非谓语动词--高考英语语法专题

这是一份非谓语动词--高考英语语法专题，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了过去分词 v-ed，不定式 to + v，动词的v-ing，形式与意义非谓语动词，将来主动，进行主动，被动完成，非谓语动词形式变化等内容，欢迎下载使用。

什么是非谓 语动词啊？
“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!
如果出现更多动词： I am a student, I like English. 加连词（and / but / s…）变并列句 I am a student, and I like English. 改成主从复合句I am a student wh likes English. 变为非谓语动词 Being a student, I like English.
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
基础常识:英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构,逗号不能并列两个句子
I read extensively t imprve my English.
Reading an English nvel, he came acrss many new wrds.
The bk mentined in the lecture is wrth reading.
一.非谓语动词充当主语
t d通常表示具体某一次的行为ding通常表示长期行为或者无时间性
Selling insurance is a challenging jb.T sell his ld car is really hard.
It’s necessary t be prepared fr a jb interview. Having the answer ready will be f great help.
______ t sunlight fr t much time will d harm t ne's skin. A. Expsed 　 B. Having expsed 　 C. Being expsed 　 D. After being expsed______the meeting himself gave them a great deal f encuragement. A. The president will attend B.The president t attend  C. The president attended D. The president's attending_______________________(道路被阻塞) caused us t be late fr ur wrk fr half an hur. (blck)_______________________________(那女孩受教育) in an atmsphere f simple living was what her parents wished fr. (educate)
The rad blcked
The girl educated
English at least six years is the qualificatin fr this psitin. 至少学习英语6年才有资格应聘这个职位。 the wrld sixty years is nt enugh t make ne wise.阅历60年也不足以使人睿智。 ur life lnger is a big prblem. 怎样延长寿命是一个大问题。
T have studied
Having seen
It作形式主语的常用句型：
It is wrth/funny /n use/much use/n gd/much gd/useless/a wnder/a waste f time… ding sth. It is n use crying ver the spilt milk.It csts/takes/needs/requires sb. sth. t d sth. There is n ding sth.做某事不可能，没有办法做某事。例如： There is n telling/saying what he is ging t d. There’s n reasning with him.
There is n use/gd/pint ding sth.做某事没用/不好。例如： There is n use crying ver spilt milk.It is adj. fr/f sb t d sth.做某事是……/某人做某事是……。 例如： It’s imprtant (fr us) t study English.（我们）学习英语很重要。 It’s very kind f yu t help me.非常感谢你帮助我。Hw stupid f me it was t leave the map behind!我真蠢，竟忘记带地图了！Hw nice it was fr Gerge t get the mney!乔治拿到了钱真的太好了！
二.非谓语动词充当表语
1.不定式和动名词的一般式作表语的区别：不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的“内容”，即说明主语本身是什么，回答what或ding what的问题，主语和表语的位置可以互换。例如：What is his jb? 他的工作是什么？His jb is teaching/t teach English. (=Teaching/T teach English is his jb.)他的工作是教英语。
⑵表示将来或具体的某次行为常用不定式，不定式前面还可以有fr sb或特殊疑问词；表示习惯、经常性的动作常用动名词，但也可以用不定式，动名词前面还可以有其逻辑主语ne’s。Our task nw is t increase fd prductin.我们的任务是增加产量。（不是平时或经常增加产量，而是要增加产量。）This is fr yu t decide.这由你来决定。The questin is hw t put the plan int practice.What trubles us is ur nt having any gd reference bk.令我们烦恼的是我们没有什么好参考书。（平时我们就没有什么好参考书。）His wish is t buy a luxurius car in the near future.What she likes is watching/t watch the children play.她喜欢的是看孩子们玩。（指她平时或经常喜欢看孩子们玩。）
⑶已经变成了形容词的现在分词和过去分词表示主语的性质或状态。This bk is s interesting that everyne is interested in it. 这本非常有趣，大家多对它感兴趣。⑷动名词的完成式表示动作的完成。His regret is having tried every means and being abandned by her.
当主语部分中有实义动词d的某种形式时（如：d, did, have/has/had dne, t d等），作表语的不定式常省去t。例如：The nly thing I can d is wait and see.What I really want t d is travel by bike.
In time yu may cme t like it here. Yu’ve cme t mean a lt t me. I’m sure the kids will sn get t like each ther.It’ll take a while fr yu t knw everyne.I think yu’ll grw t like him when yu knw him better.
cme，get和grw与不定式连用
三.非谓语动词充当宾语
1. 不定式的一般式、进行式和完成式作动词宾语不定式t d表示动作在将来或在谓语动作之后发生，但不定式“t be +表语”表示主语的性质或身份，它们的逻辑主语是句子的主语。David threatened t reprt his neighbr t the plice if the damages were nt paid. It prmises t be cl in the evening. He pretended t be a gentleman, but actually he was a cheat.
