长,抑郁和焦虑的发生率更低,身心更健康,死于心脏问题的风险更低。
Period 3　Developing ideasNO.1 remove v.移走,搬走,去掉【教材语境】 To make sure your appliance is in fact off,remove the plug from its power supply.(P69)为了确保你的设备实际上是关闭的,请拔掉电源插头。
【语块归纳】 remove from sp.to sp.　　从某地搬到某地remove sth./sb. from sth. 从……移除/搬走/拿开【语境助记】▶He was removed from his post.他被解雇了。▶He removed his hands from her shoulder.他将手从她的肩膀上拿开。
【名师点津】 区分remove和moveremove指移动后的“除去、除掉”,是非距离上的移动;而move则指“挪动”,“移动”,“搬迁”等,重点指距离上的移动。【链接高考】(2021•浙江高考) It was only when I tried to remove my head that I realized getting out was going to be less straightforward than getting in.正是在当我想要挪开我的头的时候,我才意识到出去不如进来容易。
NO.2 concerned adj.焦急的;担忧的;关切的;感兴趣的【教材语境】 We are concerned that...(P71)我们担心的是……。【语块归纳】 be concerned about/for sth./ that...担心……be concerned with sb./sth.对……感兴趣
【语境助记】 ▶The President is deeply concerned about this issue.总统对这个问题深感担忧。▶What parts of this issue would they care about or be concerned with? 这个议题的什么部分是他们所关心或感兴趣的呢?
【易混辨析】区分anxious/concerned/worried三词均有“担忧的,着急的”意思,但侧重点略有不同:1.anxious指对可能发生的不幸、灾难、失败等感到提心吊胆的,或因害怕而感到苦恼的。2.concerned指出于利害关系、责任心或情感问题而感到担忧的。3.worried多指心绪不安的,含过度担忧之意,即对某人或某事没有根据地瞎着急。
NO. 3 contribute v.捐赠;是……的原因之一;促成;投稿【教材语境】 Look at the three items that contribute to a carbon footprint.(P72)看一下这三个可以增加碳排放量的物品。【语块归纳】 contribute sth.to/towards sth.　　向……捐献,捐赠contribute to sth. 是……的原因之一contribute sth.to sth. 增加;增进;撰稿;发表意见
【语境助记】 ▶We contributed ￡5,000 to the earthquake fund.我们向地震基金捐赠了 5 000 英镑。▶Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。▶She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.她给这家杂志撰写了大量稿件。
NO.4 take...into account 把……考虑进去　同义短语take...into consideration【教材语境】 In some cases, local produce might have used more energy and produced more greenhouse gases than produce grown a long way away—even taking into account its transport.(P69)在某些情况下,即使考虑运输,本地产品也可能比远距离运输的产品使用更多的能源,产生更多的温室气体。
【语块归纳】 take...into account=take account of　　把……考虑在内on no account 决不account for 是……的原因;解释;占……比例
【语境助记】 ▶ The donators should take people’s essential needs into account.捐赠人应该考虑人们的基本需求。▶We should take into account the proposals of our parents.我们应该考虑父母的建议。▶On no account will the headmaster take your excuse into account because even you can’ t account for your absence clearly.校长绝对不会考虑你的理由的,因为即使你自己都不能解释清楚你缺席的原因。
【高频句式】句式1强调句型【教材语境】 It is the production of food,not its transport,that uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases. (P69)消耗最多能源和产生最多温室气体的是食品生产,而不是运输。
疑难句式破解
【句式解构】强调句型构成:“It is(was)+被强调成分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”。被强调的部分指人时,除可用that外,还可换用who。判断强调句:去掉强调结构 It is(was)...that(who)...后,剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子。
