高考英语一轮复习课后达标 unit 23 conflict含答案

课时练1　2篇阅读＋1篇完形

 阅读理解

A

(2020· 新疆维吾尔自治区适应性检测) Super­storm Sandy slammed into the eastern United States a few years ago. The wind­driven water caused a lot of flooding, especially in the region’s subway system. Now two teens have invented a device that could help prevent future subway floods.

In New York City alone, Super­storm Sandy caused an estimated $19 billion in damage. Much of the flood­waters entered the subway system through its ventilation grates (通风栅). Those metal grills usually lie at ground level. When the system is shut down ahead of a flood, engineers try to cover those grates with plywood (胶合板) and sandbags. But the flooding often washes away those measures, which allows water to flow into the tunnels. Raising those grates even a tiny bit above ground level would cost a lot of money. Other ideas have included building tall chimneys around the holes. That would raise the grates and cost a lot of money, too.

Kyle and Raymond came up with a different, less expensive idea. They designed a metal grate with a built­in, adjustable cover. When trains are running, one part of the grate slides open to bring in fresh air. But when the system is shut down, that part can be slid shut to completely block the grate.

Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement. Their design includes tamper­proof features, which can prevent operation mistakes. They make sure that people don’t intentionally shut off airflow during normal conditions. For people with the proper key, it would only take a minute or two to close the grate ahead of a flood.

【解题导语】　本文主要讲述了几年前超级风暴Sandy猛烈袭击美国东部，造成了洪水灾害，当地的地铁被洪水淹没。为防止地铁再次被洪水淹没，两位少年发明了一种装置。

1．What’s the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The steps to operate grates.

B．The measures to prevent flood.

C．The function of plywood and sandbags.

D．The disadvantage of present subway system.

D　解析：段落大意题。根据第二段第一句可知，据估计超级风暴Sandy仅在纽约市就造成了价值190亿美元的损失。文章接下来分析了超级风暴造成的洪水淹没地铁的原因：目前的地铁系统存在很大的弊端。故选D。

2．Which of the following words best describes the two teens’ new invention?

A．Costly.　　　　　　　 B．Time­saving.

C．Practical.   D．Conventional.

C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句“Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement.”可知，他们使用的栅栏和现在使用的栅栏大小一样，所以，他们说这会很容易就可以把旧的栅栏取出来，并放入一个替换栅栏；再结合最后一段最后一句可推知，新的栅栏操作起来也很方便。故选C。

3．What’s the purpose of designing the tamper­proof feature?

A．To replace the old grate correctly.

B．To close the grate ahead of a flood.

C．To ensure airflow in normal conditions.

D．To stop the train speeding up unexpectedly.

C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第三、四句可知，设计干预防护的特点可以阻止操作失误，有了干预防护，他们确保人们不会有意地在正常情况下关掉空气流通的功能，故选C。

4．Where does the text most probably come from?

A．A news report.

B．An adventurous story.

C．An introduction to new equipment.

D．A guidebook to making grates.

A　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了两位少年发明了一种成本较低、实用的地铁防洪装置以及该装置的特点和优势，应该属于新闻报道类文章，故选A。

B

(2020·合肥高三调研)While elephants born without tusks(长牙) are not unheard of, they normally form just 2 to 6 percent of the population. However, that is not the case at Mozambique’s Gorongosa National Park, where an astonishing 33 percent of female elephants born after the country’s conflict ended in 1992 are tuskless. While that may appear to be just a coincidence, Joyce Poole, an elephant behavior expert, has another theory. The researcher thinks we may be witnessing unnatural evolution of the species due to the constant hunting of elephants for valuable ivories.

Poole says before the country’s 15­year­long conflict, the park was home to over 4，000 elephants. However, by the time the conflict ended in 1992, about 90 percent of them had been killed for ivories to get money. Of the less than 200 survivors, over 50 percent of adult females had no tusks. Therefore, it is not surprising that the park’s tuskless elephant population has grown greatly.

