11-冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题(上海专用)

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冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题（上海专用）11（一）Listen to the whales: "Meet us, don't eat us"Iceland, one of the few countries in the world to hunt whales commercially(商业地), announced in February its plan to end the hunt from 2024, t_____1_____ it has not officially banned(禁止) it yet. Falling demand for whale meat has influenced the decision. "There is little proof that there is any economic advantage to this activity," the country's fisheries minister said. Experts also praised a campaign(活动) carried out largely by Icelanders and local whale-watching companies. Whaling has been hunted around Iceland since the e_____2_____1600s, but it wasn't until the 19th century that steamships(汽船) and explosive harpoons(爆炸鱼叉) allowed US and European companies to hunt the animals on a large commercial scale(规模). In recent decades, an association of local whale-watching companies, led by the International Fund for Animal Welfare and IceWhale, has f_____3_____ to end it. Their campaign has aimed to turn the tide(趋势) on whale hunting in Iceland using the slogan "meet us, don't eat us". Contrary(相反的) to what many visitors believe, whale is not considered a d_____4_____ dish among Icelanders. In fact, only 2% of Icelanders say they regularly eat it. The biggest eaters of minke whale(小须鲸) have been the country's roughly(大体上) 2 million annual(每年的) visitors, many of whom believe it is an Icelandic special food. "Meet us, don't eat us" has had a big influence on the government's a_____5_____ towards whaling. Politicians have also realized that a whale that's alive brings more economic benefits than a dead whale. Whale watching has become a booming(急速发展的) business. One in five tourists in Iceland take a whale-watching trip, making about $12 million every year. Tour companies have p_____6_____ a large role in the campaign to end whaling and also fought to eject(驱逐) whale hunters from some main hunting areas. In 2017, the fisheries minister announced an expanded "no whaling zone", forcing hunters further out to sea, where there are fewer whales, making the hunt economically infeasible(不可行的). Conservationists(自然环境保护人士) are exploring ways to make whale tourism sustainable(可持续的). Whale-watching companies have created a code of conduct(行为准则), i_____7_____ agreeing not to make sudden noises and approaching animals gradually.   答案：1.though 2.early 3.fought 4.delicious 5.attitude 6.played 7.including  译文：请听听鲸鱼们的心声：“食不如识”冰岛是世界上为数不多进行商业捕鲸的国家之一。冰岛政府在2月份宣布，计划从2024年起停止商业捕鲸，不过该活动目前还未被官方禁止。人们对鲸鱼肉需求的下降影响了冰岛政府的这一决定。该国的渔业部长表示：“没有证据表明这种活动有任何经济优势。”相关专家还赞许了一项主要由冰岛居民和当地观鲸公司开展的鲸类保护运动。自17世纪初以来，就一直有人在冰岛附近捕鲸，但直到19世纪，汽船和爆炸鱼叉的出现才使得美国和欧洲的捕鱼公司得以进行大规模商业化的捕鲸。而近几十年来，国际爱护动物基金会和一个叫“冰鲸”的民间组织领导着当地观鲸公司组建的联合会，一直致力于禁止捕鲸活动。他们的这项运动口号为“食不如识”，旨在扭转冰岛捕鲸的趋势。与许多游客的认知相反的是，鲸鱼肉在冰岛人眼中算不上是美食。事实上，只有2%的冰岛人说他们经常吃鲸鱼肉。食用小须鲸最多的人群反而是每年来冰岛的游客，人数在两百万左右，许多游客都以为鲸鱼肉是冰岛的特色美食。