03-冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题（上海专用）

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冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题（上海专用）03（一）Scientists Teach Goldfish to Drive a Car on LandScientists in Israel have taught goldfish an unusual way to reach a target(目标)—by driving a small robotic car on dry land. The experiment was designed to test whether goldfish could find their way in conditions very d_____1_____ from their natural living conditions.The experiment was led by researchers at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. They wanted to see whether goldfish’s ability to navigate (find their way) d_____2_____ on their natural environment, or if they could navigate even under very unusual conditions. They learned that goldfish can find their way, even on dry land.To test the goldfish, the researchers c_____3_____ a special robotic car that could drive forward, backward, and from side to side. The scientists called the car a “Fish Operated Vehicle” (FOV).A goldfish was placed inside a water tank on the FOV. Using a special system, the car tracked where the goldfish was and what direction it was swimming. The FOV would then automatically move in the same direction.The scientists worked with six various goldfish. They tested them by placing the car in a small room with a pink target on one side. The fish were g_____4_____ a food pellet(小球) when the car touched the target.At first, it took the fish about a half an hour to drive to the target. But by the end of the experiment, they were able to c_____5_____ the same challenge in less than a minute.Shachar Givon, one of the researchers said, “As anyone who has tried to learn how to ride a bike or to drive a car knows, it is challenging at first.”Not only did the goldfish show that they could drive to the target, they weren’t fooled by fake targets of other colors. They were also able to get themselves free when the car was stuck next to a wall.T_____6_____ the experiment showed that the fish were able to navigate to a target, it’s not likely that the fish knew they were controlling a car. They may not have even realized they were moving on land. The researchers say that in the future it may be p_____7_____ to change the FOV to test these ideas.  答案：1.different 2.depends 3.created 4.given 5.complete 6.Though 7.possible 译文：科学家们教金鱼在陆地上驾驶汽车以色列科学家教金鱼用一种不同寻常的方式来到达目标——在陆地上驾驶一辆小型机器人汽车。该实验旨在测试金鱼是否能在与自然生活条件非常不同的条件下找到解决办法。该实验由以色列内盖夫的本-古里安大学的研究人员领导。他们想看看金鱼的导航能力（找到它们的路）是否取决于它们的自然环境，或者它们是否能在特殊的条件下进行导航。他们知道金鱼可以找到自己的路，即使是在陆地上。为了测试这些金鱼，研究人员发明了一种特殊的机器人汽车，它可以向前、向后、左右行驶。科学家们称这辆车为“锦鲤机车”(FOV)。一条金鱼被放在了FOV上的一个水箱里。汽车使用一个特殊的系统，跟踪金鱼的位置和游泳的方向。然后，FOV就会自动向同一方向移动。科学家们研究了六条不同的金鱼。他们把车放在一个小房间里，一边有一个粉红色的目标。当汽车碰到目标时，这些鱼会得到一粒鱼食。起初，鱼花了大约半个小时才开车开到目标上。但在实验结束时，他们已经在不到一分钟的时间内完成了同样的挑战。其中一名研究人员沙查尔·吉文说：“任何试图学习如何骑自行车或开车的人都知道，这一开始是一个挑战。”金鱼不仅显示了它们可以开车到目标，而且没有被其他颜色的假目标干扰。当汽车卡在墙旁时，他们也能获得自由。虽然实验表明，这些鱼能够导航到一个目标，但这些鱼不太可能知道他们在控制一辆汽车。他们甚至可能还没有意识到自己是在陆地上移动。研究人员表示，未来可能有可能改变FOV来测试这些想法。  （二）David Bennett, a 57-year-old man from the US, received the world’s first pig heart transplant(移植) in January. He died two months later, on March 9.It may sound like a failure, but it a_____1_____ is a big step forward for xenotransplantation(异种器官移植). Xenotransplantation has been a hot topic in medical research for many years, as doctors and scientists look for ways to s_____2_____ the big problem of organ(器官) transplant waiting lists. In the US alone, over 100,000 patients(病人) are on a list waiting for new organs. Many of them will die before getting their c_____3_____ to receive a heart, lung or kidney(肾). Therefore, medical science has turned to animal organs. Doctors have experimented with xenotransplantation since the early 20th century. There are f_____4_____ success stories. Usually, patients’ bodies reject(排斥) the animal organs. Bennett lived much longer than other xenotransplant patients. That’s because scientists removed pig genes(基因) that would cause fast rejection.Then they added human genes to help the body a_____5_____ the organ.