只能跟t d作宾语的动词和短语动词有： affrd；aim；agree；appear/seem；arrange；ask；beg；demand；attempt；bther；chse；claim；dare；decide/determine；refuse/decline；plan；prepare；hpe/expect/want/wish/desire/lng；fail；happen；hesitate；manage；seek；ffer；vlunteer；pretend；prmise/undertake；swear；threaten；wait；set ut等。
不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行或与谓语动作同时进行。例如：He pretended t be reading when his mther came in.不定式的完成式表示动作在谓语动作之前已经完成。例如：D let yur mther knw all the truth. She appears t have been tld everything. I dn’t knw whether yu happen t have heard, but I’m ging t study in the this September.He pretended t have seen the magic clthes.（=He pretended that he had seen the magic clthes.）
为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，常省去不定式中的动词及其宾语或表语，只保留t。但是，t be，t have和t have been都不省略。例如：—Wuld yu like t see ur baby?—Yes. I’d lve t. (虽然从语法上讲，I’d lve t see yur baby./I’d lve t d s/that/it.都对，但是，人们实际上不这样说。)I wuld mend yur radi, but I dn’t knw hw t.Why didn’t yu cme at eight? Yu were tld t.
这种结构中的t d也表示动作在将来或在谓语动作之后发生，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。例如：I’ve wrked with children befre, s I knw what t expect in my new jb. Yu must cnsider hw t take the next step.
2.“疑问词（why除外）+t d”结构作动词宾语
动名词的一般式和完成式作宾语
动名词可以作介词、及物动词和及物短语动词的宾语。其一般式往往表示动作在将来或在谓语动作之后发生，完成式表示已经完成或在谓语动作之前完成。例如：Smething as simple as drinking sme cld water may clear yur mind and relieve pressure.Tny was very unhappy fr nt having been invited t the party.—There is a stry here in the paper abut a 110-year-ld man.—My gdness! I can’t imagine being that ld.
只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语
acknwledge/admit；advise/suggest/recmmend；advcate；avid；appreciate；escape；cnsider；cmplete/finish；delay/pstpne；deny；enjy；excuse/pardn/frgive；fancy（=feel like）；imagine；include；invlve；keep；mind；miss；permit；practise/practice；prevent；quit；reprt；risk；cannt resist；cannt tlerate； understand；give up；put ff；feel like；set abut等。
cntribute t；lead t；bject t；react t；keep t；stick t；see t；turn t；be/get/becme used/accustmed t ；be addicted t；be devted t ；be equal t；be reduced t；be ppsed t；be related t；get dwn t；give ne’s mind t；give thught t；lk frward t；put ne’s mind t；say yes t等。
be wrth/busy值得怎么样；忙于做某事；have difficulty/truble/a gd/hard time(in) ding sth.做某事吃力、费劲或有困难；what/hw abut ding sth.做某事怎么样。It is wrth cnsidering what makes “cnvenience” fds s ppular, and intrducing better nes f yur wn.
动名词的复合结构作宾语
动名词的复合结构可以作某些动词、短语动词和所有介词的宾语，其逻辑主语中的名词的所有格可以改用名词，人称代词的所有格可以改用宾格，但不能改用主格。例如：I frbid Tm’s/Tm/yur/yu cming int my rm. =Tm’s/Yur cming int my rm is frbidden.（不能说Tm is/Yu are frbidden cming int my rm.但可以说Tm is/Yu are frbidden t cme int my rm./Tm is/Yu are frbidden frm cming int my rm.）I thught f the passengers waiting fr help. They think f greedy businessmen hiding frm their respnsibilities t the envirnment and nly thinking abut mney. At the beginning f class, the nise f desks being pened and clsed culd be heard utside the classrm.
I really can’t understand yu/them/their treating her like that. The discvery f new evidence led t the thief being caught.常跟动名词的复合结构作宾语动词和短语动词有：advise，appreciate，suggest，prpse，recmmend，excuse，pardn，frgive，permit，prevent，mind，understand，lead t，think f等。
动名词和不定式的一般式作宾语意义相同
有些动词既可跟t d也可跟ding作宾语，意义差别不大。这些动词常见的有：begin/start开始；cntinue继续；cease停止；hate讨厌；intend/prpse计划，打算；like/lve喜欢；prefer宁愿，更喜欢；cannt stand/bear不能容忍，无法忍受；等。 但在下列情况下通常用不定式。wuld like/lve/prefer/hate之后谓语动词begin和start已用进行时态时宾语是表示心理状态或精神活动的动词 I began t understand/see/realize/wnder wh had dne it.
不定式和动名词的一般式作宾语意义不同
有些动词跟t d和ding作宾语意义明显不同。例如：remember t d sth.记住、别忘了要去做某事；remember ding sth.记得/想起了曾经做过某事。frget t d sth.忘记要去做某事；frget ding sth.忘了做过某事regret t d sth.抱歉/遗憾要做某事；regret ding/having dne sth.后悔/遗憾做了某事。mean t d sth.打算，想要做某事或有做某事的意图；mean ding sth.意味着、意思是、就是、等于做某事。
try t d sth.设法、试图、努力去做某事；try ding sth.做某事试试看，尝试着做某事。want t d sth.想做某事；want ding需要被做。need t d sth.需要做某事；need ding需要被怎么样，等于want/require ding。cannt help (t)d sth.不能帮助做某事；cannt help ding sth.忍不住、禁不住、情不自禁地做某事或无意中做了某事。cnsider hw t d sth.考虑怎样做某事；cnsider ding sth.考虑做某事。（不能说cnsider t d sth.）
三个“需要need/want/require”，一个“值得deserve”跟ding和t be dne意义相同，都表示“被动”
The huse needs/wants/requires repairing (=t be repaired).He deserves praising (=t be praised).As r result f the serius fld, tw-thirds f the buildings in the area need repairing.