“食不如识”这一口号也很大程度上影响了政府对于捕鲸的态度。政客们也意识到，一头活着的鲸鱼比一头猎杀来食用的鲸鱼能带来更多的经济利益。观鲸已成为一项蓬勃发展的业务。在冰岛，五分之一的游客都会参加观鲸旅行，每年能贡献大约1200万美元的收入。这些旅游公司在禁止捕鲸的运动中发挥了很大作用，并且还力争将捕鲸者赶出一些重点捕鲸区。2017年，冰岛渔业部长宣布扩大“禁止捕鲸区”的范围，迫使捕鲸者去到更远的海域去，那儿的鲸鱼数量较少，使他们无法通过捕鲸来获取收益。自然环境保护人士正在探索让观鲸旅行变得可持续的方法。观鲸公司已经制定了一套船只行为准则，包括不会突然发出噪声（吓到鲸类），并且要渐渐地靠近这些动物。  （二）Why Was the Alphabet Invented?It is said "A picture is worth a thousand words." The phrase brings a question: If art can express more than the words, then why was the alphabet(字母表) ever invented? "The creation of writing is the event that gave human a history," says Lydia Wilson in the new BBC documentary, "The Secret History of Writing". Wilson is a research associate at the University of Cambridge. "What m_____1_____ our ancestors start writing things down?" she asks. Archaeologists(考古学家) have taught us that b_____2_____ the alphabet was invented, "written" communication was in the form of pictures, known as hieroglyphics(象形文字). But hieroglyphics were complex to read and it's believed that only a s_____3_____ group of scribes(抄写员) was able to decipher(破译) thousands of images that represented specific words. While it's not clear e_____4_____ when or how, researchers say sometime between 1900 and 1700 BCE, an alphabetic system was developed that enabled more people to read and write. "The giant leap(飞跃) came when somebody thought of this matter, that you could draw a picture which represented something that someone could r_____5_____ but at the same time that sign could be used just for the sound of the thing it looked like, so the sound became drawn out or separated from the picture," says Irving Finkle of the British Museum in the documentary. "And, this giant leap was rather simple and it's something which could have occurred to a child, but nevertheless is of great lasting significance." The concept(概念) of using a sign to represent a sound has been called the Rebus Principle(“画谜”原理); it allows words to be spelled out with pictures. That is to say, specific images were assigned to different consonants(辅音) and those symbols, in turn, were strewn(散落) together to f_____6_____ new words. Scholars who study the history of the written word believe that this new system was invented by a Semitic-speaking(讲闪米特语的) people who used new symbols—now known as letters—to represent the sounds of their language. Some scholars believe these inventors were not the intellectual(知识分子) scribes of the day but that, paradoxically(自相矛盾), "Our writing system was invented by people who couldn't read," wrote Wilson. Three thousand years from now, what will archaeologists think of emojis? Are today's emojis yesterday's hieroglyphics? Absolutely, says Israeli Egyptologist(埃及古物学者) Orly Goldwasser. And, while it may be fun for some to try to figure out what an emoji sentence means, c_____7_____ trying your hand at writing in hieroglyphics if you will.   答案：1.made 2.before 3.small 4.exactly 5.recognize 6.form 7.consider  译文：为什么要发明字母表?俗话说“一图胜千言”。