【语境助记】 ▶It is not who is right but what is right that is of importance.重要的不是谁是对的,而是什么是对的。▶It was along the Mississippi River that Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.马克·吐温的童年大部分是在密西西比河沿岸度过的。
【难点提示】对“not...until...”结构的强调,要用“It is/was not until...that...”这一固定句型。由于否定已经前移,that后只能用肯定形式,同时要注意不能使用倒装语序。▶It was not until midnight that he went back home after the experiment.直到午夜,他才做完实验回家。
【长难句分析】难句Finning would have an unexpected effect upon Peter Benchley, the man who wrote the book the film Jaws was based on.(P63)【句式解构】
【深度分析】在本句中,本体词是Peter Benchley,the man是同位语,who引导后面的定语从句修饰同位语the man。例如:▶I was forty, the age when people take stock and change their lives. 我已年届不惑,到了该全面审视自己并改变生活的年龄了。(the age 是同位语,后面的 when 从句是定语从句,修饰名词 the age)
【参考译文】切下鲨鱼鱼鳍给彼得·本奇利带来了出乎意料的影响,电影《大白鲨》便是改编自他的书。
一、当宾语与作宾语补足语的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时,用现在分词表示正在进行或一直处于某种状态;当宾语与作宾语补足语的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时,用过去分词。▶We saw him talking to her. 我们看到他在与她谈话。(正在进行)▶She kept us waiting here for an hour. 她让我们在这等了一个小时了。(一直处于某种状态)▶I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看到他被汤姆打了。(him与beaten之间是被动关系)
语法精讲突破
二、在with的宾语后,若用过去分词,表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系,且意味着该动作已经完成;若用现在分词,表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系,且表示动作的持续进行。▶(2021•浙江高考)All of us were hard at work at the kitchen table, with my mom filming the annual event.我们都在厨房桌上忙着,妈妈则在用相机记录着这一年度盛事。▶The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来,他的手是被捆在背后的。▶I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on. 由于噪声不断我做不了作业。
三、现在分词和过去分词作补语的关键点。一般说来,过去分词作补语表示“被动”和“完成”的意义;现在分词作补语表示“主动”和“进行”的意义。▶I found the young trees watered.我发现这些小树已经浇过水了。▶I found them watering young trees.我发现他们正在给小树浇水。
四、过去分词作补语与现在分词的被动式作补语的区别。一般说来,过去分词作补语表示“被动”和“完成”的意义;现在分词的被动式作补语表示“被动”和“进行”的意义。▶I saw the school being built.我看见学校正在(被)修建。(现在分词的被动式being built表示“正在进行”的动作)▶I saw the school built.我看见学校已经(被)建好。(过去分词built表示“已经完成”的动作)
五、“have sth.done”结构和“have sb./sth.doing”结构中补语用途的区分。“have sth.done”结构有三种不同的含义,需要根据具体的语言环境确定:1.表示通常意义的“有”。例如:▶We have not any water left in the glass.玻璃杯里没有剩下一点水。▶My father has no money saved for his old age.我父亲没有存下一点钱防老。2.表示“受……影响”,“蒙受……损失”。例如:▶He had his windows broken.他的窗子被打破了。
3.表示“让某事被做”。例如:▶I had my watch repaired.我把我的表拿去修理了。上述“have sth.done”结构与“have sb./sth.doing”表示的意义完全不同。have sb./sth.doing表示“让某人或某事一直进行某动作或保持某种状态”。例如:▶Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him.尽管农场很大,我父亲仍然只雇用了两个人为他干活。
【疑难点拨】感官动词:see, hear, watch, notice和使役动词: make, let, get等加补语的用法和have+宾语+宾语补足语的用法类似。比如:see sb.doing现在分词作补语,表主动,看到某人正在做某事;see sb./sth.done过去分词作补语,表被动,看到某事被做。例如:1.I saw him playing basketball when I went to school. (我去学校见到他时,他正在打篮球。)2.I never heard Thriller ever sung so sweet.(听到这个歌被唱)3.The old man never gets his hair cut.(使头发被剪)