初中英语8年级上册英语知识点汇总-复习

8年级上册英语复习资料
Module 1
一、 短语
1、 Let’s try to speak English as much as possible.
(1) Let’s do sth让我们做…
(2) try to do sth 尽力去做某事
(3) as much as possible尽可能多地
(4) as+adj/adv(原级)+as 和…一样 （否定）not so/as…as 和…不一样
eg: She is as tall as Lily. 她和Lily一样高。
2、Work in pairs.两人一组训练。 a pair of 一双，一对
3、Practise saying the words.练习说单词。 practise doing sth 练习做某事
4、Match the words with their meanings.把单词和他们的意思匹配。
match…with…把…和…匹配
5、(1)Many students ask for advice about how to improve their English.许多学生询求有关于提高他们英语的建议。 此处advice可以换成suggestions
(2)I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建议你每天在纸上写四至五个单词，并把它们贴到你的房间里。
名词：advice（不可数名词） a piece of advice一条建议 ask for advice询求建议
suggestion（可数名词） two suggestions 两条建议
动词：advise sb to do sth = suggest doing sth建议做某事
advise sb not to do sth建议某人不要做某事
suggest sb do 建议某人应该做某事
6、Why not write down our mistakes in our notebooks?
(1) Why not do…? = Why don’t … do…?为什么不…呢？
(2) write down 写下（代词放中间，如write it down）
(3) make a mistake = make mistakes 犯错误
7、forget to do sth忘记要去做某事（未做） forget doing sth忘记做过某事（已经发生）
8、be good for 对…有好处 be good at doing擅长做某事 be bad for 对…有坏处
9、I agree with you. 我同意你的看法。 agree with sb同意某人的看法。
10、It’s a good idea to spell and pronounce new words aloud.大声拼读新单词是个好主意。
11、提建议句型：
1）What/How about doing sth?做某事怎么样？
2）Why not/Why don’t …do sth?为什么不做某事呢？
3）Shall we do sth?我们做…，好吗？
4）Let’s do…! 让我们…吧！
5）You’d better (not) do sth!你最好（不）做某事。
6）Would you mind doing sth?你介意做某事吗？
7）Don’t do…!不要做…
8）Will/Would/Could you please do…?你能做…吗?
9）Let’s try to do…!让我们一起做某事！
10）sb should do sth 某人应该做……。
11）It’s a good idea to… ……是个好主意。
12、Watching films and listening to songs are（谓语） great ways to learn English.
动名词作主语：单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数；两个或两个以上动名词作主语，谓语用复数。
13、Each time you will learn something new. something new（不定代词+形容词）一些新的东西
14、I am afraid to speak to her. be afraid to do因害怕而不敢做某事
15、It’s natural to forget new words.忘记新单词是正常的。
(1)It’s +adj + to + do sth做某事是……
(2)It’s + adj (描述事情) + for sb + to do sth
(3)It’s + adj (形容人的内在品质 ) + of sb + to do sth表示内在品质的形容词：nice ;kind ;polite ;friendly ; brave ; smart ; clever ; silly ; foolish ; stupid ; honest(诚实的)等
16、Try to make friends with them and take them around your town.试着和他们交朋友，然后带他们参观你的镇上。 make friends with与…交朋友 show sb around带某人参观

