2022高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars训练含解析新人教版必修3

这是一份2022高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars训练含解析新人教版必修3，共12页。
Ⅰ.语境填词
1．Stephen Hawking was ne f the mst famus physicists(物理学家) in the wrld and made a great cntributin t science thrughut his life.
2．The kids n the bus seemed exhausted(精疲力竭)after the lng trip t Munt Huang.
3．The typhn was s vilent(暴力的) that it damaged s many huses.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Fr the past tw years, Grdn's students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity(重力)．
5．A truck went ut f cntrl and crashed(碰撞；坠落) int the back f a bus.
6．The ld scientist tld his students that scientific theries(理论) must be based n facts.
7．The atmsphere(氛围) f the picnic is very friendly. Children are having fun with each ther.
8．Accustmed t the climate(气候) in the cuntryside, the ld cuple prefer nt t mve t the city.
Ⅱ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The ppularity f these platfrms is spreading glbally(glbe)．
2．(2019·江苏卷)Steve mved t the pian and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently(gentle) placed his fingers n the keys.
3．(2019·江苏卷)At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence(vilent) far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
4．The interests he is mst likely(unlike) t enjy will be thse which enable him t shw ff himself r his talents.
5．Many wastes prduced in the prducing prcess are harmful(harm) as well.
6．What puzzles(puzzle) me is why he has left the cuntry withut telling anyne.
7．The driver was driving when he lst cntrl f the car by accident, crashing(crash) int a truck.
8．He lent a hand t us, which multiplied(multiply) ur chances f success several times.
Ⅲ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
1．As is knwn t us, the Peple's Republic f China came int existence(exist) as an independent cuntry in 1949.
2．A new hspital has been planned t be built here, and they are ging t pull dwn that ld building.
3．The cnstitutin, unlike ther frms f laws, is fundamental t keeping ur scial system wrking prperly.
4．They didn't expect that the new manager wuld prevent the plan frm being_carried(carry) ut.
5．Little Alice wh nce was bitten by a snake lked at the snake, frightened(frighten)．
6．During thse fur years, he wrked day and night, thus imprving(imprve) his thery gradually until it was cmplete.
7．Whether their wedding ceremny will be held in the pen air tmrrw depends n the weather.
8．They want t make it clear t the public that the clean wrkers d an imprtant and necessary jb.
9．Li Hng's mbile phne lked just the same as Zhang Hua's, but it cst twice as much as his.
10．(全国卷Ⅰ)I think it great fun t_learn(learn) the pems written in the Tang Dynasty with yu.
Ⅳ.易错误用(改正下列语句中的错误，每句最多两处错误)
1．There exists s many chemical factries which ur hmeland is seriusly plluted. Therefre, if we dn't take actin n time, it will be difficult fr us t save ur land.
答案：第一句：exists→exist; which→that；第二句：n→in
2．Once ur playgrund was t small, which prevented us have enugh space t play and exercise. Nw, the new ne is abut three times large than the ld ne, which even makes pssible fr us t hld sprts meetings.
答案：第一句：have→having；第二句：large→larger; 在makes后加it
3．There are billin f asterids in the space. But we human beings are still puzzling abut hw they came t existence.
答案：第一句：billin→billins；第二句：puzzling→puzzled; t→int
Ⅴ.完成句子/句型转换/一句多译
1．(2018·北京卷满分作文)我详细地解释这个过程的每一步，这也许能够使他们了解如何泡茶。
I explained every step f the prcess in detail, which_made_it_pssible_fr_them_t_understand hw t make tea.
2．既然你精通英语，你就可以申请这份工作。
Nw_that_yu_have_a_gd_cmmand_f_English,_yu can apply fr the jb.
3．我的父母一天天的变老，该轮到我开始照顾他们了。
My parents are getting lder and lder, s it_is_my_turn_t_start lking after them.
4．互联网的发明注定要改变我们相互交流的方式。
The inventin f the Internet is_t_change_the_way we cmmunicate with each ther.
5．These travelers returned t the htel. They are tired and sleepy.