I never dreamed f ______________________(会有这样的机会)t study in the hspital.(there)The visiting expert preferred giving lecturers t ______________________(被邀请)meetings at times.(invite)
四.非谓语动词充当宾补
1. t d sth.t d sth作宾语补足语，表示“动作在将来发生”。如advise sb t d sth.劝某人去做某事。能这样用的动词和动词短语有ask请求，beg恳求，request请求，要求，advise劝说，建议，press极力劝说，敦促，催促，urge力劝，敦促，催促，persuade说服，劝服，allw/permit允许，frbid禁止，cause使得，导致，get使得，促使，lead使得，引导，blige使不得不，drive迫使，逼迫，frce强制，强迫，迫使，rder/cmmand命令，instruct命令，指示，tell要求，命令，叫，encurage鼓励，促进，激发，inspire鼓舞，激励，invite邀请，expect/want/wish希望，need需要，require需要，法规要求，规定，teach教，train训练，remind提醒，knw见过，听说过，help帮助；call n号召，depend n/rely n依靠，指望，lng fr渴望，wait fr等待，等。
有些动词的宾补t d sth.或nt t d sth.可以转换成“介词+动名词”结构。例如：①advise sb. nt t d sth.=advise sb. against ding sth.劝某人不要做某事 ②persuade sb. t d sth.=persuade sb. int ding sth.说服某人去做某事；persuade sb. nt t d sth.=persuade sb. ut f ding sth.③frbid sb. t d sth.=frbid sb. frm ding sth.禁止某人做某事④warn sb. nt t d sth.=warn sb. against ding sth.警告、告诫、提醒某人不要做某事⑤help sb. t d sth.=help sb. in ding sth.帮助某人做某事
有些动词只能跟“介词+动名词”作宾补，不能跟t d sth.作宾补。例如：①keep sb. frm ding sth.阻止/防止某人做某事（=prevent/stp sb. (frm) ding sth.）②prhibit sb. frm ding sth.禁止/阻止某人做某事（=frbid sb. t d sth./ frbid sb. frm ding sth. esp. by laws, rules r regulatins）③discurage sb. frm ding sth.劝阻某人不要做某事/阻止某人做某事（=persuade sb. nt t d sth.）④accuse sb. f ding sth.指责、指控、控告某人做某事⑤charge sb. with ding sth.控告、指控某人做某事
2. 不定式“t be +表语”作宾补
有些动词跟宾语后再跟“t be +表语”作宾语补足语，表示“宾语的性质或身份”。这些动词有：believe/ cnsider/suppse/think，judge，knw，find，discver，guess，feel，imagine，recgnize，shw/prve，reprt。等。比如，feel sb. t be right；suppse sb. t be an expert。特别提醒：⑴believe, feel, cnsider, think, judge, find, discver, prve等后面的补足语可省略t be。比如，We cnsider him (t be) hnest.⑵有些动词除了跟“t be”作宾补外，还能跟“t have dne”作宾补，但不能跟“t d”作宾补。这些动词有：believe/cnsider/judge/suppse认为，shw证明/表明，reprt报告。比如，believe sb t have dne sth.认为某人做了某事⑶个别动词跟t be作宾补，等于“介词+being”。比如，suspect sb. t be=suspect sb. f being怀疑某人是……
3. 现在分词ding sth.作宾补
有些动词跟宾语后再跟“ding sth.”作宾语补足语，表示“宾语正在做某事”。这些动词有：keep使/让/保持，catch抓住，撞见，discver（出乎意料地）发现、碰见或撞见，find 发现，发觉，imagine想象，smell闻到，等。例如：Carrie went int the kitchen, where she fund them giggling tgether. I caught/discvered him reading my private letter.I smell smething ______ in the kitchen. Can I call yu back in a minute?A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. t be burnt
特别提醒：⑴不能说find/discver/catch sb. d sth.。当说“发现某人做过了某事”时，用find/discver that sb. has dne sth.句型。 比如，I called n her this evening; but I fund/discvered she had gne t the cuntry n a visit.今晚我去看他，却发现他已去了乡下访友。⑵keep sb. ding sth.意为“使某人一直做某事”，而keep sb frm ding sth.意为“防止、阻止某人做某事”，=prevent/stp sb (frm) ding sth.
