专题09 阅读技巧--主旨大意题、推理判断题-中考英语知识及解题技巧（仁爱版）

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主旨大意题
1.题型特点
要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解答这种题型时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(cnclusin)、结局(end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断,从而挖掘出文章中隐含的信息。
2.主旨大意题主要的设问方式
①What’s the main idea f this passage?
②What is the passage mainly abut?
③What des the passage mainly discuss?
④The writer means t tell us that .
⑤The main idea f the passage is that .
⑥The passage is mainly abut .
⑦Frm the passage we can learn/cnclude that .
⑧What’s the best title fr the passage?
⑨What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
⑩The best title fr the passage is .
3.主旨大意题的解题技巧
(1)留心关键词,抓住文章主旨;串联主要细节,推断文章中心思想。所谓关键词,即文章中反复出现的、与主题有关的实词,如名词、动词等。冠词或介词等虚词均不在关键词之列。需要注意的是,为了避免同一词的过多重复,文章有时会使用这个词的同义词、近义词,或用代词指代。我们知道,并不是所有文章都包含明确的主题句,比如大多数记叙文。记叙文的中心思想多隐藏在具体的细节中,作者通过众多的细节事实对一个中心点进行论述。因此,我们必须善于串联主要细节,从中归纳文章的中心思想。
(2)注意段落主题句,归纳文章大意。
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Tpic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:①介绍段落的主题(Tpic);②阐述控制概念(Cntrlling Idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在段落中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章(如科普类文章)的时候,主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。
①主题句位于段首
主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~90%的主题句是段落的第一句。
a.寻找主题句
有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:fr example,an example f,the mst imprtant example,first,secnd,next,then,last,finally,t begin with,als,besides that等。
在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的fr example可以断定,前一句话是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句话为主题句,在第二句话前面添加一个fr example,看看第二句话是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句话不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。
b.选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读所给的选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的转述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
②主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
③主题句位于段落的中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。
1. 叙述型文章 解决方法：给文章每个小段写一句总结，最后就可以得出文章大意。
1.Many f us dn’t pay attentin t the imprtance f eye care. It’s said that if yu take care f yur bdy, then yu can be healthy. That is why ur eyes shuld be given a lt f care. Natural eye care shuld be put in a number ne place. （保护眼睛很重要）
There are several causes leading t pr eyesight like nt enugh fd, gene (基因) and aging (年龄增长). Televisins, cmputers and reading are als the causes f having pr eyesight. （弱视的原因）
If yu happen t wrk in frnt f the cmputer, it is best t take a rest every nce in a while. Smething dirty can cause redness and they will make yu feel uncmfrtable. It is bad fr yur eyes, t. If this happens, the best way is t clean yur eyes by using cld water. Yu must als try yur best t prtect yur eyes frm harmful thing. Fr example, sunglasses are nt just fashin but they can als serve as a great way t prtect yur eyesight frm UV rays. （如何保护眼睛）
Eating healthy fds will be gd t yur eyesight. Remember that vitamins (维生素) A, C and E are gd fr eyes. Try t eat fd grups that have these vitamins. And yu shuld d eye exercises because exercise prtects yur eyesight, t. If a persn exercises regularly (规律地) and eats the right kind f fd, his eyes will stay in gd cnditin fr a lng time. （如何保护眼睛）
All abve are natural ways f eye care that help us keep healthy eyes. Being happy all the time can be helpful t a persn’s eyesight, t. In a wrd, eye care is very imprtant, n matter hw ld a persn is. （保护眼睛很重要）
5. Which is the best title f the passage?
A. Ways f Eye Care B. Ways f Eye Exercises
C. Way f Being be Happy D. Way f Being Healthy
2.The first day f schl, ur prfessr intrduced an ld lady Rse t us.（来了一个老太太）
“Why are yu in cllege at such an age?” I asked her. She replied, “I always dreamed f having a cllege educatin and nw I’m getting ne!” We became friends quickly（老太太想学习）.