This is not the first time researchers have observed a great change in the population of elephants. At Zambia’s South Luangwa National Park and Lupande Game Management Area, areas which were heavily hunted in the 1970s and 1980s, 35% of elephants of 25 years old or older and 13% of those younger than 25 are now without tusks. A 2008 study published in the African Journal of Ecology found that the number of tuskless females at the Ruaha National Park in Tanzania went from 10.5 percent in 1969 to almost 40 percent in 1989, largely due to illegal hunting for ivories.

The recent ban on ivories in both the US and China should help get rid of, or at least reduce, elephant hunting. However, scientists are not sure how long it will take for elephants with a higher rate of tuskless females to change the__trend．

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。在1992年，在莫桑比克的Gorongosa国家公园，有33%的雌象生来就没有长牙，大象行为专家认为，这是人们为了获得珍贵的象牙，而对大象进行持续不断的猎杀而造成的非自然的进化。

5．What is the probable cause of the phenomenon mentioned in Paragraph 1?

A．Illegal hunting.   B．Constant farming.

C．A pure coincidence.   D．Natural evolution.

A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段尾句“The researcher thinks we may be witnessing unnatural evolution of the species due to the constant hunting of elephants for valuable ivories.”可知，这位研究人员认为，由于持续不断地猎杀大象以获取珍贵的象牙，我们可能正在目睹物种的非自然进化。据此可知，第一段中提到的现象的可能原因是非法猎杀，故A项正确。

6．Why did people kill so many elephants during the conflict in Mozambique?

A．To get money by selling ivories.

B．To develop new decorations.

C．To provide food for local people.

D．To make ivory products.

A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“However, by the time the conflict ended in 1992, about 90 percent of them had been killed for ivories to get money.”可知，然而在1992年内战结束时，有大约90%的大象因象牙被猎杀，从而获得钱。据此可知，人们猎杀大象是为了通过销售象牙来获得钱，故A项正确。

7．Which of the following had the earliest record on tuskless elephants?

A．Gorongosa National Park.

B．South Luangwa National Park.

C．Ruaha National Park.

D．Lupande Game Management Area.

C　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的第二句可知，在1992年内战结束时，莫桑比克的Gorongosa国家公园有33%的雌象生来无长牙；根据第三段尾句“A 2008 study published in the African Journal of Ecology found that the number of tuskless females at the Ruaha National Park in Tanzania went from 10.5 percent in 1969 to almost 40 percent in 1989, largely due to illegal hunting for ivories.”可知，Ruaha国家公园在1969年有10.5%的无长牙雌象，到1989年时，有大约40%的无长牙雌象；据此可知，Ruaha国家公园是最早记录无长牙雌象的地区，故C项正确。

8．What does the underlined phrase “the trend” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Elephants facing greater danger.

B．Elephants growing more slowly.

C．Fewer female elephants staying alive.

D．More female elephants being tuskless.

D　解析：推理判断题。根据尾段第一句“The recent ban on ivories in both the US and China should help get rid of, or at least reduce, elephant hunting.”可知，最近美国和中国都颁布了象牙禁令，这应该有助于消除或至少减少对大象的猎杀；结合该段第二句“However, scientists are not sure how long it will take for elephants with a higher rate of tuskless females to change the__trend．”可知，科学家们并不确定对拥有较高比例无长牙雌象的大象们来说需要多长时间才能改变这种趋势。据此可推知，画线词指代“更多的雌象无长牙”这一趋势，故D项正确。

 完形填空

(2020·郑州高三第二次质量预测)My father was born in a small town in the US. He wasn’t sure what he wanted from __1__， but something told him to __2__ and begin a new adventure.

He began that adventure traveling to cities in the US before going on to Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines. He took my mother and us three daughters with him and went wherever the road __3__ him.

It’s easy to feel __4__ when you’re on the road. We made lots of new friends on our trip—most of them are mechanics, since we often __5__ hours in repair shops. But that was a way much __6__ than sitting by the roadside while waiting for the engine to __7__ when it was 40℃ outside.