4. t d sth.与ding sth.作宾补意义不同
leave和send两个动词既能跟t d作宾补，也能跟ding作宾补，但意义不同。⑴leave sb. t d sth让某人处理某事、把某工作或任务交给某人（t d sth.是主语有意识的目的）；leave sb. ding sth使/让某人处于做某事的状态（ding sth.不一定是主语所要达到的目的）。例如：I left her t d the decisin.我让她做决定。I’m srry t have left yu waiting fr s lng a time.⑵send sb. t d sth.派/送某人去做某事(t d sth表示宾语将去做某事)。send sb. ding sth.使得某人做某事(ding表示宾语由静止状态转向运动状态，并且具有描述性)。例如：I sent Jean t g get sme butter.我叫吉恩去买点黄油来。The explsin sent glass flying everywhere.爆炸使玻璃到处乱飞。
5. 只能跟d sth.作宾补的动词make和let
make sb d sth有两个意思，一是表示“使、引起、导致某人做某事”，二是表示“强迫、迫使某人做某事”。例如：That tune makes me want t dance.那支曲子使我想跳舞。/听到那支曲子我就想跳舞。They made us write it ut again ten times.他们强迫我们再写十遍。let sb d sth意为“让、允许某人做某事”。例如：Dn’t let yur bss hear yu say that.（=Dn’t allw yur bss t hear yu say that.）不要让你的老板听到我们说这样的事情。
6. d sth.和ding sth.作宾补具有不同的动作意义
有些动词跟d sth.作宾补指动作的“结果”，而跟ding sth.作宾补指动作的“过程”。 这些动词和短语动词有：see，hear，feel，ntice，bserve，watch，listen t，lk at。等。比如，see sb d sth看到某人做了某事， see sb ding sth看到某人正在做某事。
特别提醒：⑴see sb. d sth.之类的句型变成被动语态时，原来不带t的不定式要带t。但是，see sb. ding sth.变成被动语态时ding不变。 I saw him cme in and sit dwn.我看见他走了进来坐下了。→ He was seen (by me) t cme in and sit dwn. I saw him lying n the grund.我看见他正躺在地上。→ He was seen (by me) lying n the grund.只见他正躺在地上。⑵当谓语动词表示经常性的习惯时，d和ding作宾补意义相同。 I ften heard him sing/singing this sng. 我常听见他唱这首歌。
7. 过去分词（dne）作宾补
dne作宾语补足语，表示动作“被动和完成”。 这些动词除了上面的hear, feel, ntice, bserve, watch, have以外，还有want, wish, expect, like, make, get, keep, leave等。其中，want, wish, expect和like等表示“意图”的动词后的宾补可省去t be，从而使语气更加显得毅然决然。例如：We want the jb (t be) dne by the end f this week.我们想这项工作到本周末做完。
作宾补时不定式的省略为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，常省去不定式中的动词及其宾语，只保留t。但是，t be，t have和t have been都不省略。例如：The by wanted t play ftball in the street, but his mther tld him nt t.那小男孩想到大街上去踢足球，但是他妈妈叫他不去。
He is said ____________________________(在国外学习)fr tw years, but I dn’t knw which cuntry he is in.(study)What a great lad the mther felt ______________________(如释重负)her mind the mment her lst sn turned up.(take)
t have studied abrad
五.非谓语动词充当定语
1. t d和t be dne它们作定语常具有“后时性”，表示“其动作在谓语动作之后发生”，且多具有情态意义，与被修饰的词之间具有动宾关系、主谓关系和补充说明的关系。当修饰the first, next, last等序数词时，可以表示动作的“完成”或“已经发生”。例如：I have a meeting t attend (=that I will/must/have t attend）.（动宾关系）Please tell me the subject t be discussed (=which will be/will have t be discussed) at the next meeting. （主谓关系）She had nly 1.87 dllars with which t buy Jim (= with which she culd buy Jim), her husband a present. （补充说明的关系）Tm was the first t cme (=wh came) t the classrm this mrning. （cme的动作已经发生）
2. t d还是t be dne用t d是省掉了fr sb.；用t be dne是省掉了by sb.。因为不定式动作的执行者非常明显，省掉后不影响理解或不会造成误解。另外，有时加上fr sb.或by sb.反而显得句子累赘。例如：D yu have anything imprtant t d tday? 今天你有什么重要的事情要做吗？I’m ging t the pst ffice. D yu have any letter t be psted, Mary?/D yu have any letter fr me t pst, Mary?我去邮局，你有信要寄吗，玛丽？
特别提醒：⑴“介词 + whm（指人）/介词 + which（指物）t d sth.”结构作定语。He is the best man frm whm t get the news. → He is the best man frm whm we can get the news.他是能够得到消息的最佳人选。⑵当不定式与被修饰的词之间具有动宾关系时，不及物动词的不定式往往需要加上适当的介词。如：She is a very nice persn t wrk with.她是一个非常适合合作的人。⑶如果被修饰的词是表示“时间、地点（只限place）、方式、钱”，习惯上不定式后不加介词。例如：He had n mney and n place t live.That will be the best way t slve the prblem.He is lking fr a htel t stay at. （at不能省略）
4. ding，being dne与having dne
ding和being dne作定语具有“进行性”、“不间断性”、“经常性”或“同时性”，表示动作正在发生、不间断地发生或经常发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，与被修饰的词之间具有主谓关系；having dne通常作“非限制性”的定语，实际上它已经失去了定语的作用，起到一种状语或补充说明的作用，所以，往往用逗号与句子的其他成分分开。例如：The by standing there (=wh is standing there) is a classmate f mine.站在那边的男孩是我的一个同班同学。（进行性）…nt nly is the amunt f water taken frm the river rising, but the waste being put back int the river has als been increasing.不仅长江的取水量在增加，而且回放到长江的废物也在增加。(不间断性)
Asia is the largest cntinent cvering (= which cvers) ne third f the earth’s land area.亚洲是最大的大陆，它覆盖地球陆地面积的三分之一。（经常性）He tld us t keep a secret f the things being discussed (=which were being discussed)他叫我们为正在讨论的事情保守秘密。（同时性，与tld同时发生)The ld man, having wrked abrad fr twenty years (=wh has wrked abrad fr twenty years), is n the way back t his mtherland.（2004江苏，29）这位老人，在国外已经工作了20年，现在就要回国了。（非限制性的定语，起补充说明作用。）
