专题17 阅读理解之推理判断题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练（通用版）

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Part 1整体感知
一、推理判断题主要考查学生：（1）推断隐含意义的能力。
（2）推断作者的观点或态度的能力。
（3）推断写作目的的能力。
（4）推断文章的出处的能力。
（5）推断上下文内容的能力。
1.细节推理判断题该类型题干主要命题特征：1.题干主要包括六个动词：infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），cnclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。
此类题目常见出题方式：
It can be inferred/cncluded/seen frm the text that _______.
Which f the fllwing cnclusins can we draw accrding t the passage?
In which f the fllwing publicatins wuld this passage mst likely be printed?
The attitude f the authr twards smebdy/snething is _______.
What’s the authr’s attitude tward…?
The main purpse f this text is_____.
Frm the passage we can cnclude that_______.
2.掌握表述作者观点态度的形容词、动词
（1）表示积极的词：supprt（支持），supprtive（支持的），apprve（赞成），apprving（赞同的），fr（支持），in favr f（支持），ptimistic（乐观的），psitive（积极的），bjective（客观的），helpful（有帮助的），admiring（赞赏的），serius（严肃的），enthusiastic（热情的），pleasant（愉快的），plite（礼貌的），cncerned（关切的），humrus（幽默的），unbiased（无偏见的），cnfident（自信的），impressive（给人印象深刻的）等。
（2）表示消极的词汇：disgusted（厌恶的），disgusting（令人厌恶的），critical（批评的），negative（否定的），suspicius（怀疑的），intlerable（无法忍受），disappinted（失望的），biased（有偏见的），cmprmising（有失体面的），uninterested（不感兴趣的），wrried（担心的），hstile（敌对的），irnic（讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），bitter（令人不快的），cynical（愤世嫉俗的），sentimental（伤感的），emtinal（情绪激动的），sceptical（怀疑的），ppsed（强烈反对的），angry（气愤的），dubt（怀疑）等。
（3）表示中立的词：indifferent（冷淡的；漠不关心的），inpersnal（客观的），impartial（不偏袒的），factual（事实的），bjective（客观的），neutral（中立的）等。
二、正确选项特征
1. “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2. 选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如nly，never，all， abslutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften，usually，smetimes，sme， may，might，can，culd，pssibly，prbably等。
三、干扰选项特征
1.只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理；
2.主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断；
3.过度推断：作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
4.错误推断：某些细节看似从原问推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置和手段变目的等；
Part 2 解题方法
方法1. 根据特定信息进行推断
在阅读中作判断，一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出的推断要合乎情理。有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读D节选）
We may think we're a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices(装置) well after they g ut f style. That’s bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
32. What des the authr think f new devices?
A. They are envirnment-friendly.B. They are n better than the ld.
C. They cst mre t use at hme.D. They g ut f style quickly.
根据节选段的最后一句“That’s bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.”可知，做同样的事，过时的电子设备比新设备耗能更多。由此可推断，作者认为新设备更节能、更环保，故答案为A。
方法 2. 从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。
…The yung man quickly answered,“Yes, sir.”
从quickly和“Yes, sir.”可以推论出，说话者似乎态度谦卑，甚至有点诚惶诚恐。
“…Lts f peple think I’m just a green kid. I’ll shw them.”
Green原意为“绿色的”，由此引申为“不成熟的”，这里可译作“毛孩子”。从“I’ll shw them.”可推论出两层意思：1.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们做个样子看看。”（表示很自信）；2.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。”（威胁的口气）
The ld man staggered(摇摇晃晃地走)alng the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence t keep frm falling. His trn gray vercat swayed pen in the winter wind.
粗心地学生可能会从“staggered（摇摇晃晃）”，“grabbed…frm falling”推论出这个老头喝醉了。显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据，因为学生忽略了“His trn gray vercat swayed pen in the winter wind.”这一事实。事实上，作者描绘了一幅凄惨的画面。合理的推论应该是：这位老人上了年纪，身体很虚弱。
方法 3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，来反映主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。掌握好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
典题例证（2019.全国卷I D节选）
During the rsy years f elementary schl（小学）, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind. B. Lnely. C. Generus. D. Cl.
解析：根据第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷静的；酷的。故选C。
方法4.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式。
典题例证（2010.全国卷III阅读B节选）
B
Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure.
解析：根据节选第一段中的“These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.”并结合节选第二段描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果可以断定这篇文章可能来自健康杂志。答案为B.
Part 3 阅读理解仿真组合练
A
Research published in the jurnal High Temperature fund that an hur-lng sak in ht water prduced similar bld sugar respnses t 60 minutes f mderate physical activity.