二、 模块语法
(1) 一般现在时（表示经常性、习惯性的动作和状态；或表示客观真理）
结构：主+V原 / V三单 eg: They work hard every day. He watches TV once a week.
标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, every…, in the morning, on Sunday, once a week…
(2) 现在进行时（表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作）
结构：be（is，am，are）＋v-ing eg: She is reading the magazine now.
标志词： now, at this moment, these days, Look! Listen!等
(3) 一般过去时（表示在过去时间里发生的动作或状态）
结构：主语＋V过 Peter went to the movie yesterday.
标志词：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, at that moment, in the old days, after two days, two days later…
(4)一般将来时（表示现在看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态）
结构：will do; be(am, is, are) going to do
Eg: There will be a sports meeting in our school next month.
There is going to be a sports meeting in our school next month.
标志词： tomorrow，next week，in two weeks, in two weeks’ time, soon, in＋一段时间
Module 2
一、短语
1. pretty good= quite good=very good 相当好;很好 pretty village 漂亮的村庄
2. It’s on the coast near Hong Kong. 它在香港附近的海岸边上。 on the coast在海边
3. in fact=actually 事实上
4. get bigger and busier 变得更大更繁华
get＋adj.比较级 变得更怎么样
5. in the 1980s 在20世纪80年代
6. one day 将来或过去的某一天； some day 将来的某一天
7. What’s the population of Shenzhen? 深圳的人口是多少？
----It’s over ten million. over=more than超过
----It has a population of over ten million.
The population of Shenzhen is large.
形容人口的多或少时用：large或small
8. million 百万 两百万：two million
hundreds of 成百上千thousands of 成千上万millions of 数百万的 billions of 数十亿
9. remember to do... 记得去做…（未做）
remember doing... 记得做过…（已做）
10. many other buildings 许多其他建筑物 many other ＋名词复数
11. I’d like to go there one day. would like to do sth. 想要做某事
12. London is in the south of England. 伦敦位于英国的南部
in the east/south/west/north of… 在……的东/南/西/北部
表示方位的介词in，on，to的区别：
in用于一个地点在另一个地点的范围内。Beijing is in China.
on用于两个地点相互接壤。Guangxi is on the west of Guangdong.
to 表示两个地点不靠在一起，相互不接壤。Hainan is to the south of Guangdong.
13. My home town is especially famous for its university.
Yao Ming is famous as a basketball player .
be famous for 因…而出名 be famous as 因…(身份；职业；头衔)而著名
14. There are lots of old buildings and churches to visit.
There be….to do. 有….去做/要做。 lots of=a lot of许多；大量
15. part of = a part of ……的一部分

二、模块语法:
1. 形容词比较级的构成规则(规则变化).

构成方法
原级
比较级
单音节和部分双音节词
一般在词尾加⁃er
tall，long，short，old
taller，longer，
shorter，older
以不发音字母e结尾的词,在词尾直接加⁃r

nice，fine，large
nicer，finer，larger
以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母,要双写该辅音字母,再加⁃er　

big，hot，thin
bigger，hotter，thinner
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把“y”改为“i”,再加⁃er

busy，easy，，early
busier，easier，
earlier

2.表示两者之间“哪个更……” 用 “Which is +比较级,…or…?”。如:
Which is longer, this one or that one? 哪个更长,这个还是那个?
3.……比较级+and+比较级……,表示“越来越……”。 如:
In spring, the days get longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长。
4.“the+比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+主语+谓语” 表示“越……,就越……”。如:
The older you are, the weaker you will be. 你年纪越大,身体就会越弱。
5.as+形容词原级+as…,表示“和……一样……”。 如:
Tom is as tall as Mike. 汤姆和迈克一样高。
否定形式:not as…as…= not so…as…,表示“和……不一样……;不及/不如……”。如:
Tom is not as tall as Mike.=Tom is not so tall as Mike. 汤姆不如迈克高。

注意:比较级前可用much, even, a lot, a little, a bit, far,等词来修饰,加强语气。如:
(1)姚明比我高得多。Yao Ming is much taller than I.
(2)你的书包比我的大一点。Your schoolbag is a little (a bit) bigger than mine.