5. dne作定语表示动作“被动、完成”或“没有一定的时间性的被动”，只是说明被修饰词的特征，与被修饰的词之间具有主谓关系。例如：This is a factry built (=which was built) in 1977.这是一个1977年建的工厂。（built表示被动和已完成）He is a man lved and respected (=wh is lved and respected) by all.他是一个受到大家爱戴的人。 （只表示被动，没有具体时间）
6. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语无被动意义 动名词作定语不表示进行
a develped cuntry属于过去分词作定语。过去分词作定语表示“被动和完成”，所以，a develped cuntry =a cuntry that is/has been develped意为“一个发达的国家”；a develping cuntry属于现在分词作定语。现在分词作定语表示“动作正在进行”，所以， a develping cuntry =a cuntry that is develping意为“一个发展中的国家”；a sleeping car属于动名词作定语。动名词作定语表示“作用或用途”，所以，a sleeping car=a car fr sleeping r a car used fr sleeping意为“一节卧车”比较a sleeping baby
只有不定式的一般式和动名词的一般式可以作同位语。动名词作同位语起“解释”作用，等于that is，前面往往有逗号或破折号。动名词的同位语可以是抽象名词，也可以是具体名词。不定式作同位语往往起“限定”作用，等于f ding，前面往往没有逗号；这时，不定式的同位语往往是抽象名词，这些抽象名词通常都是从相应的能与不定式搭配的动词或形容词转化而来的。如attempt努力，尝试，企图，decisin决定，determinatin决心， invitatin邀请，prmise保证，承诺，prpsal建议，refusal拒绝，reslutin决定，决心，will意志，wish愿望。等。但有时不定式也和动名词一样，起“解释”作用，这时被解释的名词往往不是抽象名词。
My jb, teaching (=that is) children f five t draw, is very interesting.I became interested in his idea—ding experiments n the panda itself.She has a strng wish t g t cllege (=f ging t cllege/that she culd g t cllege)他有上大学的强烈愿望。（注意：名词wish后面的t g t cllege不能改成ging t cllege。）His anxiety t knw the truth is bvius.He was disappinted in his plan f earning (=t earn) ten thusand dllars a mnth.The secnd is cnnected with the main use the bdy makes f fd—t supply the energy fr mvement.
作状语的非谓语动词是不定式或分词，动名词不作状语。它们可以作时间状语、原因状语、方式、伴随状语或补充说明、条件状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、描述性状语。不同的非谓语动词形式所表示的时态和语态意义不同。
1. 时间状语：t d, ding, dne, having dne和having been dne
⑴t d常用于情感形容词之后，与主语具有主动的主谓关系，表示其动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。例如：We were extremely glad t see（=when we saw）Shenzhu Ⅶ shting int the sky.看到神州7号直射天空，我们高兴极了。
⑵ding与主语之间具有主动的主谓关系，表示其动作正在进行或与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生或进行。为了强调时间，有时ding前面加连词when或while。例如：Hearing the knck n the dr (=When they heard /On hearing the knck n the dr), they stpped talking.他们听到有人敲门就停止了谈话。Be careful while/when crssing the street.（=Be careful while/when yu are crssing/when yu crss the street.）过马路要小心。
⑶dne与主语之间具有被动关系，表示其动作与谓语动作“同时完成”或“紧接着完成”。所以它不能与一段时间的状语连用。另外，过去分词意在“叙述”或“说明”做某事的时间，相当于时间状语从句用一般时态。为了强调时间，有时dne前面加连词when, whenever, while, nce等。例如：Whenever asked (=Whenever he is asked), he cmes t help me.他每请必来帮我。Once seen (=Once it is seen), it can never be frgtten.见了就难以忘记。
⑷having dne与主语之间具有主动关系，having been dne与主语之间具有被动关系；两者都表示其动作在谓语动作之前完成，并且两个动作之间具有一定的时间间隔，所以它们可以与一段时间的状语连用。另外，它们侧重说明动作的先后顺序，即非谓语动作在前，谓语动作在后。Having dne her hmewrk (=After she did/she had dne/When she had dne her hmewrk), she went t bed.她做完作业以后睡的觉。Having been shwn (=After we had been shwn) the lab, we were taken t see the library.我们被领着看了实验室，然后又被着参观了图书馆。Having bserved the prblem fr many years (=After he bserved/he had bserved the prblem fr many years), he annunced that we are nw facing the biggest envirnmental prblem f ur time.
2. 原因状语：t d，ding，being，dne，having dne和having been dne
⑴t d常用在情感动词和情感形容词的后面，与主语具有主动的主谓关系，表示其动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，有时可理解为时间状语。例如：Yu were silly nt t have lcked yur car. (=Yu were silly because yu had nt lcked yur car.)你没有把车锁上，真傻。I’m s srry t hear (=as I hear) yur mther is ill.听到你妈妈病了，我很难过。
⑵ ding与主语之间具有主动的主谓关系，其动作与谓语动作同时发生；相当于原因状语从句。例如：Nt knwing English (=As/Because he didn’t knw English), he culdn’t understand the film.由于不懂英语，他看不懂那部电影。
⑶being与主语之间具有系表关系，说明主语的性质、状态或身份，being常省略；省略后的部分原因的意味更弱，更像同位语。所以，汉语的“因为/由于”二字常不译出来。例如：Being (=As he was) a very tall man, he tk hld f the elephant’s ear.他是个大高个，所以抓住了大象的耳朵。A brn teacher (=As she was a brn teacher), she dreamed f turning a deaf-blind creature int a useful human being.她是一位天生的老师，向往着把一个又聋又瞎的人变成一个有用人才。
⑷ dne与主语之间具有被动的主谓关系，其动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。例如：Reminded （=Because he was reminded）nt t miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set ut fr the airprt in a hurry.因为有人提醒经理不要错过15点20的飞机，所以他急忙动身前往机场。Greatly surprised (=Because he was greatly surprised), he culdn’t say a wrd.他非常吃惊，一句话也说不出来。Ideally lcated （=Because it is ideally lcated）fr Bradway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New Yrk Park htel is a favrite with many guests.