→These travelers returned t the htel, tired_and_sleepy．(形容词短语作状语)
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们的学校是十年前的三倍大。
①The shrt film tells abut the develpment f ur schl. Nw ur schl is_three_times_as_big_as that ten years ag. ()
②The shrt film tells abut the develpment f ur schl. Nw ur schl is_twice_bigger_than that ten years ag. (than)
③The shrt film tells abut the develpment f ur schl. Nw ur schl is_three_times_the_size_f that ten years ag. (size)
B卷——大题提能练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2021·湖北部分重点中学高三第一次考试)Step int Mving t Mars, an exhibitin f Mars missin and clny design at Lndn's Design Museum, and immediately yu have gd reasns nt t mve there.
Frightening texts n the walls annunce that Mars wasn't made fr yu; that there is n life and precius little water；that, dressed in a spacesuit, yu will never tuch, taste r smell the planet yu nw call “hme”．As Lisa Grssman wrte fr New Scientist a cuple f years ag，“What's different abut Mars is that there is nthing t d there except try nt t die.”
It is an dd beginning fr such a celebratry exhibitin, but it prvides a valuable, dark backgrund against which the rest f the shw can sparkle (闪耀)—a shw that is, as its chief manager Justin McGuirk remarks，“nt abut Mars; this is an exhibitin abut peple.”
Mving alng, there is a quick yet clear flash thrugh what the science fictin writer Kim Stanley Rbinsn calls“the histry f Mars in the human mind”．A Babylnian clay tablet and a Greek vase speak f early ideas abut the planet.A pster fr the riginal Ttal Recall film reminds us f Mars's psychlgical threat.
The main part f the shw is ur current plans fr the Red Planet.There are real spacesuits and mdels f 3D­printed Martian settlements and suitable clthing and furniture.Missin architecture and engineering sketches line the walls.Real hammers meant fr the Internatinal Space Statin are wall­munted(固定在墙上的) beside a lw­gravity table that has yet t leave and may indeed never leave Earth.
This, f curse, is the great strength f appraching science thrugh design：reality and assumptins can be given equal visual weight, drawing us int an infrmed cnversatin abut what it is that we actually want frm a future n Mars.
1．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Hw t mve t Mars.
B．Hw t survive n Mars.
C．What preparatins we made fr Mars.
D．What the exhibitin f Mars truly tells us.
2．What can we learn frm Lisa Grssman?
A．It's impractical t live n Mars.
B．It's n gd settling n Mars.
C．Yu have nthing t d when living n Mars.
D．Yu can live n Mars in a spacesuit.
3．What des the exhibitin fcus n?
A．The current plans fr Mars.
B．The advantages f living n Mars.
C．The early ideas abut Mars.
D．The histry f Mars in the human mind.
4．What des the authr want t tell us in the last paragraph?
A．A stry.B．An pinin.
C．A fantasy.D．A slutin.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个名为“移居火星”的展览的相关内容；此展览主要展示了有关火星任务及移民设计方面的情况。
1．D 解析：主旨大意题。第一段是文章的总述部分，第二至第五段详细介绍了展览的相关内容，并结合尾段作者的观点可知，本文主要是关于“移居火星”展览真正告诉我们的信息。故选D。
2．A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“What's different abut Mars is that there is nthing t d there except try nt t die.”可知，在火星上人类除了努力地活着之外，在那里什么也做不了。由此可推知，在火星上生活是不切实际的。故选A。
3．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“The main part f the shw is ur current plans fr the Red Planet.”可知，这个展览的主要部分是我们目前关于这颗红色星球的计划。故选A。
4．B 解析：推理判断题。通读第六段可知，该段表述作者对这个展览的看法。故选B。
B
(2021·泰安6月高考全真模拟)Alice is a senir at Sunset High Schl (SHS) in America.The kids in her schl are lking frward t senir graduatin and summer vacatin.And they still desire t live a significant life：ding smething wrthwhile and making a difference.
Alice, senir class president, decides t take actin by rganizing a fd drive.She als decides t reach ut t the cmmunity in the neighbrhd fr supprt.