Module 3
一、短语
1. Now match the words with the pictures.现在把单词和图片匹配。
(1) match A with B 把A和B相匹配
2. come and watch 来看看
3. on the radio/Internet/computer/phone 在收音机上/网上/电脑上/手机上， on TV在电视上
4. Spain scored a minute ago. 西班牙一分钟前得分。
(1) score v.动词 (体育比赛中）得(分）
(2) score n.名词 成绩，得分 get the best score
5. What’s the matter with you?=What’s wrong with you?
6. You look tired.你看起来很累。
(1) look+adj. 看起来...
7. I’m not sure about that. 我不太确定那件事。
(1) be sure about sth 对....感到确信
(2) be sure to do sth 确信做某事
8. You enjoyed watching Olympics on TV, right?你喜欢在电视上看奥林匹克运动会，对吗？
(1) enjoy/like/love doing sth 喜爱/享受做某事
(2) enjoy oneself 玩的开心
9. That’s because it was cheaper than buying tickets for all the games.
(1) that’s because+句子 后接原因
(2) that’s why+句子后接结果
10. Never mind. There’s still plenty of time for them to score.
(1) mind sb doing sth 介意某人做某事
(2) plenty of=lots of=a lot of许多，大量 后接可数名词复数，或不可数名词
11. I am not going for lessons, but to play football.
(1) not...but...不是....而是......
12. We are going to play against another school next week.
(1) play against...与....比赛，竞赛
(2) play with sb/sth与某人/某物玩
13. We all arrive as early as we can so that we have time to warm up.
(1) as + adj./adv. (原级） as...和... 一样
(2) so that....以便...，为了…
(3) so...that...如此......以至于..... The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
14. Because the other team beat us last year.
(1)beat打败某人（sb) win赢得比赛,名次（match, prize)
15. It is more difficult to practise in winter.
It’s +adj. to do sth. 做某事是......
It’s important not to be late for after-school practice.
16. Our coach is pleased because we are playing better as a team now.
(1) be pleased/happy to do sth乐意做某事
(2) be pleased with sb/sth 对......感到开心/乐意
17. We lost to the other team in the final match. 在最后一场比赛，我们输给了其他队。
(1) lose to sb 输给某人
(2) final match 决赛
18. That means we have a better chance of winning.
(1) have a chance of doing sth=have a chance to do sth有做某事的机会
19. We hope to play well.
(1) hope to do sth 希望做某事
20. They cheer us on loudly and we feel more confident to win the game.
(1) cheer sb on/up 为某人欢呼
(2) feel confident 感到自信
21. We all know practice makes perfect.
(1) practice makes perfect 熟能生巧
二、模块语法:
一、多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more
outgoing → more outgoing 外向
beautiful → more beautiful
常用比较级一些不规则变化：
good-better bad-worse little-less
many/much-more far-farther/further
二、副词的基本用法:
1. 一般说来，副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词和副词。例如：
She plays the piano badly.
她钢琴弹得很糟。
I’m really tired after last night’s tennis match.
昨晚的网球赛后我真的很累。
2. 有许多副词是由形容词+ly构成的如：
careful (a.)+ ly carefully
quick (a.) + ly quickly
注意：有些词既可作形容词也可作副词，如fast, early, late等。
3.副词比较级的变化规则:
1. 规则变化：
1) 单音节的词在词尾直接加-er，例如：
near → nearer hard → harder
2) 部分双音节和多音节的词在词前加more，例如：
carefully → more carefully
warmly → more warmly
Module 4
一、 短语
1.I was late for school today. be late for 迟到
2.ride a bike = by bike 骑自行车
3. Everybody was late, except me. 除了我以外，其他人都迟到了。
except 除…以外（不包括在内） besides 除…以外，还……（包括在内）
4.take the underground = by underground 乘坐地铁
5. far from = far away from 远离
6. Her home is the closest to school. be close to 离…….近
7.the same as 和……一样 be different from 和......不同
8.Remember to be careful all the time.
（1）remember to do sth. 记得做某事
（2）remember doing sth. 记得做了某事
9.all the time = always 一直；总是
10.What is the best way to travel from London to Amsterdam?
（1）the best way to do sth.=the best way of doing sth.最好的方式做某事
（2）from...to...从......到.......
11.plan to do sth. 计划做某事
12.The more information，the better.越多信息越好。
（1）the＋比较级... , the ＋比较级... 越…….越.......
（2）比较级+比较级，越来越… older and older越来越老
13.the most comfortable way to do sth做某事最舒服的方式
14.stay outside 待在外面
15.It will not cost as much as going by train.
（1）as...(原级)...as 和....一样
（2）not so/as ..(原级)...as 和....不一样
16.四个花费：
（1） take : It takes/took sb.+ 时间 +to do sth.
It takes me three days to finish my homework.
(2) cost : sth cost sb +时间/金钱
It costs me 300 dollars.
(3) pay :常与介词“for“连用，pay for
I will pay 100 yuan for this gift.
(4) spend : 主语是人；指花时间和金钱；常与介词“in“和”on”连用
spend+时间/金钱+ on sth spend + 时间/金钱 +（in）doing sth
I spent two hours and a half (in)playing basketball yesterday.
I will spend 10 dollars on this book .
二、模块语法:
形容词和副词的最高级的规则和不规则变化:
1.规则变化:在词尾加⁃est或在单词前面加most