⑸having dne和having been dne具有“先时性”，表示其动作在谓语动作之前完成，前者表示主语主动完成，后者表示主语被动完成。例如：Having failed （=Because we had failed）t reach them n the phne, we sent an email insteadHaving been used fr years (=As it has been used fr years), this machine needs repairing.Having been tld (=Because she had been tld) abut it, she wasn’t very surprised at the news.这个消息她已被告知，所以不感到惊讶。Manatee having been in prisn fr years（= Because Manatee had been in prisn fr years）, peple culdn’t recgnize him at all.由于莫奈特坐牢多年，所以人们根本就认不出他了。
特别提醒：现在分词seeing与that连用，构成复合连词，引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，由于，鉴于”。that可省略。例如：Seeing that (=Because) she was ging ff t sleep, I asked if she’d like that little dll n her bed.
3. 方式、伴随状语或补充说明：ding和dneding和dne具有“同时性”，表示其动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生或进行。ding作方式状语时，相当于by ding，作伴随状语时，相当于and d；dne作方式或伴随状语时，相当于and be dne。另外，分词作方式状语时，常后置，也可以前置，作伴随状语时，总是后置。例如：The teacher entered, fllwing (=by fllwing) sme students.老师跟着几个学生进来了。（方式状语）The teacher entered, fllwed by sme students. (=Fllwed by sme students, the teacher entered./The teacher entered and was fllwed by sme students.)老师进来了，后面跟着几个学生。/老师在几个学生的陪同下进来了。（方式状语）
Help her cmplete her letter using (=by using) the wrds in brackets.用括号里的词帮她补全她的这封信。（方式状语）He traveled n the plane like this, keeping the trtise hidden in a blanket. (=He traveled n the plane like this, by keeping the trtise hidden in a blanket./He traveled n the plane like this and kept the trtise hidden in a blanket. /When he traveled n the plane like this, he kept the trtise hidden in a blanket.)飞机上他就是这般模样，将这只龟藏在毛毯里。The hunter lay n his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched n his breast. 猎人仰卧着，牙关紧闭，右手握成拳头放在胸口。（伴随或方式状语）(=The hunter lay n his back, with his teeth set and his right hand clenched n his breast.)
When he cmes back three and half hurs later, they’re still sitting n the sfa, absrbed in cnversatin! He was busy writing a stry, nly ____ nce in a while t smke a cigarette. A. t stp      B. stpping   C. t have slpped   D. having stpped
注意：现在分词在表语后面作伴随状语，表示其动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生；不定式在表语后面作目的状语，表示其动作在谓语动作之后发生。例如：Talk t yur friend and I’m sure that befre lng, yu’ll be back playing ftball tgether. Tday, scial expert Zhang Ying is here t tell yu t relax because there are many ways t meet peple and make new friends.
4. 条件状语：t d, ding和dne
⑴t d多表示假设，相当于虚拟语气的条件句，这时谓语部分常有wuld；也可以表示真实的条件，相当于真实条件句，这时谓语部分常有will。其肯定式位于句首或句末皆可，而否定式多置于句尾。例如：T lk at her（=If yu were t lk at her）, yu wuld think her a yung wman, but she is in fact 47 years ld.T be with him (=If yu are with him), yu will feel safe.Yu will d better t get her supprt. 。
He wuld have given anything t be friends with Rse.（=if he had been friends with Rse, but in fact he was nt her friends.）要是那时他能跟罗丝交上朋友的话，他是什么都愿意付出的。One will get int truble t d such a thing（= if ne shuld d such a thing）.做这样的事会惹麻烦的。One wuld be careless nt t see the mistake（=if ne shuld nt see the mistake/withut seeing the mistake）.看不出这样的错误，那简直是太粗心了。
⑵ding总是表示真实的条件，相当于真实条件句，位置一定在句首或在句子的前半部分。例如：Wrking hard (=If yu wrk hard), yu will succeed.Turning t the left (=If yu turn t the left), yu will see the pst ffice.Time permitting (=If time permits), we shall g there n ft.
⑶dne既能表示真实条件，也能表示虚拟条件，但语态上表示被动，时态上表示完成。另外，为了强调条件，有时分词前面加连词if或unless等。例如：United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.Given mre attentin (=If they had been given mre attentin), the trees culd have grwn better.The flwers his friend gave him will die unless watered (=unless they are watered) every day.
⑴有的现在分词已经成了介词，与that搭配构成复合连词，个别的还能作副词，引导条件状语，多表示真实的条件，有的也表示虚拟的条件。比如，介词：suppsing如果，假如；wanting没有，缺乏；failing如果没有，如果……不在，如果……不行的话；cnsidering考虑到，就……而论，照……来看。复合连词：cnsidering that考虑到，鉴于；prviding (that)只要，如果；suppsing (that)如果，假如。副词：cnsidering从各方面来看。例如：Assuming that his stry is true, what shuld we d? Suppsing (=With) the price t be lw, will yu buy it? Wanting (=Withut) curage, victry is impssible.Failing (=Withut) specific instructins, use yur wn judgment.