Getting along well sometimes seemed __8__. There were always a lot of __9__， especially among us back seat passengers about who had to __10__ in the middle. But even if it was hard, we learned a lot about __11__. When we were traveling in the Philippines, we drove to Quezon City one day. It should have been an hour’s drive but was nearly three thanks to bad roads and __12__ traffic. “Did you put our suitcases in the car？” my father asked my mother as we arrived there. From the back seat, we saw her __13__ turn toward my father. “No，” she said. “I thought you did.” That was how a seven­hour car trip turned into a 16­hour one, which was mostly spent in __14__．

On occasions like that, we had to learn to let go of our anger because we were __15__ in a rolling box with the same people for the rest of the __16__. Even if I sometimes felt like opening the car door and __17__ one of my sisters out, I kept my feelings to myself.

This is why road trips were like __18__ universities to us. We __19__ our PhDs(博士学位) in how to get along with other people just by traveling in our old car.

If we were __20__ given a second chance at life, we would do it all over again. Only this time would I put the suitcases in the car myself.

【解题导语】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。小时候“我”随父母以及“我”的姐妹开车旅行，在此过程中，“我们”学会了忍让以及和别人相处。这个颠簸的旅程是一所移动的大学，让“我”受益匪浅。

1．A.move   B．life

C．experience   D．belief

B　解析：根据上文可知，“我”的父亲出生在美国的一个小镇上；结合该句中的“He wasn’t sure what he wanted”以及下文叙述的他带着全家开车旅行可推知，那时他不确定想从生活中得到些什么，故B项正确。

2．A.live up   B．struggle on

C．get out   D．walk around

C　解析：根据该句中的“begin a new adventure”可推知，他得到启示，要他走出去，去开启新的冒险经历。C项意为“离开，从……出来”，故C项正确；B项意为“勉强维持”。

3．A.took   B．drove

C．served   D．controlled

A　解析：根据该句中的“wherever the road”并结合语境可知，他带着妈妈和“我们”这三个女儿，沿路旅行。A项表示“带去，引领”，符合语境，故A项正确。

4．A.anxious   B．upset

C．helpless   D．lonely

D　解析：根据该句中的“when you’re on the road”和下文介绍的沿路交朋友可推知，当在路上时，很容易感到孤独(lonely)。

5．A.wasted   B．worked

C．spent   D．chatted

C　解析：根据语境可知，由于“我们”经常花费几个小时在修理店，所以“我们”交的朋友大部分是修理工。

6．A.better   B．easier

C．safer   D．cleverer

A　解析：由于外面的温度达到40摄氏度，所以去修理店要比坐在马路边等候好得多。

7．A.break down   B．cool off

C．clear up   D．turn over

B　解析：根据该句中的“when it was 40℃ outside”可知，外面气温高达40摄氏度；据此可推知，该处指等待发动机冷却下来；B项意为“使冷却下来”。故B项正确。A项意为“出故障”，C项意为“清理”，D项意为“翻转”，都与语境不符。

8．A.available   B．alternative

C．necessary   D．impossible

D　解析：根据下文中的“it was hard”并结合语境可知，有时友好相处似乎是不可能的(impossible)。

9．A.arguments   B．fights

C．embarrassments   D．amusements

A　解析：根据空后的“especially among us...in the middle”可知，“我们”之间总是有很多争吵(arguments)，尤其是关于后座的“我们”谁坐(sit)在中间时。

10．A.settle   B．rest

C．sit   D．watch

C　解析：参见上题解析。

11．A.sharing   B．respect

C．communication   D．tolerance

D　解析：根据该句中的“But”表达的语境可知，尽管这很难解决，但是“我们”学会了忍耐(tolerance)。

12．A.light   B．heavy

C．local   D．fast

B　解析：根据该句中的“It should have been an hour’s drive but was nearly three”可知，本可以在一小时就完成的路程，“我们”却花了将近三个小时。据此可推知，这里道路较差，交通拥堵，故B项正确。

13．A.suddenly   B．sensitively

C．calmly   D．slowly

D　解析：根据语境可知，“我们”在后座看到母亲慢慢地转过头对父亲说：“没有，我还以为你放了”。

14．A.silence   B．vain

C．panic   D．disappointment

A　解析：根据上文可知，母亲忘记将手提箱放进车里；结合该句和下文中的“we had to learn to let go of our anger”可知，“我们”学会了控制自己的怒气，这个七小时的行程最终变成了十六小时的行程，我们大部分的时间都在沉默。

