专题19 阅读理解之七选五讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练（通用版）

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分析解读
七选五主要考查考生对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。
体裁以说明文为主（2014、2015、2016、2019及2020年全国卷I都以说明文体裁出现），且结构清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以考查学生的综合阅读能力。
设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过度类、细节类；选项大多为完整的句子。
七选五以考查细节局为主。
Part 2 方法技巧
浏览整篇文章，把握整体设空的位置。
在做七选五时，首先弄清全篇文章结构，理出文章的中心。语篇通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间的层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次。选项与前后句之间的逻辑关系，是确定答案的主要依据。注意文章的首段和末段，因为英文写作常见方法为“开门见山式”和“结尾总结式”。首段对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义。如果它是文章的主题句，就可以是读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有个整体的了解。如果首段没有主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如果两者均可排除，则需要在文章中其他段落寻找其他主题句，但要注意段首与末段的提示作用。
辨别语境线索
边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用带入排除法。如果一题做不出或不确定，可以先跳过，继续往下读，做容易的、能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。再将剩余选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该语境，能否承接前后的写作线索。
确定答案，再次核对检查
在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯、合理，各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用于是否恰当，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析。个别干扰项由于某个正确选项的内容相近而具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析、仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。
段首题
典题例证（2019.全国卷I节选）
40 While the sun’s rays can age and harm ur skin, they als give is beneficial Vitamin D. T make sure yu get enugh Vitamin D — but still prtect yur skin — put n sunscreen right as yu head utside. It takes sunscreen abut fifteen minutes t start wrking, and that's plenty f time fr yur skin t absrb a day's wrth f Vitamin D.
F. Just as imprtantly, we tend t assciate air with health care.
D. Anther side benefit f getting fresh air is sunlight.
解析：本题考查的是段首句的选择。根据设空处后提到的“the sun’s rays”，“ Vitamin D”和“sunscreen”可知，本段讲述了阳光对人体的好处，因此D选项符合语境。
段中题
典题例证（2017.全国卷II节选）
If yu have a dr t yur ffice, make gd use f it. 40 .If smene kncks and it’s nt an imprtant matter. excuse yurself and let the persn knw yu’re busy s they can get the hint(暗示) than when the dr is clsed,yu’re nt t be disturbed.
A.If yu’re busy, dn’t feel bad abut saying n
B. When yu want t avid interruptins at wrk
C. Set bundaries fr yurself as yur time ges
D. If yu’re in the ther persn’s ffice r in a public area
E. It’s imprtant that yu let them knw when yu’ll be available
F. It might seem unkind t cut peple shrt when they interrupt yu
G.Leave it pen when yu’re available t talk and clse it when yu’re nt
解析：本题考查的是对段中句的选择。设空处的前一句建议要充分利用办公室的门来避免受到打扰，而选项G中的it正好指代前句中的a dr, 再根据选项G中的leave it pen，clse it以及该空后一句中的kncks等词汇的搭配使用，可判断答案为G。
段尾题
阅读七选五题型考查的实质就是文中信息点和选项信息点的对应，文中信息点与选项信息点通常以词汇复现的方式来帮忙，所以找到复现词汇也就找到了解题关键点。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I节选）
The large clr decisins in yur rms cncern the walls, ceilings, and flrs .Whether yu’re lking at wallpaper r paint, the time, effrt and relative expense put int it are significant. 40 .
A. While all f them are useful
B. Whatever yu’re lking fr
C. If yu’re experimenting with a clr
D. Small clr chices are the nes we’re mst familiar with
E. It’s nt really a gd idea t use t many small clr pieces
F. S it pays t be sure, because yu want t get it right the first time
解析：本题考查的是对段尾句的选则。设空处前面的内容指出大面积的颜色设计主要涉及墙面、天花板和地板，进行选择会花费大量的时间、精力和金钱，所以引出F项的结果，即大面积的颜色设计要一次性确定好。而设空出作为全文最后一句，也能说明其应该是总结句，而非过渡句。F选项中出现了s这一表结论性的词，同时根据语句间的逻辑关系及语义连贯性，可知答案为F。
利用词汇复现找对应
词汇复现是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一概念进行重复描述。词汇复现主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。通过寻找复现词汇可迅速确定答案。
利用同范畴词找对应
同范畴词是指与词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。考生可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准确地确定答案的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系的越接近，其衔接关系就越紧密。
利用代词找对应
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高。在精读各段和各选项的过程中，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或指示代词，特别是选项中以及空格前后句子中出现的代词。根据代词的单复数及其在句子中所做的成分，可以找出代词指代的名词或句子，从而帮助解题。it代指单数可数名词或整个句子；they或them指点复数名词；ne代指可数名词单数；that指代不可数名词或整个句子；this指代单数可数名词或句子；these或thse指代前句的复数名词。
关于小标题的选择，一般来说，小标题比较精简，常以短语或简短的句子来呈现。考生可以根据这一特征快速浏览七个选项，并有效缩短选择范围。小标题往往是统领全段的，因此，考生应认真阅读该段内容，了解段落大意，把握段落主题，根据段落主题一致性原则，排除过于宽泛、以偏概全、偏离主题的干扰项，从而最终确定正确选项。
典题例证（2020.全国卷I节选）
● 37
Sme peple may think that a garden is n mre than plants, flwers, patterns and masses f clr. Others are cncerned abut using gardening methds that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 38 . Hwever, there are a number f ther reasns that might explain why yu want t garden. One f them cmes frm ur earliest years.