Cnsidering (=If cnsidering) his age, the little by reads very well.Cnsidering (=If we take it int accunt/cnsideratin that) he’s nly just started, he knws quite a lt abut it.The little by reads very well, cnsidering everything. Sure yu can brrw the car, prviding (=if/prvided/n cnditin that) yu get it back t me befre 10 ’clck. （真实条件）She was prepared t cme, prviding that (=if/prvided) she might bring her daughter. （真实条件，指当时。）Suppsing (that) (=If/Suppse) she desn’t cme, what shall we d? （真实条件）
⑵given可以作过去分词或介词，也可以与that搭配构成复合连词，它们都能引导条件状语。其区别是：作过去分词，given与主语之间具有被动关系，意为“如果被给予，如果有”，谓语动词既可以用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气；作介词，不用考虑与主语的关系，意为“如果考虑到”；与that搭配构成复合连词，引导条件状语从句，多用陈述语气。例如：Given (=If I were given) the chance, I’d d it again. （分词）Given (=If she is given) gd weather, ur ship will reach Shanghai tmrrw. 。（分词）Given the general state f his health (=If we take the general state f his health int accunt), it may take him a while t recver frm the peratin.（介词）Given that (=If) x equals three, x plus tw equals five. （复合连词）
5. 目的状语：t d和ding常见t d作目的状语，其形式有：t d, s as t d和in rder t d；少见现在分词作目的状语，除非一些固定搭配，如g shpping去购物，fr the purpse f ding sth.为了做某事，fr the sake f ding sth.为了做某事，in the hpe f ding sth./in hpe/hpes f ding sth希望做某事，with the intentin f ding sth怀着做某事的意图，等。它们与主语之间具有主动的主谓关系，表示其动作在谓语动作之后发生。例如：—Mum, why d yu always make me eat an egg every day? 妈妈，你为什么总是每天叫我吃一个鸡蛋？—T get enugh prtein and nutritin as yu are grwing up.为了获得足够的蛋白质营养，你在长个儿。（99上海，18）T cmplete the prject in time, the staff were wrking at weekends.为了及时完成这项工程，全体工作人员周末在工作。（2009天津，4）
She started early (in rder) t catch the train. (=She started early s that/in rder that she might catch the train.)为赶火车她很早出发了。She lived in hpes f seeing ne f her sns succeed. (=She lived in rder t see ne f her sns succeed.)她生活的寄托就是希望儿子当中有人能出人头地。Hwever, sme peple cnsider that clning human embrys with the intentin f destrying them shws n respect fr human life.但也有人认为，怀着摧毁它们的意图来克隆人类胚胎，这时对人类生命的不尊重。（牛津高中英语模块5，P.42, line 18）
另外，t d sth.作目的状语置于句首和句尾都可以，在句首时，可以用逗号，在句尾时，没有逗号。为了强调目的，或者不会使人误解为不定式作结果状语，往往把t d sth.或in rder t d sth.放在句首，或者把in rder t d sth.或s as t d sth.置于句尾。试比较：Last night, he wrked deep int the night t/in rder t/s as t write a reprt.=Last night, t/in rder t write a reprt, he wrked deep int the night.昨天晚上，为了写一个报告他工作到深夜。Last night, he wrked deep int the night, writing a reprt. (=Last night, he wrked deep int the night and wrte a reprt.)昨天晚上他工作到深夜，写了一个报告。T be a winner, yu need t give all yu have and try yur best.为了获胜，你需要竭尽全力。（2009辽宁，27）
6. 结果状语：t d，t be dne，ding和having dne
⑴表示自然结果和意外结果：不定式表示“意想不到的结果”，其肯定形式常与nly连用，nly起加强语气的作用，否定形式常与never连用，前面常没有逗号；现在分词表示“自然而然的结果”，常与nly或thus连用，前面总是有逗号。另外，t d，ding和having dne与主语之间都具有主动的主谓关系，t be dne与主语之间具有被动的主谓关系。t d，t be dne和ding具有“同时性”，表示其动作与谓语动作同时发生；having dne表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。再者，不定式作结果状语相当于并列谓语；现在分词作结果状语有时相当于非限制性的定语从句，有时相当于并列谓语。
He hurried t the bking ffice nly t be tld that all the tickets had been sld ut. (2006陕西，32)Tw years later, his father disappeared, never t be heard frm again (=and was never heard frm again).两年后，他的父亲不见了，以后再也没有听到他的音信。There is mud and water everywhere, making (=which makes) it difficult t travel frm place t place. 到处都是泥浆和谁，让此地到彼地的行程变得很困难。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing (=and thus caused) the delay. (=Their car was caught in a traffic jam. Thus/Therefre/As a result, it caused the delay.)他们的车遭遇了一场交通阻塞，结果造成了延误。The strm left, having caused a lt f damage t this area. (=The strm left and had caused a lt f damage t this area.)风暴过去了，对该地区已经造成了很大破坏。