15．A.buried   B．crazy

C．stuck   D．impatient

C　解析：根据语境可知，在像上文提到的情况下，“我们”必须控制自己的怒气，因为在接下来的旅程(journey)里“我们”和相同的人一起被困在(stuck)车里。

16．A.holiday   B．journey

C．exploration   D．march

B　解析：参见上题解析。

17．A.dragging   B．pushing

C．helping   D．sending

B　解析：根据该句中的“I kept my feelings to myself”可知，“我”控制住了自己的情绪。据此可推知，此处表示有时“我”想要打开车门将“我”的一个姐妹推出车外。B项意为“推”，故B项正确。

18．A.unusual   B．common

C．free   D．mobile

D　解析：根据该句中的“road trips”以及下文中的“We ______ our PhDs(博士学位)”可知，对于“我们”来说，公路旅行就如可移动的(mobile)大学。

19．A.earned   B．expected

C．missed   D．valued

A　解析：根据语境可知，就在这辆旧汽车里，“我们”获得了如何和他人相处的博士学位。A项意为“获得，赢得”，故A项正确。

20．A.somewhere   B．anytime

C．somehow   D．anyway

C　解析：根据语境可知，如果“我们”能以某种方式在人生中获得第二次机会的话，“我们”还会去旅行。C项意为“以某种方式”，故C项正确。

课时练2　2篇阅读＋1篇七选五＋

1篇语法填空

 阅读理解

A

(2020·合肥第一次质检)We can have video chat with astronauts aboard the International Space Station and watch live footage from the frozen heights of a mountain. But communicating with a submarine(潜艇) or a diver is not so easy. The lack of practical methods for sharing data between underwater and airborne(空气传播的) devices has long been a frustration for scientists. The difficulty stems from the fact that radio signals work perfectly in air travel but poorly in water. Sonar signals used by underwater sensors reflect off the surface of water rather than reaching the air.

Now, researchers at MIT have developed a method with the potential to revolutionize underwater communication. “What we’ve shown is that it’s actually feasible to communicate from underwater to the air，” says Fadel Adib, a professor at MIT’s Media Lab, who led the research.

The MIT researchers designed a system that uses an underwater machine to send sonar signals to the surface, making vibrations(震动) corresponding to the 1s and 0s of the data. A surface receiver then reads and decodes these tiny vibrations. The researchers call the system TARF. “It has any number of potential real­world uses，” Adib says. “It could be used to find downed planes underwater by reading signals from sonar devices in a plane’s black box and it could allow submarines to communicate with the surface.”

Right now the technology is low­resolution. The initial study was conducted in the MIT swimming pool at maximum depths of around 11 or 12 feet. The next steps for the researchers are to see if TARF is workable at much greater depths and under varying conditions—high waves, storms, schools of fish. They also want to see if they can make the technology work in the other direction—air to water. If the technology proves successful in real­world conditions, expect “texting while diving” to be the latest underwater fashion.

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项麻省理工学院的科学家发明的从水下与地面上的人进行通信的技术。

1．What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 1?

A．The future of video chat underwater and in air.

B．The frustrations of developing underwater devices.

C．The difficulty of communication from water to air.

D．The current situation of communicating with a submarine.

C　解析：段落大意题。通读第一段的内容可知，该段主要讲的是从水下与地面的人进行通信非常困难，故选C。

2．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean?

A．Achievable.　　　　　　　 B．Convenient.

C．Changeable.   D．Alternative.

A　解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Now, researchers at MIT have developed...underwater communication.”可知，麻省理工学院的研究人员发明了一种可能改变水下通信的方法，使从水下与地面上的人进行沟通成为可能，故A项“可实现的”与画线词意思最相近。故选A。

3．What do we know about TARF?

A．It is widely used to find downed planes.

B．It can work well at great depths underwater.

C．It is an underwater machine that sends signals.

D．It can send, receive and read signals from underwater.

D　解析：推理判断题。文章第三段详细讲述了TARF系统的工作原理：该系统使用一个水下机器向水面发送声呐信号，对0到1秒的数据产生震动，然后水面接收器读取并对这些微小的震动进行重新编码，这样可以从水下与地面上的人进行通信。故选D。

4．What is the best title for the text?