●Recall(回忆) yur childhd memries
A. Knw why yu garden
B. Find a gd place fr yur wn garden
C. It’s ur experience f the garden that matters
D. It’s delightful t see s many beautiful flwers
E. Still thers may simply enjy being utdrs and clse t plants
F. Yu can prduce that kind f magical quality in yur wn garden, t
G. Fr each f thse gardens, writer dwn the strngest memry yu have
解析：本题考查的是对文章小标题的选择。先由下文另一个小标题●Recall(回忆) yur childhd memries
可推知，此处小标题应是精简的祈使句，根据前文所述的技巧，可以马上将选择范围缩小到A项和B项，本题下面的段落列举了一些人的观点之后，提到ther reasns that might explain why yu want t garden，结合该段中的其余内容可以推断该段主要是分析种植花园的原因，由此可确定答案为A选项。
真题典例（2018.全国卷I）
Clr is fundamental in hme design——smething yu’ll always have in every rm. A grasp f hw t manage clr in yur spaces is ne f the first steps t creating rms yu’ll lve t live in. D yu want a rm that’s full f life? Prfessinal? Or are yu just lking fr a place t relax after a lng day? 36 , clr is the key t making a rm feel the way yu want it t feel.
Over the years, there have been a number f different techniques t help designers apprach this imprtant pint. 37 , they can get a little cmplex .But gd news is that there’re really nly three kinds f decisins yu need t make abut clr in yur hme: the small nes, the medium nes, and the large nes.
38 . They’re the little spts f clr like thrw pillws ,mirrrs and baskets that mst f us use t add visual interest t ur rms .Less tiring than painting yur walls and less expensive than buying a clrful sfa ,small clr chices bring with them the significant benefit f being easily changeable .
Medium clr chices are generally furniture pieces such as sfas, dinner tables r bkshelves 39 . They require a bigger cmmitment than smaller nes, and they have a mre pwerful effect n the feeling f a space.
The large clr decisins in yur rms cncern the walls, ceilings, and flrs .Whether yu’re lking at wallpaper r paint, the time, effrt and relative expense put int it are significant. 40 .
A. While all f them are useful
B. Whatever yu’re lking fr
C. If yu’re experimenting with a clr
D. Small clr chices are the nes we’re mst familiar with
E. It’s nt really a gd idea t use t many small clr pieces
F. S it pays t be sure, because yu want t get it right the first time
G. Clr chices in this range are a step up frm the small nes in tw majr ways
解题思路
36. B A、B、C为备选选项。上文中的“want”，“lking fr”与B项中的lking fr为“词语复现”，故答案为B。
37.A A、B、C为备选选项。A项中的“all f them”与逗号后的“they”为“指代一致”，故答案为A项。
38.D设空出在段首，可推知本题考查主题句。上段末尾指出了需要做出的三个决定（the small nes, the medium nes, and the large nes）。最后三段分别介绍了做小的、中等的和大的颜色选择的不同情况。根据最后两段首句中的Medium clr chices和The large clr decisins可知此处讲Small clr chices。本题需用“逻辑判断”的方法进行解答。
39.G下句中的They指Medium clr chices，同“smaller nes”进行比较，而选项G中的a step up frm the small nes与下句中的a bigger cmmitment，a mre pwerful effect相对应，故答案选G
40. F上句中的relative expense与F项中的pays相对应，故答案为F项。
解题技巧：
通过设题位置判断
段首设空一般找能概括本段中心意思的选项。
段尾设空一般找能总结归纳该段的选项。
通过标点符号判断
当设空处后为逗号且逗号后面的句子结构完整时，可判断该空应为状语从句。
根据语境线索判断
“词语重现”不仅指词语的简单出现，而且指某词语可能以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现。
“逻辑”指示物之间存在的必然关系，包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系、归纳总结关系、总分关系等。
“指代”是指用代词代替前文提到过的人物、事件、物品等，如it，he，she，they等。
“同构”是指上下文使用同一结构或类似的句子。
Part 3 七选五仿真组合练
A
Gratitude (感恩）makes everything mre special. It cnnects yu t where yu are and wh yu are with arid what yu are ding. Read the fllwing tips fr develping gratitude. 1，yu will truly get the benefits.