单音节和少数双音节词

一般在词尾加⁃est
tall→tallest
long→longest
以不发音的字母e结尾的词,在词尾加⁃st
nice→nicest
late→latest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加⁃est
big→biggest
thin→thinnest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先把“y”改为“i”,再加⁃est
easy→easiest
busy→busiest
大多数双音节和多音节单词

在单词前加most

careful→most careful
dangerous→most dangerous
slowly→most slowly
beautiful→most beautiful
2.一些常用形容词、副词比较等级不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good,well
better
best
bad /ill,badly
worse
worst
many/much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
1. 形容词、副词最高级的句型
(1) the+形容词最高级+名词单数(有时可省略)+in/of/among 短语
Jack is the oldest man in the factory. 杰克是厂里年纪最大的人。
(2) 疑问词 + be动词/行为动词 + 形容词/副词最高级,A,B or C?
Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth? 太阳、月亮和地球哪一个最大?
(3)“the +序数词 + 形容词最高级”,表示“第几最……”。如:
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。
(4)“one of + the+最高级+可数名词复数+…”,表示“最……之一”。如:
Yao Ming is one of the tallest players in China. 姚明是中国最高的运动员之一。

Module 5
一、 短语
1、I wanted to see the Beijing Opera，so Lingling offered to take me there. 我想去看京剧,所以玲玲提出带我去那里。
（1）would like to do sth. = want to do sth. 想要做某事
（2）offer to do提出做某事 offer sb sth = offer sth to sb 提供某物给某人
2、It was difficult to understand the words. 很难理解这些词的意思。
It is difficult to do ... 做……是困难的。
3、How long did you stay? 你待多长时间？
（1）用How long问，答用For + 一段时间/ Since + 时间点
（2）用How soon 问，答用In + 一段时间
4、We only planned to watch for an hour, but in the end, we stayed for three hours. 我们计划只看一小时，但到最后，我们看了3个小时。
（1）plan to do sth. 计划做某事 make a plan 制定计划
（2）in the end = at last = finally 最后，终于
5、I hope to understand more next time. 下一次，我希望能够理解得更多。
hope to do sth希望做某事
6、I wanted to take Betty to the teahouse because it’s famous.我想带Betty去茶馆，因为那里很有名。
（1）take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地； take/show sb around 带某人参观
（2）be famous for 因…而著名
Huizhou is famous for Huizhou West Lake.惠州因惠州西湖而出名。
（3）be famous as 作为…而出名（因…身份，职业；头衔而著名）
Lao She is famous as a great writer. 作为一名伟大的作家，老舍很出名。
7、Teahouse is one of Lao She’s most famous plays. 《茶馆》是老舍最出名的戏剧之一。
one of + the +最高级+可数名词复数 : “最……之一”
Eg: He is one of the youngest students in our class. 他是我们班最小的学生之一。
注意：最高级前被名词所有格和形代修饰时，省略the。（如上面例句）
8、The play has three acts and shows the lives of common people in China from the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century.这个戏剧有三部分，它展示了19世纪末到20世纪中叶，中国普通大众的生活。
（1）show sb sth = show sth to sb展示某物给某人/ 向某人展示某物