She wrte, “Hi! My name is Alice and I'm a senir at Sunset! The SHS student gvernment is hsting a drive and cllecting the canned and bxed fd fr needy families.I knw many students in the slum (贫民窟) are nt able t access regular meals withut schl.One hundred percent f everything dnated will g t families in need.S it wuld be amazing if anybdy culd dnate any extra fd and lay it arund the huse.I wuld be s happy t cme by and pick up any extra fd that anyne has and just let me knw！”
S far, the cmmunity has made sme 400 dnatins, and Alice has picked up each ne.They're left in brwn paper bags arund their huses, and she handles them with the latest glves.It's all packaged fd, and the packaging is cleaned with disinfected wipes.Alng with the rest f the student unin, which brainstrmed the idea last week, Alice is setting up distributin centers t dispense the fd in the city s families can get what they need.
“In the cmmunity, I've seen s many peple ffering their help, and I've picked up s many dnatins frm cmmunity residents，” Alice said.“It's nice t see peple supprting each ther.I think it's really gd that we're being mre cautius, especially within the cmmunity.”Every individual is aware f hw t take care f themselves, their family and thers arund them.They jin hands t make a big difference indeed.With everyne's effrts, the dnatin wrk ges n easily and smthly and many pr families have gt help.
5．What d we knw abut the students at SHS in the text?
A．They're eager fr a meaningful life.
B．They've helped t build a cmmunity.
C．They've graduated frm senir high schl.
D．They're frced t d smething wrthwhile.
6．Why did Alice rganize the fd drive?
A．T gain greater ppularity.
B．T get fd fr families in need.
C．T set up the SHS student unin.
D．T dnate fd t the students in her schl.
7．What des the underlined wrd “dispense” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Recycle.B．Hand ut.
C．Gain.D．Chew up.
8．What can be cncluded frm the last paragraph?
A．East r west, hme is best.
B．It's gd t learn at anther man's cst.
C．Actins speak luder than wrds.
D．Many hands make light wrk.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是爱丽丝和她的同学号召社区的人捐赠食物以帮助有需要的人。
5．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的“And they still desire t live a significant life：ding smething wrthwhile and making a difference.”可知，他们渴望有意义的生活，故选A项。
6．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“My name is Alice and I'm a senir at Sunset！The SHS student gvernment is hsting a drive and cllecting the canned and bxed fd fr needy families.”可知，爱丽丝组织食品运动是为了帮助贫困的家庭，使他们得到食物。
7．B 解析：词义猜测题。结合语境以及画线词所在句中的“Alice is setting up distributin centers”“s families can get what they need”可知，爱丽丝建立分发中心是为了分发食物，这样许多家庭就可以得到他们需要的东西，画线词与hand ut“分发”意思相近，故选B项。
8．D 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的“They jin hands t make a big difference indeed.With everyne's effrts，the dnatin wrk ges n easily and smthly and many pr families have gt help.”可知，在大家的共同努力下，捐赠工作进行得轻松顺利，许多贫困家庭得到了帮助，即大家一起努力使事情变得容易，故选D项“众人拾柴火焰高”。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2021·江西五校协作体高三模拟)Brke Ocha was ging t enter a restaurant fr lunch when she saw an elderly lady appraching.The 30­year­ld wman __1__t keep the dr pen fr her.She thught she was just ding smething__2__．She didn't knw, hwever, that a remark (评论) that the lady wuld make a few secnds later wuld __3__a chain f events that wuld cause her t get cuntless likes n her pst and __4__n scial media suddenly.As Brke entered the restaurant, she__5__the elderly lady asking fr “a table fr ne”．Then she decided t d ne mre act f__6__．Brke walked up t the lady's__7__ and asked，“I als__8__alne.Wuld yu like t have lunch tgether？”
The lady, named Dlres, nt nly accepted Brke's __9__， but she was very pleased t have __10__．The tw__11__up an instant friendship during their meal.