A．The Real­world Uses of Sonar Technology

B．Full Water­to­air Communication Closer to Reality

C．A Breakthrough in the Application of Video Chat

D．TARF Becoming a New Means of Communication

B　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了科学家发明的一种从水下与地面上的人进行通信联系的系统，研究人员将会把它投入到真实的状况下进行验证，因此B项最适合作本文标题。

B

(2020·山西八校第一次联考)At a farm off Narrow Lane near Lexington, Kentucky, U．S., old­fashioned houses look over the little red barn(畜舍)．The farm is mostly empty now.Jim Mahan and his family, who lived there for generations, have moved to a different plot of land in northern Fayette County.As land is sold, houses go up where there once were fields.

But during the summer, the barn is filled with city kids who have come to enjoy the farm. They’re members of the Fayette County Livestock(FCL) Club, which showcases skills as varied as cutting wool. The barn is where they look after the animals. “A lot of Lexington kids don’t know anything about farm life，” said Adria Meier, 17, who has looked after goats and sheep for three years. “There is so much to learn.”

The dozen or so children who take care of their goats and sheep at the little red barn must do a six­hour class before they get an animal. They pay for their own animals but get special club programs, such as one that provides vet(兽医) care.

Mahan lets the group use the barn for free, and the kids spend up to three hours a day there during the summer.But as his land gets sold, he doesn’t know whether the club can continue. What makes the FCL Club special is that most of the kids can’t just walk out their doors and take care of their animals. Most are driven to the barn by their mothers, who usually hang around and chat as their kids feed and exercise the animals.

There are valuable lessons learned along the way. For instance, don’t cut wool off your goat when there is wind, and sheep are social animals and will cry loudly when separated. “Tending to animals helps teach us responsibility. Unlike learning to shoot an arrow, caring for an animal isn’t something you can simply abandon，” said Carly Playforth, 16, of Lexington.

【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文， 主要讲述了一群城里的孩子来到乡间农场体验不同的生活，照顾农场动物的故事。

5．What is the requirement for kids before they get animals?

A．Attend a class.

B．Pay certain money.

C．Have varied skills.

D．Get special club programs.

A　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“must do a six­hour class before they get an animal”可知，得到动物之前，孩子们必须上一节六小时的课程，这个课程可能是培训孩子们如何照顾动物的。

6．What do we know about the club?

A．It offers services unconditionally.

B．It pays for their use of the barn.

C．It lets Mothers care for animals.

D．It allows Mothers to push kids.

D　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Most are driven to the barn by their mothers”可推知，该俱乐部让孩子的妈妈督促孩子参与农场活动，故选D项。

7．How does Carly Playforth feel about the experience?

A．Suspicious.　　　　　　　　 B．Moved.

C．Appreciative.   D．Opposed.

C　解析：观点态度题。最后一段首句是段落主旨句，作者引用Carly Playforth的话是为了进一步说明因照顾动物而教会孩子们的珍贵东西，比如责任。由此可知， Carly Playforth对这种经历是赞赏的(appreciative)。

8．What is the passage mainly about?

A．Kids’ life on a sold farm.

B．Valuable lessons learned on the farm.

C．A special club intended for Lexington kids.

D．A club activity of caring for farm animals.

D　解析：主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，本文重点介绍的是FCL俱乐部借助一个农场举办的活动——让孩子们亲自照顾动物，在这一过程中，孩子们获益匪浅。故D项概括最为全面。

 七选五

(2020·济南模拟)About one hundred years ago many educated people learned and spoke French when they met people from other countries. Today most people speak English when they meet foreigners. 1.________ There are more people who speak English as a second language than people who speak English as a first language. Why is this?

2．________ One of them is that English has become the language of business. Another important reason is that popular American culture(like movies and music) has quickly spread throughout the world. 3.________

Is it good that English has spread to all parts of the world so quickly? 4.________ It’s important to have a language that the people of the earth have in common. Our world has become very global and we need to communicate with one another. On the other hand, English is a fairly complicated language to learn and it brings its culture with it. Do we really need that?