（2）the end of …的末尾 at the end of 在…的末尾 反义：at the beginning of 在…的开头
9、His mother sent him to a teacher’s school.他妈妈把他送到一所师范学校学习。
send sb to +地点 把某人送到某地； send sb sth = send sth to sb 给某人送某物
10、... was born in + 地点 + in + 年/月. ……于某时出生于某地。
Eg.: He was born in Beijing in 2000. 他于2000年出生于北京。
be born on+具体到某一天
11、He taught Chinese at a college in London and returned to China five years later.他在伦敦一所大学教中文，五年之后回到中国。
（1）teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做什么 teach + 科目 教某人…
（2）return to +地点 = go back to +地点 返回某地 return sth. to sb. 归还某物给某人
（3）时间 + later, after + 时间
12、be named = be called 被命名为
Lao She was named “the People’s Artist .老舍被命名为人民艺术家.
A boy named Tom is a student . 叫做汤姆的男孩是个学生 ( 注意这两句话的区别)
13、Lao She Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone from all over the world.老舍茶馆欢迎来自世界各地的人们。
（1）give a warm welcome to sb给予某人热烈的欢迎
Eg: Let’s give a warm welcome to the new student.
（2）all over the world = all around the world 全世界
14、take place 发生、举行某种活动（有计划、有目的） happen 发生（偶然性、无目的）
Eg.: 1) The story takes place in China.（故事由人编撰，所以属于有目的的）
2) The accident happened on Sunday. 事故发生在周日
15、make sb / sth + adj使某人或某物处于…状态 Eg: The good news made him very happy.
make sb do (原形) sth使某人做某事 The teacher made her do homework again.
二、模块语法动词不定式(1)和双宾语
1、动词不定式结构
“to+动词原形”,即“to do sth.”,这种结构叫动词不定式,有时to可以省略。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能作谓语。
2、动词不定式作宾语
在英语中,常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有:hope, decide, want, try, offer, learn, agree, plan, promise, love, like, would like等。 如:
The little girl learnt to play the piano when she was ten years old. 那个女孩在十岁时就学会了弹钢琴。
My family plan to go to America this summer holiday. 我们一家人计划这个暑假去美国。
3、双宾语
双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。表示人的叫间接宾语,表示物的叫直接宾语。
间接宾语可以用一个由to 表示动作方向或for 表示动作目标引起的短语来表示。
可以带双宾语的动词有很多,常见的有:
1).间接宾语由to连接的动词有:bring, take, give, pass, show, teach, lend, send等。即:
bring sb. sth.=bring sth.to sb. take sb. sth.=take sth.to sb.
give sb. sth.=give sth.to sb.　 pass sb. sth.=pass sth.to sb.
show sb. sth.=show sth.to sb. teach sb. sth.=teach sth.to sb.
lend sb. sth.=lend sth.to sb. send sb. sth.=send sth.to sb.
2).间接宾语由for连接的动词有:buy, make, cook, read, sing, choose等。即:
buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.　 make sb. sth.=make sth. for sb.
cook sb. sth.=cook sth. for sb.　 read sb. sth.=read sth. for sb.
sing sb. sth.=sing sth. for sb. choose sb. sth.=choose sth. for sb.

