人教版八年级英语上册--Unit 8——可数名词和不可数名词单元同步重难点词语语法讲练

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可数名词和不可数名词一、概念引入在学习名词时，有一个问题特别重要——即名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式，当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也应用复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；它一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式。它在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也只用单数形式。二、用法讲解一、名词的概念：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。二、名词的分类：名词分为普通名词和专有名词。(一) 普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。　　可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体，如：girl；desk；dog；window； book；pen等)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体，如：family；class；people等)。　　不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物，如：water；paper；silk；honey；cream；money等)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念，如：work；happiness；music；difficulty；beauty； youth；poverty等)。(二) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等，如：Tom；the Great Wall；the Spring Festival；France；China；Christmas等。三、名词的数：(一) 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：1. 规则变化：(1) 一般情况下，在词尾加s。例如：　   book—books；hat—hats；pencil—pencils；girl—girls　以清辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为／s／，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为／z／。　　在／p／／t／／k／／f／等清辅音后→／s／：cups；cats；books；photographs　　在／b／／d／／g／／v／等浊辅音后→／z／：cards；bags；knives；labs；lions(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词，变复数时，要在词尾加-es。例如：　  beach—beaches，brush—brushes，bus—buses，box—boxes，　　class—classes，　 glass—glasses，lunch—lunches(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es。例如：　 baby—babies　 city—cities，family—families，　 country—countries，strawberry—strawberries(ies读音为[iz])注意：以“元音字母 + y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。例如：　　holidays；days；plays；ways；donkeys；boys；toys(4)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,变复数时，先把f或fe变为v，再加-es。例如：　　wife—wives，leaf—leaves，half—halves，knife—knives，　　thief—thieves　 shelf—shelves(ves读音为[vz])2. 不规则变化：(1)以o结尾的名词，一般在词尾加-s。例如：zoo—zoos； radio—radios； photo—photos； piano—pianos, kangaroo—kangaroos而有些在词尾加-es，它们是“黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿”。negro—negroes； hero—heroes； potato—potatoes； tomato—tomatoes(2)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es，而是变换其中的字母。例如：　　man—men；woman—women；policeman—policemen；　　Englishman—Englishmen；Frenchman—Frenchmen；　　foot—feet； tooth—teeth； child—children；mouse—mice；ox—oxen(公牛)(3) 还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。例如：　　Chinese—Chinese；Japanese—Japanese；sheep—sheep；deer—deer(4) 复合名词：① 前面的名词是man或woman，变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式。例如：man teacher—men teachers； woman driver—women drivers② 如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。例如：boy student—boy students；  apple tree—apple trees③与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。例如：　 brother-in-law — brothers-in-law； passer-by — passers-by。　(5) 有些以f或fe结尾的词直接加s变成复数。例如：roof—roofs，chief—chiefs，gulf—gulfs(6)某国人的复数　口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。例如：Chinese(中国人)—Chinese； Japanese(日本人)—JapaneseEnglishman(英国人)—Englishmen；Frenchman(法国人)—Frenchmen German(德国人)— Germans；American(美国人)—Americans(7)有些名词通常只用作复数。例如：　glasses眼镜；clothes衣服；goods货物；trousers裤子(8)集体名词的数：　① 有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people；cattle；police　② 有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。例如：　　　  This family is a big family.     My family are watching TV.   There are 50 students in this class.    The class are listening to their teacher.(二) 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，但是可以用一些量词来表示不可数名词的数量。(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)1ittle，a lot of／lots of，some，any等词修饰。例如：　  much money；a little bread；a lot of ice cream；some juice(2) 表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。变复数时可以把前面的量词变成复数。例如：a bottle of milk；a glass of water； a can of beer； a piece of paper；two bottles of milk；two pieces of paper； two glasses of water注意：我们也可用“数词+量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。例如：a box of oranges；two bags of books；a room of students (三)有些词，单数形式和复数形式的词义不同，需特别注意。例如：sand沙—sands沙滩；chicken鸡肉—a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁—an orange橘子；room空间、余地—a room房间；good(好处，益处)—goods(货物)； custom(风俗) —customs(海关)；spirit(精神) —spirits(情绪)；manner(方式) —manners(礼貌)；force—forces(武装力量)；communication(通讯)—communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)；cloth(布)—clothes(衣服)；content(内容) —contents(目录)；convenience(便利)—conveniences(便利设备)；humanity(人类)—humanities(人文科学)；necessity(需要) —necessities(必需品)；pain(疼痛)—pains(辛劳)；ruin(毁灭)—ruins(废墟，遗迹)；wood(木材)—woods(树林)；work(工作)—works(工厂，著作)；air—airs(架子，神气)。三、巩固练习一、写出下列名词的复数形式。　1. broom _____ car _____ tree _____ horse______　2. bus_______ 　fox ______ branch _____ class______　3. baby _______ family _____ country________　4. radio _______ photo______ piano______　5. knife ______ leaf_____ life_____ thief_______　6. man____ woman_______ child_______ foot________　7. woman teacher _____ apple tree _____ step son_____二、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?2. There is some________(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.5. There are five________(people) in his family.6. Let’s take________(photo), OK?7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.10. Their________(dictionary) look new.11. I have three foreign friends. They are ________(American).12. They are________(woman) doctors.13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.三、将下列词组译成汉语。 1. 三杯牛奶 ________________________    2.  一袋大米________________________ 3. 三篮子苹果 ________________________ 4. 一碗面条________________________ 5. 四盒子书 ________________________      6. 六片面包________________________ 7. 五张纸________________________   8. 三听橘汁 ________________________ 9.八条新闻  ________________________  10. 一箱香蕉 ________________________   四、选择填空。1. The deer has four ______.  A. foot    B. feet    C. feets    D. foots2. Her two brothers are both ______.  A. policeman    B. policemans    C. policemen    D. policemens3. There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.  A. Japanese, Germen  B. Japaneses, Germen  C. Japanese, Germans  D. Japaneses, Germans4. Two ______ will come to the village.  A. woman-doctors    B. women doctor    C. women doctors    D. woman doctors5. Can you see nine _____ in the picture?  A. sheep    B. dog   C. pig    D. horse6. The _____ has two ______.  A. boys, watches    B. boy, watch    C. boy, watches    D. boys, watch7. The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed.  A. tooth    B. tooths    C. teeth    D. teeths8. The Japanese ____ will not leave China until she finishes her study.  A. woman    B. women    C. man    D. men9. There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table.  A. tomatos    B. tomato    C. tomatoes    D. tomatoss10. The cat caught two ______ last night.  A. mouses    B. mice    C. mouse    D. mices【真题链接】1. Yesterday Lucy told us such good           that we are all amazed at it. A. news            B. ideas      C. suggestion       D. answer 2. There are fifty 　     in our school. They are all friendly to us. A. woman teachers       B. women teacher C. woman teacher      D. women teachers3. — After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.   — Why not buy some ________ to drink?A. bread             B. noodles            C. apple juice          D. teas4. －When is  ________  Day?   －It’s on June 1st, Dave.A. Child   B. Children   C. Child’s   D. Children’s5." Lily, let's make vegetable salad. How many ________do we need?" "One is enough."     A. oranges       B. potato     C. tomatoes 6. Mum, it’s so hot. Could I have some ________? A. hamburgers   B. bread  C. ice-cream