“A lot of new information will come out that will help the field move forward at a faster pace(节奏),” Muhammad Mohiuddin, director of the transplant program, told The Guardian.In a_____6_____ xenotransplant success, in 2021, doctors at New York University attached(连接) gene-edited pig kidneys to a human patient’s blood vessels(血管) outside of the body. Also that year, doctors at the University of Alabama put the gene-edited pig kidneys inside a patient’s body. T_____7_____ these recent successes were short-lived, they show that there may be a way forward for xenotransplants.  答案：1.actually 2.solve 3.chance 4.few 5.accept 6.another 7.Though 译文：来自美国的57岁男子大卫·班尼特(David Bennett)今年1月接受了世界上第一次猪心脏移植手术。两个月后，3月9日，他去世了。这听起来像是失败的，但实际上是异种移植向前迈出的一大步。多年来，异种移植一直是医学研究的热门话题，因为医生和科学家都在寻找方法来解决器官移植等待名单的大问题。仅在美国，就有超过10万名患者在等待新器官的名单上。他们中的许多人在有机会获得心脏、肺或肾之前死亡。因此，医学科学已经转向了动物器官。自20世纪初以来，医生们就开始试验异种移植。很少有成功的故事。通常，病人的身体排斥动物器官。班尼特比其他异种移植患者的寿命要长得多。这是因为科学家们删除了会导致快速排斥的猪基因。然后，他们添加了人类基因来帮助身体接受这个器官。移植项目主任穆罕默德·穆希丁告诉《卫报》：“许多新信息将公布，帮助该领域以更快的速度向前发展。”在另一次2021年异种移植的成功中，纽约大学的医生将基因编辑的猪肾连接到人类患者体外的血管上。同样是在那一年，阿拉巴马大学的医生们将经过基因编辑的猪肾脏放入了病人的体内。虽然这些最近的成功是短暂的，但它们表明，异种移植可能有一条前进的道路。  （三）International Women's DayInternational Women's Day(IWD) is celebrated around the world on March 8 every year. It b_____1_____ as a campaign(运动) for better working conditions by women in New York at the turn(世纪之交) of the 20th century.The first official IWD was on February 28, 1909. N_____2_____ knows for sure why the date changed to March 8, but this is the date when thousands of women started annual(每年的) marches(游行) in New York’s streets.The first international women’s conference took place in 1910, in Denmark. Since then, IWD has s_____3_____around the world. Today it is an important day to highlight(强调) the economic, political and social contributions women have made to our world. Women can now be h_____4_____ that things are moving in the right direction.IWD is an official holiday in many countries, i_____5_____ Algeria, China, Cuba, Italy, Poland, Vietnam, and Zambia. All across the world, men give flowers and other gifts to the women in their lives - mothers, wives, girlfriends, sisters, teachers, etc.In Portugal and Romania, women celebrate by having "women-only" dinners. IWD is a big e_____6_____ in India, where people hold celebrations throughout the day. Indian men want to show how important women are to their society. All around the world women are becoming more p_____7_____ in business, entertainment, politics and other areas. There are over a dozen nations today with women leaders. However, IWD is still necessary to highlight the inequality(不平等)millions of women still face.  答案：1.began 2.Nobody 3.spread 4.happier 5.including 6.event 7.powerful 译文：国际妇女节每年的3月8日，世界各地都会庆祝国际妇女节(IWD)。它始于20世纪之交，旨在为纽约妇女改善工作条件的运动。第一次正式的国际妇女节是在1909年2月28日。没有人确切知道为什么这个日期改为3月8日，但这是成千上万的女性开始每年在纽约街头游行的日期。第一次国际妇女会议于1910年在丹麦举行。从那时起，IWD就传遍了世界各地。今天是强调妇女对我们的世界所作出的经济、政治和社会贡献的重要一天。女性现在可以更高兴了，因为事情正朝着正确的方向发展。国际妇女节是许多国家的官方假日，包括阿尔及利亚、中国、古巴、意大利、波兰、越南和赞比亚。在世界各地，男士都会给他们生活中的女性送鲜花和其他礼物——母亲、妻子、女朋友、姐妹、老师等等。