Scientists have already tried to create an artificial language that isn’t too difficult and doesn’t include any group’s culture. It is called Esperanto. 5.________ Maybe the popularity of English won’t last that long either. There are more people in the world who speak Chinese than any other language. Maybe someday Chinese will be the new international language.

A．People like English.

B．But it hasn’t become popular.

C．It has brought its language with it.

D．There is no doubt about the question.

E．This is why English was widely spoken.

F．It has become the new international language.

G．There are many reasons why English has become so popular.

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要分析了英语作为国际语言流行的原因及对未来可能流行的语言的预测。

1．F　解析：根据第一段的前两句可知，大约一百年前很多有学问的人学习法语，并且在见到来自其他国家的人时说法语，现在大部分人见到外国人时说英语。由此可推知，英语已经成了新的国际性语言。故选F项。

2．G　解析：承接上文“Why is this？”，并结合本段中的“One of them is”和“Another important reason is”可推知，此空表述英语流行有诸多原因，故选G项。

3．C　解析：承接上文美国文化在全球的流行可知，它的语言也随之而来，故选C项。

4．D　解析：承接上文的疑问句，并结合下文的肯定陈述“It’s important to have a language that the people of the earth have in common.”可知，此处是表示英语在全世界的传播是一件好事，故选D项。

5．B　解析：结合下文“Maybe the popularity of English won’t last that long either.”可知，B项“但是它并没有流行起来”符合语境，衔接上下文。

 语法填空

(2020·绵阳第一次诊断)Adam Braun established the organization Pencils of Promise in 2008. Its goal is 1.____________(make) sure all children have a chance for education.

It all started when he was a college student. Adam Braun was visiting India when 2.____________ girl stopped him on the street and asked for money. He asked her what she desired 3.____________(much) of all in the world. Astonishingly, her answer was “a pencil”. The girl had never been to school before, and that was the 4.____________(real) for 57 million children around the world.

After graduation, Adam Braun never forgot the girl and the problem of 5.____________(her). “We live in a world in which every single child can have access 6.____________ quality education. So I was determined to create schools in other places 7.____________children are hungry for education.” Adam Braun began to raise money for his project through social media.

“We are working hard to make sure that the program is not just beautiful photos and videos of children, but that we’re 8.____________(actual) seeing amazing results in the classroom. That’s why our 9.____________(kid) in Pencils of Promise schools progress fast from one grade to the next，” Braun said.

Since then, it 10.____________(help) more than 22，000 children in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了Adam Braun建立了一个旨在帮助所有孩子接受教育的组织。

1．to make　解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：它的目标是确保所有的孩子都有机会接受教育。此处用不定式作表语。

2．a　解析：考查冠词。句意：Adam Braun在印度游览时，一个女孩在街上拦住了他，向他要钱。girl为可数名词单数，且此处是第一次提到，故应用不定冠词a。

3．most　解析：考查副词的最高级。句意：他问她在世界上她最想要什么。根据句意及空后的“of all”可知，此处表示“最想要”，故应用副词的最高级形式。

4．reality　解析：考查名词。句意：这个女孩从来没有上过学，这是全世界5 700万孩子的现状。此处定冠词“the”后应跟名词。故用reality，意为“事实，现实”。

5．hers　解析：考查代词。句意：毕业后，Adam Braun从来没有忘记这个女孩和她的问题。介词of后应跟名词性物主代词，表示“她的”，故此处应用hers。

6．to　解析：考查介词。此处考查固定搭配have access to sth.“有机会使用……”，故应用介词to。

7．where　解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词other places，且在从句中作地点状语，故应用where。

8．actually　解析：考查副词。句意：我们努力确保这个项目不只是孩子们漂亮的图片和视频，还有我们真正地看到课堂上令人惊叹的成果。修饰动词应用副词actually。

9．kids　解析：考查名词的单复数。句意：Braun说，这就是在Pencils of Promise学校的孩子们从一个年级到下个年级进步迅速的原因。根据句意及谓语动词progress可知，此处应用kid的复数形式。

10．has helped　解析：考查动词的时态。句意：从那时起，它已经帮助了非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的22 000多个孩子。根据时间状语“Since then”可知，此处应用现在完成时。