⑵表示某种程度的结果：只有不定式可以表示某种程度的结果。它表示主要动作所达到的程度所产生的结果，其用法有以下两种：①跟在live和be built等动词后面。例如：He lived t be a very ld man.(=He lived up t the time that/when he was an ld man.)他活得很长。（寿命的程度所产生的结果。）I’m glad she didn’t live t see/witness the break-up f her daughter’s marriage. (=I’m glad she didn’t live t the time that/when she saw/witnessed the break-up f her daughter’s marriage.)我很欣慰，她没有活着看见她女儿婚姻破裂。Many f the streets in Disneyland are built t lk like streets in the USA in the 1890s. (=Many f the streets in Disneyland are built s that they lk like streets in the USA in the 1890s.)迪斯尼乐园里的许多街道修建得好像19世纪90年代的美国街道。（街道修建的式样和质量所产生的结果。）
②跟在某些形容词后面，此时形容词表示说话者对主语的“评论”。常见的形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cnvenient，dangerus，nice, fit, gd, high, cmfrtable, heavy, expensive, impssible, safe，unsafe等，并且这些形容词还可以与s as t d, s… as t d, such… as t d, such as t, enugh t d或t… t d结构连用。注意：这样用时，不定式的逻辑主语是它前面的fr sb.中的sb.，而实际上fr sb常被省略，因为不定式动作的执行者常常很明显。不定式的逻辑宾语就是句子的主语，因此，不定式用主动语态。
I like getting up very early in summer. The mrning air is s gd t breathe.我喜欢夏天早起。呼吸早晨的空气令人心旷神怡。（2008全国I，26；早晨的空气好的程度所产生的结果）The prblem is easy t answer. (=The prblem is easy fr me/us/yu/everyne t answer.)问题容易回答。（问题的难易程度所产生的结果。）The huse is s high and narrw as t resemble a twer.这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。（房子的样子所产生的结果。）His indifference is such as t make ne despair.他如此冷冰冰的，令人感到绝望。（他的冷淡态度所产生的结果。）The rm is big enugh t hld ne hundred peple.这房间大得足以容纳一百人。（房间的容积所产生的结果。）
⑶表示某种因果关系的结果：有时，不定式表示一种“因果关系”中的“果”。即主要动作是因，不定式动作是果。例如：He had verslept t be late fr schl. (=He had verslept, s that he was late fr schl.)他睡过了头，结果上学迟到了。What have I dne t make yu s angry? (=What have I dne that yu shuld be s angry?) 我做了什么使你那么生气？
7. 让步状语：ding, dne和having been dneding与主语之间具有主动关系；具有“同时性”或“进行性”，表示其动作与谓语动作同时发生或正在进行。dne和having been dne都与主语之间具有被动关系，都表示“被动完成”，只不过having been dne强调动作在谓语动作之前完成。另外，为了强调让步，它们前面可加上连词thugh等。例如：Weighing (=Althugh it weighs) almst 800 jin, the barbell was successfully lifted by him.杠铃重达800斤，却被他成功举起。
Whether sleeping r waking (=Whether he was sleeping r waking), he was nt at ease.不管睡着还是醒着，他心都不安。Althugh defeated (=Althugh he was/had been defeated), he shwed grace.他虽败犹荣。The sldier walked very slwly as if having been wunded (=as if he had been wunded).那个士兵走得很慢，好像首了伤似的。
特别提醒：⑴连词后跟being时，being常常被省略。例如：Thugh (being) in her wn rm, she still felt unsafe.虽然在自己房间里，她仍然感到不安全。⑵现在分词granting和过去分词granted与that连用，构成复合连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“即使，就算，纵然”。that可省略。例如：Granted/Granting that yu are right, I wn’t d it.就算你说的是正确的，我也不打算做那件事。
⑶nt ding与withut ding作状语的区别：nt ding是现在分词的否定式，作状语表示方式、伴随或附加说明、时间、条件、让步、原因或结果，常用逗号与句子的其它成份分开；withut ding是“介词+动名词”结构，有时可以把withut ding sth.改成withut sth.结构。该介词短语作状语常表示方式、伴随或附加说明、条件或转折性的结果，且语气强于nt ding，常不用逗号与其它成份分开。例如：Nt understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher t explain the wrd.因为他不懂该词的意思，所以就去请老师作解释。（原因）He waited cntentedly, nt trying t peep at her.他心满意足地等着，没有力图偷看她的表现。（伴随）
These bats catch large numbers f fish withut giving them time t lay eggs. (=These bats catch large numbers f fish and dn’t give them time t lay eggs.)这些捕捞船捕捞大量的鱼类，根本不给它们时间产卵。（伴随）Yu can tuch it r even pull its tail withut causing it t mve r wake up. (=Yu can tuch it r even pull its tail but cannt cause it t mve r wake up.)你可以触摸它，甚至可以拉它的尾巴，却不能使它活动或醒来。（转折性结果）She went ut withut (wearing) a hat.她出去了，没戴帽子。（伴随或方式）
8. 描述状语已经失去了主动意味而具有形容词性的现在分词和已经失去了被动意味而具有形容词性的过去分词经常和形容词一起作描述性状语，说明主语的状态特征，其位置可在句首或句末，常用逗号与句子的其它部分分开。Surprised and happy, Tny std up and accepted the prize.托尼又惊又喜，站起来接受了奖品。He reached hme at last, tired and hungry.他终于回到了家里，又累又饿。The wlf dg lies by the gate, very frightening.那条狼狗卧在大门旁，非常吓人。
非谓语动词题目三步走：
谓语动词/句型的要求主被动关系时间先后顺序
判定题目是否考察非谓语
He walked dwn the hills, _ sftly t himself. A. singB. sings C. singingD. was singingHe walked dwn the hills, and _ sftly t himself. A. singB. sings C. singing D. was singing