在葡萄牙和罗马尼亚，妇女们通过举办“只有妇女才能参加”的晚餐来庆祝。国际妇女节在印度是一个大型活动，人们一整天都在举行庆祝活动。印度男人想要展示女性对她们的社会有多重要。世界各地的女性在商业、娱乐、政治和其他领域都在变得越来越强大。今天有十几个国家有女性领导人。然而，IWD仍然有必要强调数百万妇女仍然面临的不平等。  （四）Things You Didn’t Know About the Leaning Tower of Pisa(比萨斜塔)The Leaning Tower of Pisa, with beauty and folly(愚蠢), is one of the most famous buildings in the world. But behind that famous tilt(倾斜) is a fascinating history. If you w_____1_____ how history’s most famous architectural mishap(事故) happened, check out our list of the things you didn’t know about the Leaning Tower of Pisa.1. The tower was built to show off (with stolen money)After attacking and occupying Palermo(巴勒莫) in 1063, the city government needed a place to display all of the treasures that adventurers had brought back from Sicily(西西里岛), so they d_____2_____ to build the “Field of Miracles”, which would eventually be home to a Cathedral, Baptistery, cemetery, and one very tall bell tower.2.It’s not the only leaning tower in PisaBecause of the soft soil of the entire area, there are actually several leaning towers of Pisa. You can see a_____3_____ two towers in Pisa’s Borgo Stretto(博尔戈·斯特雷托). 3.The tower has leaned in multiple(多个的) directionsMany engineers tried, h_____4_____ of years to correct the famous lean. When construction began again on the third story in the 13th century, engineers tried to prevent the tilt by building straight upwards, but the center of gravity(重力) was thrown off and the tower simply began to lean in a different direction. 4.Wars and economic conflict(冲突) may have saved the towerDebt(债务) and war aren't good for great construction projects in Italy, but for Leaning Tower of Pisa, they may have just been a saving grace(恩泽). Some structural engineers think that continued delays in construction over 200 years may have given the soil underneath(在下面) the tower time to compress(压缩), f_____5_____ stopping it from falling over.5.You can climb to the top That’s right—the most famous structurally unsound(不健全) building in the world is o_____6_____ to visitors. It hosts large numbers of visitors every day.6.The tower is currently(目前) stableIn 2008 engineers found that the tower is officially no longer moving—the first time in its history that it hasn’t been slowly leaning to one side. 200 years from now, let’s just h_____7_____ we have the technology to save the tower for 200 more years!  答案：1.wonder 2.decided 3.another 4.hundreds 5.finally 6.open 7.hope 译文：关于比萨斜塔，你不知道的事比萨斜塔，美丽和愚蠢并存，是世界上最著名的建筑之一。但在这一著名的倾斜事件的背后，是一段迷人的历史。如果你想知道最著名的建筑事故是如何发生的，看看我们列出的你不知道的关于比萨斜塔的事。1.建造这座塔是为了炫耀（用偷来的钱）在1063年攻占巴勒莫后，市政府需要一个地方来展示冒险家们从西西里岛掠夺来的所有宝藏，所以他们决定建造“奇迹之地”，最终成为大教堂、洗礼地、墓地和一个非常高的钟楼的所在地。2.这不是比萨唯一的斜塔由于整个地区的软土，实际上有几个斜塔。你可以在比萨的博尔戈·斯特雷托看到另外两个。3.这座塔已经向多个方向倾斜了几百年来，许多工程师都尝试修正塔的倾斜。13世纪，当第三层再次开始施工时，工程师们试图通过垂直向上的建筑来阻止倾斜，但由于重心被变动，塔又开始向另一个的方向倾斜。4.战争和经济冲突可能拯救了这座塔债务和在意大利的战争对伟大的建筑项目通常不是好事，但就比萨斜塔而言，它们可能恰恰相反。一些结构工程师认为，200多年的持续延误可能使已经略微倾斜的塔下面的土壤有时间压缩，最终使其免于倒塌。5.你可以爬到塔顶没错，这座世界上最著名的结构不健全的建筑现在正向游客开放。它每天都接待大量的游客。6.这座塔目前还很稳定2008年，工程师们发现这座塔已经正式停止移动---这是它历史上第一次没有慢慢地倾斜到一侧。200年后，我们只是希望我们有技术让这座塔继续存在下一个200年！  （五）Ants have the ability to sniff(嗅) out cancerous cells(癌细胞) in humans, a new study has d_____1_____, suggesting they could be used for cancer diagnosis(诊断) in future.To conduct their research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting. F_____2_____, the specialists make the ants smell a sample(样本) of cancerous human cells. This odor(气味) was then associated with a reward of sugar solution(糖溶液). In a second step, the researchers make the ants smell two different odors. One was a new smell and the o_____3_____ was the smell of the cancerous cells. Once this test was successful, the researchers make the ants smell different cancerous cells. T_____4_____, the scientists found that ants discriminate(区分) between cancerous and healthy cells and between two cancerous lines.This isn't the first time that scientists have used the animal sense of smell to r_____5_____ cancerous cells.