Write in a diary every mrning and declare hw yu want t feel that day. 2.This puts me in a receiving way s that I can better attract my dreams and desires by taking subcnscius (潜意识的） and cnscius steps tward chices that serve my ambitins.
G n a walk. Walking—with zer scial media disturbance—is a gateway t gratitude. I walk my dg in the mrning, walk thrugh my neighbrhd，and mentally express gratitude fr everything I can think f during the walk. 3 .
4，d it physically. This means sitting dwn and taking a mment t feel gratitude in every area f yur bdy. I wrk my way up my bdy，beginning with my feet and wrking up tward the rest f my bdy, bnes，and rgans, until I reach my head. This is a great place t start if yu’re feeling extra lw!
Next time yu’re with a grup f friends r even strangers，ask them t g arund and say what they’re grateful fr. 5 I am always s happy, surprised, and amazed at hw pen and appreciative peple are fr the enquiry,
A. I use the 5-minute diary
B. This is smething I d regularly
C. If yu're wndering hw t express gratitude
D. If yu can make the time fr this sirhple practice
E. If yu're having truble expressing gratitude mentally
F. It is imprtant t make use f the time t make friends
G. It's the perfect time t set up yur brain fr psitive thinking
B
Almst 200 graduate students and pstdctral (博士后) researchers gathered April 21 fr a career-develpment event at the annual meeting f the American Sciety fr Bichemistry and Mlecular Bilgy where they learned abut varieties f scientific careers, participated in skill-building wrkshps and netwrked with peers and speakers. The entire event was full f useful infrmatin___6___
Yur career path is less like a ladder and mre like a jungle gym.
We're all prgrammed t see ur career path as a series f linear (直线型) steps up t a final gal — undergraduate, graduate, pst dctr, frever jb — but this rarely happens.___7___Dn't be afraid t take a risk when pprtunities present themselves if they will help yu build yur unique career.
Create a “skills tlbx" and use it.
The skills yu develp as a trainee help yu stand ut in the jb market. When yu're in the lab, talk t yur clleagues abut their experiments. Challenge yurself t learn new techniques bth in and ut f yur field. Wrk n develping critical thinking skills, which will help yu hwever yur career evlves.
And acquire skills utside the lab. Explre entrepreneurship, science writing and cmmunicatin, plicy, utreach, educatin, even art — whatever resnates with yu. ___8___
Cmmunicatin skills are critical t success. Less jargn (行话),mre passin.
Science is a language mst peple dn't speak fluently. When cmmunicating with diverse audiences, think f yurself as a translatr. Eliminate jargn and create analgies (类推) t make yur research accessible. Wrk n making yur science stry relevant t the audience, which may mean that yu dn't share every piece f data yu have cllected. Mst imprtantly, practice.
Training curses like the ASBMB's Art f Science Cmmunicatin are available t help yu develp these skills.
___9___
In prfessinal interactins, be cnfident and remember that yur skills and knwledge gt yu where yu are tday. Dn't be frightened by peple wh questin what yu knw, and dn't let negative experiences diminish yur self cnfidence.
Luck is what happens when preparatin meets pprtunity. Yu dn't need t see the entire staircase t take the next step.
With these wrds in mind, explre yur ptins, netwrk and talk t peple in fields that interest yu. Dn't knw where t start? Start with vides under the heading "Career Paths” at asbmb.rg and the career sectin f the ASBMB Tday website. ___10___ . Fr the price f a cup f cffee, yu can get started n the path t career success.
A. Dn't be afraid f new challenges.
B. Wrk n believing that yu belng in the rm.
C. Belw are five tips fr career success that struck me.
D. This will help build yu int a well-runded candidate.
E. Yu may mve sideways in yur career r even take a step r tw back befre mving up the ladder again.
F. Once yu find a jb that interests yu, identify peple in the field and ask fr infrmatinal interviews.
G. Impster (冒名顶替者)syndrme is a reality fr many peple in the sciences, especially thse frm underrepresented grups.
C
Characteristics f an excellent scientist
The Free Dictinary defines (定义) a scientist as a persn having prfessinal knwledge n ne r mre sciences, especially natural science r physical science. 11. Let’s lk at sme characteristics f an excellent scientist.