At the end f the term I invited Rse t make a speech t ur ftball team. I’ll never frget what she taught us. She said, “There are sme secrets f staying yung and being happy. Yu have t laugh and find humr every day. Yu must have a dream. When yu lse yur dreams, yu will die. There is a huge difference between grwing ld and grwing up. Anybdy can grw lder. That desn’t need any talent r ability. T grw up, yu must always find the pprtunity in change. Have n regrets. The peple wh are afraid f death are thse with regrets.”（老太太讲变老和成长的不同）
At the end f the year, Rse finished her cllege. One week after graduatin, Rse died peacefully in her sleep. We wuld always remember the great wman. （老太太毕业了然后去世了）
5. What is the best title f the passage?
A. Laughing every day B. Never t ld t learn
C. Grwing ld and grwing up D. Hw t stay yung and being happy
3.Last Sunday evening, my parents went ut fr a walk with my sister. But I studied alne at hme because wuld have an English test. Suddenly, I saw bright light in my neighbr’s kitchen. I thught he was cking, s I went n studying. （上周我在家学习）
Sn, there was a terrible smell in the air and I thught smething was wrng. I went ut and saw fire cming ut f my neighbr’s kitchen. S I shuted “Fire, Fire!” But n ne heard r came ut.（我看见邻居家着火）
I ran quickly t my huse t call 119, and then I rang my neighbr’s drbell, kncked at the dr, but there was n respnse. I gt int the huse thrugh the windw and fund my neighbr sleeping in his bedrm .I wke him up and we rushed ut f the huse tgether.（我报警，叫醒邻居）
We tried ur best t pur water thrugh the kitchen windw, but the fire was t heavy. Luckily, the firemen came and put ut the fire quickly. When my parents came back, they fund I was dirty and tired. After my neighbr tld them the whle stry, they were happy and said I was a brave by.（我们和火警一起救火）
What’s the passage mainly abut?
A. Hw t put ut a fire. B. My neighbr was a brave man.
C. I saved my neighbr frm the fire. D. I studied a test at hme.
2. 透过表象，揭示文章要表达的本质
主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。
1.We always celebrated Dad’s birthday n Thanksgiving Day, even after he entered a nursing hme. When we knew it might be his last birthday, the whle family decided t get tgether fr a huge birthday celebratin at the nursing hme.
Dad was a gd stryteller and we were always his listeners. During a quiet mment, I annunced it was nw Dad’s turn t listen t stries fr a change. I wanted everyne t tell Dad what we lved abut him. The rm became quiet. Then ne after anther, peple tld stries frm their hearts, while Dad listened with tears in eyes.
Everyne seemed t have mre than ne stry. Even the little grandchildren culdn’t wait t tell Dad why they lved him. Fr a man wh had been kind t s many hundreds f peple in his life, here was ur chance t tell him hw much we lve him. A few mnths later, at Dad’s memrial service, we mre fully realized what we had given t Dad that night. Thse are the stries peple nrmally tell at a funeral (葬礼) after a lved ne is n lnger alive t hear the wrds. They tell stries, full f tears. But we had given thse memries t Dad in his life, and we had tld them thrugh laughter, tgether with hugs and jy. He had them t hld and enjyed them frm time t time in his mind during his last days and mnths.
Wrds d matter, and they are enugh. We just need t say them r t speak them publicly the nes we lve. That’s the ways t give back lve and that’s ur chance t celebrate a persn in his r her life.
4. The best title f the passage can be ______.
A. An Amazing Stry B. A Kind Father C. Say Our Lve Publicly D. A Big Party
2. Why are yur study habits different frm thse f yur friends? Why d yu seem t learn faster in sme classes while mre slwly in thers? One reasn yu may nt knw is that peple have different learning types. Scientists say there are three different learning types: Visual (视觉型), Auditry (听觉型) and kinesthetic (动觉型).
Visual learners learn best by seeing. If yu seem t easily remember infrmatin frm pictures, graphs (图表) and vides, yu are prbably a visual learner. Yu’re nt gd at cpying dwn what the teacher says in class. Never mind. Yu can draw graphs r pictures instead, if yu find that wrks better fr yu.
Auditry learners learn best by hearing. If yu seem t easily remember things by hearing them, then yu are prbably an auditry learner. Yu must listen carefully while the teacher is speaking because it’s the easiest way fr yu t learn. Smetimes yu may find that taking ntes stps yu frm listening carefully. After class, yu can write dwn what yu remember r brrw yur friends’ ntes t cpy.