“Dogs' noses are well suited for medical diagnosis and used for the detection of  volatile organic compounds(挥发性有机化合物),” the researchers explained.However, training them to do so requires several months to a year.On the other hand, “insects can be easily raised in controlled conditions, they are c_____6_____, they have a very well-developed olfactory(嗅觉) system and they can be trained with very few trials(试验),”the researchers point out.“Our approach could possibly be used in many other complex odor detection tasks, i_____7_____ the detection of narcotics(毒品), explosives(爆炸物), spoiled(过期的) food, or other diseases, including malaria(疟疾), infections(传染病), and diabetes(糖尿病).”  答案：1.discovered 2.First 3.other 4.Therefore 5.recognize 6.cheap 7.including 译文：一项新研究发现，蚂蚁能嗅出人体内的癌细胞，这表明蚂蚁可用于未来对癌症的诊断。为了开展这一研究，科学家用36只蚂蚁进行了测试，让它们在实验室环境中闻细胞的气味。首先，科学家让蚂蚁闻一份人体癌细胞的样本，每当蚂蚁闻癌细胞，就会给它们糖液奖励。接下来，研究人员让蚂蚁闻两种不同的气味。一种是新气味，另一种是癌细胞的气味。这一测试获得成功后，研究人员又让蚂蚁闻两种不同的癌细胞。于是，科学家发现“蚂蚁能将癌细胞和健康细胞区分开来，也能分辨不同的癌细胞”。这不是科学家第一次利用动物嗅觉来识别癌细胞。研究人员解释道：“狗鼻子很适合用于医疗诊断以及识别癌细胞（的挥发性有机化合物）。”但是，让狗学会识别癌细胞需要长达几个月至一年的训练。研究人员指出，与此同时，“在受控条件下养殖昆虫很容易，成本低廉，而且昆虫嗅觉发达，只需几次测试就能训练出数百只昆虫。”“我们的方法未来也可用于其他一系列复杂的气味识别任务，包括识别毒品、爆炸物、过期食品或疟疾、传染病、糖尿病等疾病。”  （六）For the first time, scientists have grown plants in soil from the moon collected by Nasa's Apollo astronauts.Researchers had no idea if a_____1_____would sprout(发芽) in the harsh(贫瘠的) moon dirt and wanted to see if it could be used to grow food by a new generation of lunar explorers.The results s_____2_____ them a lot."OMG! Plants actually grow in lunar stuff. Are you kidding me?" said Robert Ferl of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.Ferl and his colleagues planted thale cress(鼠耳芥) in moon soil returned by Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and o_____3_____moon-walkers years ago and the seeds sprouted.The bad new was that after the first week, the coarseness(粗糙) and other properties(特性) of the lunar soil stressed the small, so they grew more s_____4_____ than seedlings(幼苗) planted in fake moon dirt from Earth.Most of the moon plants ended up stunted(发育不良). Results were p_____5_____ on Thursday in Communications Biology.The longer the soil was exposed(暴露) to radiation(辐射) and solar wind on the moon, the w_____6_____ the plants seemed to do."This is a big step forward to know that you can grow plants," said Simon Gilroy, a space plant biologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who had no role in the study. "The real next step is to go and do it on the s_____7_____ of the moon."  答案：1.anything 2.surprised 3.other 4.slowly 5.published 6.worse 7.surface 译文：科学家首次在美国宇航局阿波罗号宇航员从月球上收集的土壤里种出了植物。研究人员原本不知道贫瘠的月球土壤里能否长出东西，想看看新一代月球探险者能否用月球土壤种植食物。实验结果让他们惊呆了。“天哪。植物实际上是可以在月球上生长的。这是在开玩笑吗？”美国佛罗里达大学食品和农业科学研究所的罗伯特·菲尔说。菲尔和他的同事在阿波罗11号宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗、巴兹·奥尔德林和其他登月者数年前带回的月球土壤上种植鼠耳芥，结果种子发芽了。坏消息是，过了一周后，月球土壤的粗糙和其他特性给初生的鼠耳芥幼苗造成了很大压力，所以月球土壤上种植的鼠耳芥幼苗比来自地球的仿月球土壤上种植的鼠耳芥幼苗生长速度更缓慢。大多数月球上的植物最终都发育不良了。研究结果于周四发表在《通讯生物学》杂志上。月球上的土壤暴露在严酷的辐射和太阳风下的时间越长，植物的长势似乎就越差。没有参与该研究的威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校太空植物学家西蒙·吉尔罗伊说：“知道能在月球土壤上种植物是向前迈了一大步。”“下一步就是在月球表面上种植物。”