Module 6
一、短语
1、It allows people to get closer to them.它允许人们更接近它们。
(1) allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事
(2) get close to 接近，靠近
2、I saw the pandas at last! 我终于见到大熊猫了。
at last=in the end=finally 最后
3、I am more interested to see the pandas. 我对看熊猫更感兴趣。
be interested to do 对做某事感兴趣
be interested in sth/doing sth 对某事感兴趣
eg: I like playing football. = I am interested in playing football.
4、It’s sad to think of pandas and other animals in danger. 想到大熊猫和其它濒危动物令人伤心。
(1) think of 想起
(2) in danger处于危险中
5、We need to protect them better.我们需要更好地保护它。
(1) need to do 需要去做某事
(2) protect … from … 保护… 免受… 的伤害
6、Villages and farms are growing bigger and are taking away their land and forests. 村庄和农场正变得更大，正在夺去它们的土地和森林。 take away 拿走
7、There isn’t enough clean water. 没有足够干净的水。
(1) adj. + enough eg.: He is old enough to go to school. 他够年龄去上学。
(2) enough + n. eg.: He has enough money to buy books. 他有足够的钱买书。
8、Your money pays to look after the animals. 你的钱用于照顾动物。
look after = take care of 照顾
9、Let’s find out what else we can do to save as many animals as possible. 让我们弄清楚我们还能做什么来拯救尽可能多的动物。
find out 通过努力找出真相 find找到（结果） look for寻找（过程）
10、Scientists are doing a lot of research to help pandas produce more babies and help baby pandas live. 科学家们正在做大量的研究来帮助大熊猫多产崽，并帮助大熊猫幼崽生存下来。
do a lot of research 做大量的研究
11、The bamboo forests are getting smaller, so pandas are losing their home. 竹林正在变小，所以大熊猫正在失去它们的家园。 lose one’s home 失去某人的家园
12、In order to protect pandas in the wild, the government is setting up nature parks and developing other plans. 为了保护野生大熊猫，政府正在建立自然公园，也在制订其他的计划。
In order to为了 set up建立 develop plans = make plans制定计划
13、Pandas born in zoos may go back to live in the nature parks.在动物园里出生的大熊猫也可能回到自然公园里生活。 go back to = return to 回到
14、The WWF is working hard to save them all. 世界自然基金会正在努力工作以拯救所有的动物。 work hard 努力工作
三、 模块语法
动词不定式(2)
一、动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式可以用来说明宾语的情况,作宾语补足语。如:
我妈妈要求我每天弹两小时的钢琴。My mum asks me to play the piano for two hours a day.
1.常接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:warn, tell, allow, ask, order, get, invite, wish, want, encourage等(+ sb.to do sth.)。如:
刚才老师叫我擦黑板。The teacher told me to clean the blackboard just now.
注意:以上动词接不定式作宾语补足语时,若要表达否定的意思,要在to do…前加not,构成not to do…(动词不定式的否定形式)。如:
(1)韩先生叫我们不要弄出太大声音。Mr Han told us not to make too much noise.
(2)杰基叫我不要碰任何东西。Jackie told me not to touch anything.
2.有些动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时,要接不带to的不定式(也就是说接动词原形),常见的这类动词有make, let, have, hear, feel, see等。如:
他的话使大家笑了。His words made everyone laugh.
注意:动词help后面的不定式可带to,也可不带to。如:
(1)她常常帮我做家务。She often helps me(to)do the housework.
(2)我们帮他修了自行车。We helped him(to)fix his bike.
二、动词不定式作目的状语
1.如果表示“做某事是为了什么”,可以用动词不定式表示目的,作目的状语。如:
(1)我不得不努力工作赚钱。I had to work hard to make money.
(2)他留在家里完成作业。He stayed at home to finish his homework.
2.动词不定式作目的状语时,既可以放在句首,也可以放在句末。如:
为了提高他的篮球技术,他刻苦训练。 He trained hard to improve his basketball skills. =To improve his basketball skills, he trained hard.
Module 7
1. Alice was sitting with her sister by the river and she saw a white rabbit with a watch. 爱丽丝正和她姐姐坐在河边，这时她看到一只带着手表的白兔。