但这句话也引出了一个问题：如果艺术能比文字表达更多内涵，那为什么还要发明字母表呢？“书写的发明使得人类有了历史，”剑桥大学助理研究员莉迪亚·威尔逊在BBC最近的纪录片《书写的秘密历史》中谈道，“那么到底是什么促使我们的祖先开始把东西写下来？”考古学家告诉我们，在字母被发明之前，“书面”交流是以图片的形式进行的，这些“文字”就是象形文字。是象形文字读起来很复杂，据说只有少部分的“抄写员”才能破译这数千种图画所代表的特定文字。虽然还不清楚字母表发明的确切时间和方式，但研究人员称，大约是在公元前1900年至1700年间，字母系统逐步形成，让更多的人得以阅读、书写。 纪录片中，大英博物馆的欧文·芬克尔介绍说：“有人想到，你可以画下代表某一个东西的图案，而且这个图案别人都认识，但同时我们又只采用这个标记所代表东西的发音，这样我们就可以从这个图案当中抽离出一个发音，这是一个巨大的飞跃。这一点其实小孩子都有可能想得到，但却带来了长期的重大影响。”用符号代表声音的概念被称为“画谜”原理，这让单词可以用图案拼写出来。也就是说，特定的图案被分配给了各种辅音发音，而这些符号又被分散开来自由组合形成新单词。研究文字历史的学者认为，这个新系统是由一个讲闪米特语的民族发明的，他们采用新的符号来代表他们语言中的发音，这些符号也就是我们现在所说的字母。有些学者认为发明字母的人并不是那些作为知识分子的抄写员，相反，有些矛盾的是，“我们的书写系统是由那些不识字的人发明的，”威尔逊写道。而在三千年后的今天，考古学家又如何看待今天的emoji表情符号呢？现在的emoji就是过去的象形文字吗？“绝对可以这么说”，来自以色列的埃及研究专家奥丽·戈德瓦瑟如是说。而且，虽然对一些人来说，解读用emoji写的句子是什么意思也许是一件很有趣的事，但其实如果你愿意的话，也可以试着用象形文字来写东西。  （三）Self-esteem is the way we feel about ourselves. It has a great influence on how we make decisions and socialize. Normally, people with low self-esteem easily think low about themselves, so it is very important to understand what causes low self-esteem and how we can get over it.Because of trust, we sometimes accept the control from other people who tell us what to do. However, we need to understand it may have serious effects, e_____1_____ when that person has negative behaviors, like being cruel, or overly criticizing(批评) others. Remember that you cannot change a person quickly, but you must change how you react to their words and behaviors towards you. Always remember that only you have control of your reaction.Do not just f_____2_____ on your past unwise choices or feel guilty(内疚的) about them. Everyone makes mistakes. But if you think more, every mistake you made in the past has caused something positive. Making mistakes will open many doors for improvement. If you’re feeling very guilty about a decision you made, write it down and write beside it every p_____3_____ positive result that happened to you. This will help you cherish(珍惜) those decisions rather than feel upset about them.Besides, it is not w_____4_____ to dream a big thing. However, there will be some harmful effects on your self-esteem if it is your only goal and you f_____5_____ to achieve it. Most of the time we set unrealistic(不现实的) goals and not being able to achieve them makes us think that we are not good enough. Therefore, it is a good idea to set a huge goal but remember to set up small milestones that you can achieve along the way.Last but not least, comparing yourself to other people is so easy to become a bad habit. We think that the picture we see on social media is their whole story, not realizing that it is just their best look. Keep in mind that what you see is not a_____6_____ what it seems. Moreover remember that they worked hard to achieve what you see from them, then learn from them to be a better you.Hopefully, these t_____7_____ help you develop your self-esteem. You will not be able to live a joyful life if you let your low self-esteem take over.  