Kinesthetic learners learn best by ding. If yu seem t learn best by wrking with yur hands, yu are prbably a kinesthetic learner. Taking ntes by writing can make yu pay clse attentin t infrmatin as yu receive it. Of curse, yu can learn best by making full use f labs r ther class activities.
Hpe yu learn better by knwing what yur persnal learning type is.
The best title f this passage may be “_______”.
Study Habits B. Ways t Study C. Learning Types D. Reasns t Learn
3. 主旨大意题的干扰项
1.文中某个具体事实或细节
2.从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
3.非文章事实的主观臆断。
1.A city withut cars wuld be very strange, right? But Venice is such a city.
Venice is in the nrtheast f Italy. It wasn't built n land, like Beijing r Shanghai, but n mre than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere arund the city.
Even s, travel isn’t difficult. The waterways have always been the best way t get arund. There are 117 waterways and mre than 400 bridges that can guide yu where yu want t g. Peple in Venice mve frm place t place by bat. They like t enjy the scenery (风光) and cl summer nights while taking bat trips. They can talk t ther peple as they g alng.
Venice grew ut f small islands in saltwater lakes when sme Italians escaped frm a war ver 1,500 years ag, and built hmes there.
Water makes the city special, but it is als a big prblem. Smetimes turists will have such strange experiences. One mment they walk acrss the Rialt Bridge, and there’s nthing special. But when they cme back t the bridge an hur later, it’s underwater and everyne is wearing rain shes.
Once, peple used t much undergrund water. This made the city get lwer little by little. Nw the city has gne dwn by 23 centimeters. Anther prblem is the rising seawater. The temperature has risen ver the years. This has made the ice f the Arctic Ocean (北冰洋) melt (融化).
Every year, high waters hit the city in autumn and winter. When a lt f water cmes, mre than half f the city is underwater.
Scientists are trying different ways t stp the city frm getting even lwer. The Italian gvernment has asked sme f Italy’s biggest cmpanies t build the MOST prject, which was planned t be build under the seawater t stp the rising water. Anyway, this prject is helping slve the prblem.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
The passage is mainly abut ________ f Venice.
A. the waterways and bridge
B. the MOST prject and prblems
C. the specials and prblems
D. the histry and scenery
推理判断题
1.题型特点
推理判断题主要考查学生对文章言外之意的理解。这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,获取作者在文章中没有直接表述出来的态度、观点等。这种类型的题主要有三种形式:语义推理题、结论推理题和出处推理题。语义推理题要求学生根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出深层含义,比如推断文章或段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等;结论推理题和出处推理题要求学生根据文章中所列举的事实推断出符合逻辑的结论或文章的出处。
2.推理判断题主要的设问方式
①It can be inferred/cncluded/seen frm the passage that...
②Which f the fllwing cnclusins can be drawn accrding t the passage?
③The writer suggests that...
④The writer uses the example shw that...
⑤What’s the writer’s attitude
⑥What’s the writer’s purpse f writing the passage?
⑦Frm the passage,we knw...
⑧The writer prbably agrees that...
3.推理判断题的解题技巧
中考的阅读理解不仅要求考生读懂短文中的每个句子,而且还要求能理解句子之间的内在联系。有的试题要求根据中学生必须具有的常识,对所读的短文进行一定程度的推断;有的试题还要求了解其内在的逻辑关系,从而对所读的内容形成较深层的理解。一般来说,这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案,必须根据原文提供的有关信息,进行合理的推断才能回答。完成推理判断题,通常应注意以下两点:
(1)特别留心特定细节
所谓“特定细节”,就是问题所涉及的范围和对象中的细节事实。它一般包括事实根据、名字(人物或地点)、数字(日期或统计数字)、关键词语的其他表达方法(同义词、近义词、反义词)等。
(2)注意作者的语气和态度
作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的措辞和句式上。要特别注意感情色彩比较浓重的形容词和副词,特别留心短文句子的长度和结构。从措辞上我们可以推断出作者对所讨论话题的态度(肯定或否定,赞成或反对,褒扬或讽刺,喜好或厌恶等);从句式的长短和结构可以判断出作者讨论问题的语气(郑重其事还是轻松活泼,实事求是还是夸大其词,真挚热诚还是冷嘲热讽等)。
真题训练
一
On March 14, Stephen Hawking, the British physicist passed away at his hme in Cambridge.