Sund t gd t be true? While the research n these effects is still initial (初步)，there is a plausible explanatin fr this.
"It seems that activities that increase heat shck prteins (热体克蛋) may help t imprve bld sugar cntrl and ffer an alternative t exercise," the lead study authr Steve Faulkner wrte. “These activities—such as saking in a ht tub r taking a sauna (桑拿) — may have health benefits t peple wh are unable t exercise regularly. t an hur- lng sessin f cycling r an hur-lng sessin in a 40℃bath.
The scientists discvered that bth grups were better able t cntrl their bld sugar levels in the 24 hurs fllwing their sak were apprximately 10 percent lwer than thse f the participants wh exercised.
Researchers say this implies that “passive heating" (a means f rising yur bdy temperature) culd assist in lwering bld sugar levels. Passive heating can affect prteins in the bdy called heat shck prteins, which helps regulate bld sugar. Peple with diabetes (糖尿病) tend t have lwer levels f heat shck prteins. Passive heating can raise these levels.
It's critical t pint ut a few limitatins f the study. Fr starters, the experiment nly mnitred men, s it's difficult t say if the same effect wuld happen in wmen. It als nly included 14 vlunteers, which was an extremely small sample size. Mre research needs t be cnducted befre scientists can cme t any fficial cnclusin. And, f curse, yu shuld still cntinue exercising regularly.
That being said, the study des ffer sme mre prmising insights (见解) int the healing effects f ht water.
1. What des the underlined wrd “plausible” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Strange.B. Ridiculus.
C. Reasnable.D. Cnfusing.
2. What can we knw abut the research by the U. K.'s team?
A. Cycling made n difference t bld sugar levels.
B. Peple with diabetes usually have higher levels f heat shck prteins.
C. 14 lean and 14 verweight men were invlved in the research.
D. A 24-hur tracking and mnitring was carried ut after the ne-hur activities.
3. Hw shuld scientists imprve this study?
A. By extending the study perid.
B. By changing the research methd.
C. By including wmen in the research.
D. By adding mre scientists invlved in the investigatin.
4. Which f the fllwing best expresses the authr's main pint f view?
A. When yu run a fever yu get passive heating.
B. Passive heating can raise levels f heat shck prteins.
C. The research is f significance in spite f sme imperfectin.
D. Yu need either a ht bath r regular exercise t keep healthy.
B
The annual marathn in my twn ccurred as scheduled. My jb was t fllw behind the runners in an ambulance in case any f them needed medical attentin. As the athletes began t pace themselves, the frnt runners started t disappear. It was then that my eyes were drawn t the wman in blue running shrts and a baggy white T-shirt.
I knew we were already watching ur “last runner”. Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned ut. Her legs were s crippled and bent that it seemed impssible fr her t walk, let alne run a marathn.
The driver and I watched in silence as she slwly mved frward. We wuld mve frward a little bit, then stp and wait fr her t gain sme distance. Then we’d slwly mve frward a little bit mre. As I watched her struggle t put ne ft in frnt f the ther, I fund myself breathing fr her and urging her frward. I wanted her t stp, and at the same time, I prayed that she wuldn’t.
Finally, she was the nly runner left in sight. I sat n the edge f my seat and watched with respect and amazement as she pushed frward with sheer determinatin thrugh the last miles. When the finish line came int sight, the cheering crwds had lng gne hme. Yet, standing straight and prud waited a man. He was hlding ne end f a ribbn tied t a pst. She slwly crssed thrugh, leaving bth ends f the ribbn fluttering (飘动) behind her.
I dn’t knw this wman’s name, but that day she became a part f my life — a part I ften depend n. Fr her, it wasn’t abut beating the ther runners r winning a prize. It was abut finishing what she had set ut t d. When I think things are t difficult r I get thse “I-just-can’t-d-it,” I think f the last runner. Then I realize hw easy the task befre me really is.
5．What wrds can best describe the wman?
A．Prud and determined.B．Strng-willed and hnrable.
C．Mdest and curageus.D．Diligent and cnsiderate.
6．What des the underlined wrd “crippled” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Disabled.B．Healthy.C．Perfect.D．Strng.
7．What has the authr learnt frm the wman?
A．Dn’t depend n thers when facing hardships.
B．Nthing is t tugh t accmplish if ne is brave enugh.
C．The disabled can als run a marathn despite their walking difficulty.
D．It’s nt winning but finishing the thing we start that really matters.
8．What culd be the best title fr the text?
A．A Humrus Stranger.B．An Unfrgettable Jb.
C．The Last Runner.D．The Annual Marathn.