with的用法：
（1） be with sb和某人在一起…… I will be with you . 我将和你在一起
（2） “具有；带有” There is a house with a garden.
（3） “使用”write a letter with a blue pen
2. Alice followed it and fell down a hole in the ground. 爱丽丝跟着它，然后掉进地上的一个洞里。
（1） fall down 跌倒，掉下
（2） fall off 跌落；从......掉下来 =fall down from
（3） fall behind 落后；跟不上
（4） fall asleep = be asleep 入睡；睡着
3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone. 它坐在一棵树上并对每个人微笑。
（1） in the tree在树上（外来物体） on the tree （自然生长的东西）
（2） Smile at 对......微笑 laugh at 嘲笑
4. Then Alice arrived at the March Hare’s house.然后爱丽丝到达了三月兔的家。
arrive at/in =get to= reach+地点 “到达某地”
arrive =get to= reach +there/here/home
5. To see if you remember the story.看看你是否记得这个故事！
if “如果”，引导条件状语从句（主将从现）
“是否”，引导宾语从句（陈述句语序）
1) 如果明天不下雨，我去逛街。
If it doesn’t rain, I’ll go shopping.
= I’ll go shopping if it isn’t rainy tomorrow.
2) 我想知道今天你是否上班迟到了。
I want to know if you were late for work today.
6. Alice had nothing to do. 爱丽丝无事可做。
There was nothing strange about that. 关于那个没有什么奇怪的。
something ;anything ;everything ( 不定代词放在adj前面 ) ：something important
have nothing to do 无事可做 have something to do 有事可做
7. What’s the book about? 这本书是关于什么的？
what … for = why 有什么用？/为什么？
What do you study hard for ? = Why do you study hard ?
8. She heard the rabbit say,“ Oh dear! Oh dear! I’ll be late!”她听到兔子说道：“天哪！天哪！ 我要迟到了”
(1) hear sb do sth (表示听见动作的全过程或经常发生，标志词： often )
I often hear him sing in the classroom.
hear sb doing sth (强调动作正在发生) “听到某人正在做某事”
(2) see sb doing sth (强调动作正在发生) “看见某人正在做某事”
see sb do sth (表示看见动作的全过程或该动作经常发生；标志词：often )
9. Alice got up and ran across the field after it. 爱丽丝站起来后跟着它跑过田野。 
go across 横穿过去. across 表示物体的表面横穿过去（过河；过桥；过马路）
through 表示从物体的内部穿过去（穿过：森林；一道门；隧道；城市；峡谷等）
over 表示越过某种障碍物 The bridge goes over the river.
10.  Then Alice went down after it,but never thought about how she was going to get out again.
然后爱丽丝跟着它下去了，但从来没有想过她将如何出来。
think about 考虑 think of想起
11.It was too dark for her to see anything. 太黑了，她看不见任何东西。
too…to… “太…而不能” He is too young to go to school.他因为太小而不能上学.
12 have a tea party 开茶会 once or twice 偶尔；一两次
by the river 在河边
13. on one’s way to +地点 “在某人去…路上”
on the way to school 在去学校的路上 on my way home在我回家的路上
14.take the place of 代替 take place 发生
15.show sb around = take sb around 带领某人自出参观
16.It’s about a girl called Alice 这是关于一个叫爱丽丝的女孩的故事
17.go off 灯自动熄灭
二 模块语法
1. 过去进行时的定义&构成:
表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如： at this time yesterday/ at 9:00 last night/ from 7:00 to 10:00 yesterday morning 等。
构成: was/were + V-ing，was用于主语是第一人称及第三人称单数的句子中，were用于主语是第二人称及其他复数人称的句子中。
2. 基本句型：
肯定句: 主语+was/were +V-ing+其他
She was eating breakfast at 6 am yesterday. 昨天早上6点她正在吃早饭。
否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +V-ing+其他
We weren’t watching TV at that time. 那时我们没在看电视。
疑问句: Was/Were +主语+V-ing+其他?
Yes, 主语+was/ were.
No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.
—Were you playing basketball at that time? 那时你们正在打篮球吗?
— Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
是的，我们在打篮球。 / 不，我们不在打篮球。
特殊疑问句：What was/were+主语+V-ing?
What were you doing at 7:00 last night? 昨晚7点你在做什么?