Hawking is the writer f A Brief Histry f Time which is an internatinal bestseller. He was an icn(偶像) fr many reasns, but he will be best remembered fr his wrk in the field f science. Building n German scientist Albert Einstein’s wrk, Hawking explained that space started with the Big Bang, and wuld end with black hles. In 2011, Hawking said that philsphical prblems culd be answered by science, especially new scientific theries which “lead us t a new and very different picture f the universe and ur place in it”.
Besides his wrk in science, he als managed t vercme many difficulties in his persnal life. At the age f 21, he was diagnsed(诊断) with a disease. His illness left him paralyzed and he was nt able t walk any mre. He was even tld he nly had a shrt time t live. Hwever, as we all knw, he went n t becme ne f the greatest minds the wrld has ever knwn.
Hawking is n lnger with us, but his stry will cntinue t inspire(鼓舞) many peple in the wrld. As he nce said, “ Remember t lk up at the stars and nt dwn at yur feet. Be curius(有求知欲的) .”
1.Where did Stephen Hawking pass away?
A.Germany.B.England.C.America.D.Canada.
2.What makes peple remember best abut Hawking accrding t the passage?
A.His bk.B.His lifetime.
C.His illness.D.His science wrk.
3.The underlined wrd “paralyzed” prbably means “ ”.
A.消沉的B.沮丧的C.瘫痪的D.痛苦的
4.Which f the fllwing sentences is right?
A.Hawking wrte a bk named A Brief Histry f Time.
B.Hawking didn’t becme ne f the greatest minds the wrld has ever knwn.
C.Hawking explained his belief that space started with black hles.
D.Hawking said that philsphical prblems culdn’t be answered by science.
5.The underlined sentences mean that .
A.we shuld have the spirit f explring
B.the stars are mre beautiful than ur feet
C.we can’t lse ur curage f the happy life
D.we can defeat ur illnesses if we dn’t give up
二
Imagine yu walk int a stre. Strangely enugh, yu see n salespersn inside. Yu pick up things and prepare t wait in line and pay. But even mre ddly , there is n cashier(收银员) at all. S what has happened t this stre?
Well, yu may have entered Ta Café, a cashless stre created by Chinese e-cmmerce giant Alibaba. In July last year, the public gt t see the stre fr the first time at Alibaba’s Taba Maker Festival in Hangzhu.
The stre sells drinks, fast fd and snacks. It can hld 50 shppers at a time. T enter and shp, peple nly need a smartphne with a Taba app and an Alipay accunt (账户).
By scanning their Taba QR cde (二维码), shppers are fllwed with cameras fr facial recgnitin(面部识别). The stre has als digitalized (数字化) all gds n the shelves. S when shppers pick up gds, the system will be able t “watch” and “remember” their chice.
When shppers are ready t leave, they dn’t wait in line t pay. Instead, they g thrugh tw checkut(结账) drs. Then the bills will autmatically be paid with a Taba accunt cnnected t Alipay.
Accrding t Alibaba, the checkut machines can recgnize gds even when shppers put them in pckets r bags. S it is almst impssible t steal things frm the stre.
Ta Café is nt the nly cashless stre in China. A 24-hur cnvenience stre with n salespersn called BingBx pened in Shanghai last year. T enter the stre, shppers scan a QR cde n WeChat r Alipay. But unlike Ta Café, they have t scan anther QR cde t leave the BingBx.
1.The underlined wrd “ddly”prbably means “ ”.
A.strangelyB.happily
C.imprtantlyD.interestingly
2.Ta Café is knwn as .
A.a cffee shpB.a cashless stre
C.an nline streD.a camera shp
3.What d yu need if yu want t buy things frm Ta Café?
a.a smartphneb.a Taba app
c.an Alipay accuntd.a BingBx QR cde
A.a, b, cB.a, b, dC.a, c, d D.b, c, d
4.What are Paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly abut?
A.Hw t check ut in Ta Café. B.Why Ta Café needs cameras.