C
Yur clleague’s sharp cmment keeps replaying in yur mind. Tw f yur students are trapped in a “he said/she said” battle. When yu reflect n yur emtinal reactins, yu smetimes get caught up in cycles f negative feelings, which can make yu feel even wrse. If s, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing”，the ability t take a step back and view yurself mre bjectively. Accrding t a research, when peple adpt self-distancing while discussing a difficult event, they make better sense f their reactins, experience less emtinal suffering, and display fewer signs f stress.
But what might self-distancing lk like in actin? Cnsider a typical “he said/she said” student cnflict where they are each fcusing n their wn feelings. One is thinking，“I can’t believe he did that t me.” And anther insists, “She really hurt my feelings.” Hwever, if yu ask them t take the self-distancing, they might step utside f themselves and ask brader questins: “Why was he s hurt in this situatin?” r “Hw did her anger affect him?”
Althugh this apprach may sund t simple t be effective, studies indicate that a change in pint f view can have a pwerful effect n the way peple think, feel, and behave. Here are several different techniques yu can try.
First，cnsider hw a thughtful friend might respnd after quietly bserving their situatin. Besides, avid using the prnun “I”. Fcus n using third-persn prnuns, he, she, they, and they were able t see the stressful event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yurself, “Hw wuld I feel abut this ne week frm nw r ten years frm nw?” This frm f mental time travel may be effective because ur attentin is directed away frm ur immediate, cncrete circumstances.
9. What is self-distancing?
A. Getting stuck in negative emtins.B. A stressful situatin.
C A study n relieving emtinal stress.D. Reflecting n yurself bjectively.
10. Paragraph 2 is develped by____.
A. exampleB. definitin
C. classificatinD. prcess
11. Which f the fllwing statement uses the techniques f self-distancing?
A. I’m angry with him.
B. Hw I wish I culd g back t the past!
C. Hw did these tw peple get t this pint?
D. He grabbed my ntes, and then, and then...
12. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. Why Self-distancing Matters
B. The Applicatin f Self-distancing
C. Breaking the Cycle f Negative Reflectin
D. Ways t Reflect n Emtinal Reactins
D
Sme f the mst attractive pictures t cme ut f the Alaska earthquake are the phts that shw slpe (斜坡）failures, in which parts f frmeriy slid hills caved in，tre r let lse. And if there happened t be a rad r building n tp f the slpes that failed，the result was hrrible.
Slpes can fail withut earthquakes, as the result f puring rain qr w：eathering. But the shaking caused by a quake — particularly a large ne like what ccurred near Anchrage n Friday — can either speed up the prcess r create entirely new failures that wuldn't have therwise happened.
Several slpe failures were dcumented in the； Anchrage area in the hurs after the earthquake Friday, the mst interesting f which was n Vine Rad suthwest f Wasilla. It’3 as if smene.came alng with a large destrying ball and drpped it n Vine Rad, which wrinkled like a brken egg.
Scientists seemed surprised at hw many slpe failures ccurred as a result f the 7.0-magnitude (震级）quake. The center f the quake was deep，at 27 miles belw the surface — a key reasn why the damage in Anchrage was relatively light. Such an earthquake wuld be expected t prduce shaking ver a large area, but prbably with reasnably mdest tp grund acceleratins, Friday/s earthquake wuld certainly be felt, but the surface f Earth wuldn't be mving badly enugh t prduce widespread landslides.
Phts frm Alaska shw a lt f lateral (横向的）spread, in which the grund tears pen. Whatever is n tp f the grund at the place it tears in half is als trn in half afterwards, like highways r buildings. The buildings surrunding the spread are als at risk f damage because f the frce f the grund spreading ut away frm the tear. There’s als dcumentatin f blck spread，in which part f the grund breaks ff a hill and slides away mstly perfect.
13.What d we knw abut slpe failures?
A. They may cause earthquakes.
B.They usually happen with a rad n tp.
C.They always happen with earthquakes.
D.They may pull parts f the hills apart
14.What can we infer frm Paragraph 2?
A. Earthquakes have great effect n slpe failures.
B. Mst slpe failures ccur after the puring rain.
C. Earthquakes result in slpe failures immediately.
D. Slpe failures ccur mainly with large earthquakes.
15. What did the scientists think f the Alaska earthquake Friday?
A. It prduced shaking ver a large area.
B. It caused fewer slpe failures than expected.
C. It wasn’t felt fr its deep center.
D. It didn，t prduce landslides.
16. In which circumstance can we find the grund slides dwn a hill almst unbrken?
A.Land slides. B.Slpe failures. C.Lateral spread. D.Blck spread.