答案：1.especially 2.focus 3.possible 4.wrong 5.fail 6.always 7.tips  译文：自尊是我们对自己的感觉。它对我们如何做决定和进行社交活动有很大的影响。通常情况下，低自尊的人很容易轻视自己，所以了解是什么导致了低自尊以及我们如何克服它是非常重要的。 由于信任，我们有时会接受别人告诉我们来控制我们该做什么。然而，我们需要了解它可能会有严重的影响，特别是当那个人有消极的行为，如残忍，或过度批评他人。记住，你不能迅速改变一个人，但你必须改变你对他们对你的言语和行为的反应。永远记住，只有你能控制自己的反应。不要只关注你过去的不明智的选择或对它们感到内疚。每个人都会犯错误。但如果你再想更多，你过去犯的每一个错误都会了一些积极的东西。犯错误会打开许多改进的大门。如果你对自己所做的一个决定感到特别内疚，那就把它写下来，并在它旁边写下所有可能发生在你身上的积极结果。这将帮助你珍惜这些决定，而不是对它们感到沮丧。 此外，梦想一件大事也没有错。然而，如果这是你唯一的目标，而你没有实现它，就会对你的自尊产生一些有害的影响。大多数时候，我们设定了不切实际的目标，却无法实现，会让我们认为自己不够好。因此，设定一个伟大的目标是一个好主意，但要记住建立一个你可以实现的小里程碑。最后但并非最不重要的是，把自己和别人比较很容易成为一个坏习惯。我们认为，我们在社交媒体上看到的画面是他们的全部故事，而没有意识到这只是他们最好的形象。请记住，你所看到的并不总是像它看起来的那样。此外，请记住，他们努力工作，去实现你从他们身上看到的东西，然后向他们学习，成为一个更好的你。 希望这些建议能帮助你发展你的自尊心。如果你让你的自卑取代，你将无法过快乐的生活。  （四）Being invited to dinner is a big treat for Americans, but as a new comer who happens to feel sorry for American food, I find it a painful task. First, I cannot get used to eating sweet and salty things together. Second, terrible-tasting food must be praised to the skies. Third, it is not filling, you have to make yourself a_____1_____ meal after going home.One time, a colleague said to my husband, “My father is a good cook and invites you two to have a taste of his cooking skill this weekend.” It would have been embarrassing to refuse, so we had to a_____2_____ it. The meal turned out to be canned chicken with vegetables and rice, which tasted funny. Following this dish was a dessert of cored(去核的) apples, stuffed(塞满) with plum jam and coated in sugar. Eating it made me feel like vomiting(呕吐), but I had to say, “Delicious! Delicious!” It was unspeakably painful.Often when we were invited to dinner by Americans, I f_____3_____that they were not inviting us to eat but to look at the tableware(餐具). They do not use rice bowls. At the beginning of the meal the table is set with three plates, for each person, three glasses, a knife, a fork, a big spoon and a little spoon. The big spoon is s_____4_____ used, however, for they do not drink soup but lots of cold water, so the glasses see much service. The first course is usually raw salad or fruit salad, followed by bread and butter. After that some strange-looking and odd-tasting little dishes are served while people eat and talk. Then comes the main course, usually a piece of chicken or steak or a slice of ham, with a few fried potatoes and some peas, or whatever, boiled to a pulp(果肉). When this is f_____5_____, dessert is served, fruit pie or ice cream, and cake, which is murder to eat, for it is tasteless. Last comes coffee or tea. American tea is a bag of tea-leaves in a cup of hot water, at which point, the dinner is c_____6_____ over. Then you are invited into the living room to talk for two or three hours. The Americans talk and laugh, and we do not u_____7_____ what is being said. It is really unbearably(不能忍受地) painful. That is why I find eating American meals most troublesome.  