Curisity.
12. Scientists such as Thmas Edisn and Gerge Westinghuse discvered things mainly because they wanted t knw hw things wrk. If a scientist desn’t have the drive t ask questins r even wnder, then he/she never gets t the first stage f the scientific prcess.
Patience.
13. There are very few jbs that take lnger than this ne. Even if yu think yu have received sme educatin n science, yu still have a lt f scientific research t d. If yu’re an instant-gratificatin (即时满足) type f persn, this may nt be the best chice fr yu.
Ethical (道德的) qualities.
In rder t truly discver and use knwledge fr the greater gd, a scientist must have a desire t imprve peple’s life as well as the envirnment and living things, since they are all linked and they can affect ne anther in the lng run. A scientist must reprt findings hnestly regardless f persnal r utside cmmercial (商业的) interests. Sticking t an ld belief cntradicted by evidence is dishnest. 14.
Wrking habits.
An excellent scientist even takes ntes f the smallest bservatin, keeping it in mind and recrding it.
15. He/She als needs t cmmunicate thughts n paper and verbally. Netwrking skills cnnect him/her with clleagues wrking n similar prjects where he/she may discver smething new.
A.Becming a scientist takes a lng time.
B.An excellent scientist must be very curius abut things.
C.It als defines a scientist as smene wh uses scientific methds.
D.Hwever, that belief shuldn’t be changed withut pwerful evidence.
E.He/She can wrk well alne r in grups, depending n what’s needed.
F.T make discveries in human knwledge, yu have t think differently.
G.One f the main places that many scientists wrk in is the research labratry.
D
(2019·济南模拟)Talking t yurself may seem a little shameful. Accrding t the well­knwn saying, talking t yurself is the first sign f madness.
__16__. Talking t urselves, whether ut lud r silently in ur heads, is a valuable tl fr thughts. Far frm being a sign f madness, self­talk allws us t plan what we are ging t d, manage ur activities, and even regulate ur emtins.
__17__. Yu are very likely t hear him/her talking t himself/herself: ffering himself/herself directins and giving vice t his/her frustratins. Psychlgists refer t this as private speech that is spken but directed at the self. We d a lt f it when we are yung.
As children, accrding t the Russian psychlgist Lev Vygtsky, we use private speech t regulate ur actins in the same way that we use public speech t cntrl the behavir f thers.__18__， we dn't abandn this system — we internalize (使内在化) it. Psychlgical experiments have shwn that this s­called inner speech can imprve ur perfrmance n tasks ranging frm judging what ther peple are thinking t srting images int categries.__19__. One recent study suggested that self­talk is the mst effective when we address urselves as “yu” rather than “I”．
We internalize the private speech we used as children — but we never entirely put away the lud versin.__20__， turn n the sprts channel. Yu're bund t see an athlete r tw gearing themselves up with a tart phrase r sclding themselves after a bad sht.
A．As we grw lder
B．If yu want the prf
C．G with yur friends t debate
D．But there's n need fr embarrassment
E．Althugh we may think it seems silly t talk t urselves secretly
F．The effect f ur wrds can give us a valuable perspective n ur actins
G．Take a trip t any preschl and watch a small child playing with his/her tys

逻辑关系
具体解读
主旨句
常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。
承上启下句
此空出的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。
逻辑关系
具体解读
例证关系
前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示例证关系的标志性词语有：fr example，fr instance，in fact/as a matter f fact, actually, in ther wrds/that is t say等
转折关系
若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志性词语有：but， hwever，yet，while/thugh/althugh，r/therwise，n the cntrary, instead, nevertheless(然而)，still，in cntrast/cmparisn, by cmparisn等。
因果关系
表示因果关系的标志性词语有：s, therefre, thus, cnsequently, as a result (f), s/such…that…, s that等。
递进关系
若空格前两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很可能是个表示递进关系的句子。表示递进关系的标志性词语有：t，als，besides，further，furthermre，mrever，likewise，similarly，what’s mre，what’s wrse，in additin，as well，t make matters wrse, nt…but…等。
并列关系
表示并列关系的标志性词语有：and，firstly, secndly; first, then/next, finally/last; fr ne thing, fr anther thing等。
逻辑关系
具体解读
总结句
用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。
承上启下句
此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。