C.Hw the system in Ta Café wrks.D.Why peple find gds easily in Ta Café.
5.What can we infer (推断) frm the passage?
A.Students can buy many kinds f schl things in Ta Café.
B.Lts f things will be lst in the cashless stre.
C.Peple can’t buy anything at midnight at BingBx.
D.It saves peple much time t shp at Ta Café.
三
When I visited my cusin in Ohi last spring, she gave me a keepsake that I wuld treasure frever. It was a small bk titled The Gate f Pearl. This beautiful little nvel was bund in a sft leather cver with a picture wnderfully etched in gld n the frnt.
As I held the bk in my hand fr the first time, I nticed that the picture was f tw angel-like wmen wh were hlding a large circle n which the wrd “Lve” was written. There were rays cming frm it, making it appear t shine.
I pened the bk carefully. The bk was very ld, and the pages were brwn and fragile. I discvered that this bk was written in 1869. Hwever, the amazing thing was that this dear bk nce belnged t my great-great Aunt Katie, wh was brn in 1860. In 1872, she signed her name in neat cursive writing inside the frnt cver and nw, mre than 100 years later, I was hlding this precius heirlm in my hand.
I pened a page and read a sentence r tw. “We are nly separated by time, my child. Keep yur heart filled with lve.” At that mment, I knew Aunt Katie had just tuched my life.
1.Which is TRUE abut the bk The Gate f Pearl?
A.It came ut last spring.B.It was written in Ohi.
C.It was frm the writer’s cusin.D.It was written by the writer’s great-great Aunt Katie.
2.What des the underlined wrd “it” in the secnd paragraph refer t?
A.The wrd “Lve”.B.The bk cver.
C.The circle.D.The gld picture.
3. gave me the bk The Gate f Pearl?
A.The writer f the bkB.The writer
C.My Aunt KatieD.My cusin
4.What did the writer think f the bk?
A.It was amazing.B.It was t ld t read.
C.It was an educatinal bk.D.It was a precius heirlm.
5.What can we learn frm the passage?
A.The writer’s cusin didn’t treasure the bk.
B.The writer respected and lved Aunt Katie.
C.Aunt Katie wrte the bk ver 100 years ag.
D.Aunt Katie was brn in Ohi in 1872.
四
If yu’re a kid wh likes t have fun and chat with friends nline, here’s advice n hw yu can stay safe and avid prblems.
★Visit safer websites. Yur parents and teachers can guide yu t the best websites. Sme websites have age restrictins, s yu might be tempted t lie abut yur age. It’s safer t tell the truth and avid thse websites until yu’re lder.
★Guard yur passwrds. Yu can set yur wn passwrds. Passwrds are yur secret. It’s dangerus t tell yur passwrds t thers. S, dn’t share yur passwrds with anyne except yur parents.
★Limit what yu share. Never tell a stranger where yu live r yur phne number. If yu’re nt sure whether yu shuld share smething, ask a parent. Remember that anything yu put nline is there frever, even if yu try t delete it. If yu dn’t want yur class t knw r see smething, yu shuldn’t share it with anyne nline, nt even yur best friends.
★Be chsy abut yur nline friends. Sme websites let kids make lts f friends with peple they dn’t knw. But nline friends are nt the same as real in-persn friends. Never agree t meet an nline friend in persn r give ut persnal infrmatin. It’s dangerus because sme peple pretend t be kids nline but actually are bad adults.
1.Which suggestin is abut passwrds?
A.The first ne.B.The secnd ne.
C.The third ne.D.The furth ne.
2.The underlined wrd “chsy” prbably means “ ” in Chinese.
A.挑剔的B.宽松的C.严厉的D.认真的
3.Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A.There aren’t any websites which have age restrictins.
B.Yu shuld never tell yur parents abut yur passwrds.
C.Yu can never tell strangers abut yur persnal infrmatin.
D.Online friends are the same as real in-persn friends.
4.The purpse f the passage is t .
A.encurage students t use the Internet mre ften
B.teach students hw t make mre friends
C.ask students t set safe passwrds nline
D.tell students hw t stay safe nline
5.The best title f the passage may be “ ”.
A.Online SafetyB.Safe Websites
C.Passwrd SafetyD.Online Friends