答案：1.another 2.accept 3.felt 4.seldom 5.finished6.considered 7.understand  译文：被邀请吃晚餐对美国人来说是一种很大的享受，但作为一个碰巧对美国食物感到遗憾的新人，我觉得这是一项痛苦的任务。首先，我不能习惯一起吃甜的和咸的东西。第二，必须把味道不好的食物夸上天。第三，它不饱，你必须在回家后再给自己做一顿饭。有一次，一位同事对我丈夫说：“我父亲是个好厨师，他邀请你们俩这个周末来尝尝他的烹饪技巧。”“拒绝将会很尴尬，所以我们不得不接受它。这顿饭是罐装鸡肉配蔬菜和米饭，尝起来很有趣。这道菜之后是一道核苹果的甜点，里面塞满了李子果酱和一层糖。吃它让我觉得像呕吐，但我不得不说：“美味！美味可口！“这是一种难以形容的痛苦。当美国人邀请我们去吃饭时，我常常觉得他们不是在邀请我们去吃饭，而是去看餐具。他们不使用饭碗。在用餐的开始，桌子上有三个盘子，每个人，三个杯子，一把刀，一把叉子，一个大勺子和一个小勺子。然而，大勺子很少使用，因为它们不喝汤，只喝很多冷水，所以杯子有很多服务。第一道菜通常是生沙拉或水果沙拉，然后是面包和黄油。在那之后，在人们吃饭和交谈的时候，人们会提供一些外观奇怪、味道奇怪的小菜肴。然后是主菜，通常是一块鸡肉、牛排或一片火腿，外加一些炸土豆和一些豌豆，或其他任何东西，煮成果肉。当这是吃完后，甜点是供应，水果派或冰淇淋，和蛋糕，吃它太要命了，因为它是无味的。最后是咖啡或茶。美国茶是一包装在一杯热水中的茶叶，这样，晚餐就被考虑结束了。然后你就会被邀请到客厅里聊上两三个小时。美国人说说笑，我们不明白他们在说什么。这真的是令人难以忍受的痛苦。这就是为什么我觉得吃美国饭最麻烦。  （五）Chris didn’t leave the band room as usual after class. As he put his saxophone(萨克斯) c_____1_____ back, he felt a hand on his shoulder. Mr. Black stood behind him and asked,“Are you excited about Jazz Band(爵士乐队) Camp next week?” Chris was the only student at James Madison Middle School that was a_____2_____ into the best camp. He would be playing in a jazz band with the most talented students in the state.“Actually, Mr. Black,” Chris said quietly, “I'm really nervous. What if I don't play well?”Mr. Black smiled at Chris and said lightly, “You’re the best middle school saxophone player I’ve had the pleasure of teaching. You will blow away the people at camp with your talent. Is there a_____3_____ else troubling you?”Chris lowered his head. It was easy to admit that he might not be the best saxophone player at camp, but it was really hard for him to face the fact that he was probably the only 12-year-old boy that had n_____4_____ been to an overnight summer camp. What if he didn’t make any friends? What would the food be like?Mr. Black looked down into Chris’s eyes. “My f_____5_____ summer camp experience was a music camp when I was your age. For some reason, I had the ideas in my head that I wasn’t going to make any friends and that I was going to miss my mom’s cooking.” He laughed again. “Well, I did miss my mom’s cooking, but I was s_____6_____ by how quickly I made friends with the other kids from the band and the orchestra(管弦乐队) kids too.”Just then, the door opened and Mr. Graham, the orchestra teacher walked in. “Actually, Mr. Graham said, “That’s where we m_____7_____ 25 years ago!We’ve been best friends ever since!”  答案：1.carefully 2.accepted 3.anything 4.never 5.first 6.surprised 7.met  译文：克里斯下课后没有像往常一样离开乐队的教室。当他小心地把萨克斯管放回去时，他感到一只手放在肩上。布莱克先生站在他身后问：“你对下周的爵士乐队（爵士乐队）夏令营感到兴奋吗？”克里斯是詹姆斯·麦迪逊中学唯一被最佳夏令营录取的学生。他将和该州最有才华的学生一起在一个爵士乐队演奏。 “事实上，布莱克先生，”克里斯平静地说，“我真的很紧张。如果我打得不好呢？” 布莱克先生对克里斯笑了笑，轻松地说：“你是我有幸教过的最好的中学萨克斯管手。你将用你的才能给夏令营的人留下深刻印象。还有什么困扰你的吗？”克里斯低下了头。我们很容易承认他可能不是夏令营里最好的萨克斯管手，但对他来说真的很难面对这样一个事实：他可能是唯一一个从未参加过通宵夏令营的12岁男孩。如果他没有交朋友呢？这些食物会是什么样的呢？ 布莱克先生俯视着克里斯的眼睛。“我第一次参加夏令营是在我和你这个年纪的时候参加音乐夏令营。出于某种原因，我有这样一个想法，即我不会交任何朋友，我会错过我妈妈的烹饪。他又笑了起来。“嗯，我确实很想念我妈妈的烹饪习惯，但令我惊讶的是，我很快就和乐队以及管弦乐队的其他孩子们成为了朋友。”               就在这时，门开了，管弦乐队老师格雷厄姆先生走了进来。事实上，格雷厄姆先生说，“25年前我们就是在那里认识的！”从那以后，我们就一直是最好的朋友！