Dlres tld Brke that she'd been having a__12__time.“She spent the last decade living with her mm, wh recently passed away，”Brke wrte in a later pst abut the encunter.“She just kept smiling and saying‘Thank yu fr listening t me’， which made me__13__t！” Brke and Dlres enjyed their cnversatin s much that they__14__t have lunch with each ther every Thursday frm that pint n.In a later__15__，nt lng after their first meeting, Brke__16__that Dlres had passed away.
If nthing else, this chance__17__is evidence that the smallest __18__f gdwill can quite exactly change a life.Neither f the tw wmen knew that Dlres's days n earth were s__19__，but they fund__20__in each ther, and that's what matters.
1．A.hesitatedB．waited
C．cmpetedD．pretended
2．A.pliteB．hnest
C．wiseD．flish
3．A.ignreB．reprt
C．remveD．prduce
4．A.take ffB．set ff
C．leave ffD．cut ff
5．A.realizedB．felt
C．insistedD．verheard
6．A.weaknessB．kindness
C．friendshipD．encuragement
7．A.carB．cunter
C．drD．table
8．A.struggleB．defend
C．eatD．pst
9．A.bwB．care
C．effrtD．ffer
10．A.cmpanyB．frictin
C．adjustmentD．permissin
11．A.turnedB．built
C．threwD．put
12．A.pleasantB．shrt
C．tughD．lucky
13．A.sbB．panic
C．listenD．smile
14．A.seemedB．refused
C．agreedD．remained
15．A.updateB．purchase
C．absenceD．praise
16．A.apprvedB．tld
C．analyzedD．cmmitted
17．A.cmplaintB．argument
C．cnversatinD．appintment
18．A.strengthB．act
C．cmpetenceD．fault
19．A.limitedB．rich
C．lngD．pr
20．A.successB．reality
C．cmfrtD．equality
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。布鲁克·奥乔亚去餐馆吃饭时偶遇了一位老妇人，她为这位老妇人开门，又在得知老妇人自己一个人吃饭后邀请其共进午餐，两人由此建立了友谊，并约定每周四共进午餐；但在她们第一次见面后不久，那位老妇人就去世了。这段友谊虽然很短暂，但是她们在彼此身上找到了安慰。
1．B 解析：根据空后的“keep the dr pen fr her”和下文布鲁克因为这个行为获赞可知，布鲁克在那等着为那位老妇人开门。故选B。hesitate意为“犹豫”，pretend意为“假装”。
2．A 解析：根据上文内容并结合常识可知，等着为别人开门是一种礼貌的行为。故选A。
3．D 解析：与该句中的“cause”呼应，并结合空后的“a chain f events”可知，此处表示几秒后那位老妇人的评论会引起(prduce)一连串的事件。
4．A 解析：与句中的“get cuntless likes”呼应可知，此处表示布鲁克因为无数点赞而在社交媒体上开始走红。take ff意为“开始走红”，set ff意为“出发”，leave ff意为“停止、中断”，cut ff意为“中断”。
5．D 解析：根据语境可知，当布鲁克走进餐馆，她无意中听到那位老妇人正在要一张单人桌。verhear意为“无意中听到、偶然听到”。
6．B 解析：根据上文可知，布鲁克为老妇人开门是一种礼貌的行为；当她无意中听到那位老妇人想要一张单人桌时，她决定再多做一个善举。
7．D 解析：根据上文中的“table”可知，布鲁克走到老妇人的餐桌旁邀请她一起共进午餐。
8．C 解析：根据空后的“Wuld yu like t have lunch tgether？”可知，布鲁克也是一个人来餐馆吃饭的。
9．D 解析：根据上文中的“Wuld yu like t have lunch tgether？”可知，这是布鲁克的提议(ffer)。
10．A 解析：与上文中的“a table fr ne”“alne”形成对比可知，老妇人不仅接受了布鲁克的提议，而且也乐意吃饭有个伴儿。cmpany意为“陪伴”，frictin意为“摩擦”，adjustment意为“调整”，permissin意为“许可”。
11．B 解析：根据语境可知，两个陌生人在就餐过程中迅速建立了友谊。
12．C 解析：根据下一句中的“She spent the last decade living with her mm，wh recently passed away”可推知，老妇人当时正在过着艰难的日子。tugh意为“艰难的”。
13．D 解析：根据本句中的“She just kept smiling”和“t”可知，老妇人感染了布鲁克，布鲁克也面带微笑。故选D。sb意为“啜泣”，panic意为“(使)惊慌”。
14．C 解析：根据该句中的“Brke and Dlres enjyed their cnversatin s much”可知，布鲁克和德洛丽丝聊得很开心，因此两人约定每个星期四都共进午餐。agree意为“商定、约定”。
15．A 解析：与上文“Brke wrte in a later pst abut the encunter.”呼应可知，此处表示在布鲁克和德洛丽丝第一次见面之后不久更新的一篇帖子中，布鲁克说德洛丽丝已经去世了。
16．B 解析：参见上题解析。
17．C 解析：根据上文中的“Brke and Dlres enjyed their cnversatin s much” 可知，此处表示布鲁克和德洛丽丝共进午餐时所进行的谈话。
18．B 解析：与上文中的“Then she decided t d ne mre act f ______．”形成呼应可推知，此处表示善举。故选B。cmpetence意为“能力”，fault意为“过错、过失”。
19．A 解析：根据上文可知，在布鲁克和德洛丽丝约定一起共进午餐后不久，德洛丽丝就去世了，故此处表示当时她们都不知道德洛丽丝在世的时间如此有限。
20．C 解析：布鲁克和德洛丽丝共进午餐时聊得很开心，她们之间建立了友谊。彼此在对方那里找到了安慰。
Ⅲ.短文改错
Ten years ag, my hmetwn is a small and pr city with few factries.And the citizens had few chice n transprtatin.Hwever, nwadays my hmetwn has taken n brand new lk with rapid develpment f culture and ecnmy.The citizens' living cnditins have been greatly imprve and their lifestyles are different frm in the past.Shp nline has becme ppular.When they cmes t transprtatin, private cars have becme a cmmn way f traveling beside public transprtatin.The best change is which all the peple are living a hpeful life with cnfident.
答案：
Ten years ag, my hmetwn eq \f(is,①was) a small and pr city with few factries.And the citizens had few eq \f(chice,②chices) n transprtatin.Hwever, nwadays my hmetwn has taken n brand new lk with rapid develpment f culture and ecnmy.The citizens' living cnditins have been greatly eq \f(imprve,④imprved) and their lifestyles are different frm the past.eq \f(Shp,⑥Shpping) nline has becme ppular.When eq \f(they,⑦it) cmes t transprtatin, private cars have becme a cmmn way f traveling eq \f(beside,⑧besides) public transprtatin.The best change is eq \f(which,⑨that) all the peple are living a hpeful life with eq \f(cnfident,⑩cnfidence).
①is改为was。考查时态。根据句中的时间状语Ten years ag可知，此处应用一般过去时。
②chice改为chices。考查名词的单复数。chice意为“选择”，为可数名词，根据句中的few可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。
③在brand前加a。考查冠词。句中的lk意为“样子”，为可数名词，此处表示“呈现一个全新的样貌”，属于泛指，故用不定冠词，且brand的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。
④imprve改为imprved。考查语态。句子的主语The citizens' living cnditins与动词imprve是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态。
⑤删除frm后的in。考查介词。本句中的the past作介词frm的宾语，in多余，故删除。
⑥Shp改为Shpping。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处作句子的主语，且助动词为has，因此用动词­ing形式作主语。
⑦they改为it。考查代词。when it cmes t sth./t ding sth.是固定句式，表示“当涉及某事(或做某事)时”。
⑧beside改为besides。考查介词。由句意可知，此处表示除了公共交通之外，私家车已成为一种常见的交通方式。besides意为“除……之外”。beside意为“在旁边”，不符合语境。
⑨which改为that。考查名词性从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导。that引导表语从句时常不可省略。
⑩cnfident改为cnfidence。考查名词。该词位于介词with之后，应用名词形式。with cnfidence意为“满怀信心地”。