Module 8
一、短语
1、You look pale. 你看起来很苍白。 look pale 看起来苍白
2、That’s very dangerous! 这非常的危险。
(1) it is +adj. + to do sth. 很......去做某事 It is dangerous to do sth. 很危险去做某事
(2)be adj +to do sth. 做某事怎么样 be dangerous to do sth. 做某事很危险
3、I was waiting to cross the road. 我正坐在穿过马路。
(1)cross v. 穿过 cross=go across/through
(2)across prep.平面穿过 (road, stress.....)
Go across the road，you will find the hospital on your left.
(3)through 空间穿过 (forest, room, window, door.....)
The two friends were walking through the forest
4、 A car suddenly appeared round the corner.一辆车突然出现在拐角处附近。
(1) around the corner 在拐角处附近
(2) at the corner 在拐角处 at the corner of 在拐角处.......
5、 The driver was talking on his mobile phone. 司机正在打电话。
talk on one’s mobile phone 用....的手机打电话
6、 I’m glad to say. 我很高兴去说。
be glad to do sth. 高兴去做某事
7、 The car stopped just in time. 车及时地停下来。
(1) in time 及时 （2）on time 准时
8、But the boy fell off his bike and hurt his knee.但是男孩从自行车上摔下来和他的膝盖受伤了。
(1)fall off =fall down from从......跌落 （2）fall into 跌进
9、Pay attention, stop at the red lights and.....what else?注意，在红灯时要停下和还有其它吗？
(1)pay attention to doing sth. 集中注意力做某事
(2)anything else else需要放在特殊疑问词和复合不定代词之后
10、Don’t ride too fast. 不要骑得太快。
Don't ride side by side with your friends.不要和你的朋友肩并肩骑行。
Don’t listen to music. 不要听音乐。
祈使句的否定句形式是：Don't ＋V原.........
11、 A few days earlier，the snake arrived from Asia in a box of bananas.几天前，这条蛇从亚洲运来，装在一盒香蕉里。
arrive in /at in ＋大地方 at ＋小地方
到达 get to ＋地点
reach ＋地点
12、 I was trying to pick it up when it bit me again. 当他再次咬我的时候，我尝试着把它捡起来。(1)try to do sth. 努力做某事 try one’s best to do sth. 尽某人最大的努力做某事
(2) try doing sth. 尝试做某事
(3) it/them 放下短语的中间，pick it/them up
13、 The doctors sent the photo to a zoo. 医生把照片发给动物园。
Send sb. sth. =send sth. to sb. 发送某物给某人
14、 As soon as they learnt what kind of snake bit him，they gave Henry the right medicine.他们一知道是什么种类的蛇咬了他，就给亨利对症下药。
(1) as soon as 一......就 /和.....一样快
(2) what kind of 什么种类 a kind of 一种， all kinds of各种各样，many kinds of 多种多样，different kinds of 不同种类
15、 Show the photo to the doctors. 把照片展示给医生
show sb. sth. =show sth. to sb.把某物展示给某人
16、 As you know，the snake won't smile！正如你所知，蛇是不会笑的!
as you know 正如你所知
二、模块语法
过去进行时(2)
1.过去进行时和when,while引导的时间状语从句连用,构成复合句。如:
(1)正当交通信号灯要变成红灯的时候,一辆小轿车突然从拐角处驶出来。
While the lights were changing to red,a car suddenly appeared round the corner.
(2)一天,当亨利正在餐馆里工作时,一条蛇突然出现了。
One day,when Henry was working in a restaurant,a snake suddenly appeared.
(3)我正试图捡起它,这时它又咬了我一口。
I was trying to pick it up when it bit me again.
2、when 引导的从句中谓语动词既可用延续性动词也可用终止性动词。从句的动词可以是be doing、do、does、did
如: 我们吃饭的时候他们到了。They arrived when we were having dinner.
2、 while引导的从句动词必须是延续性的。从句的动词是be doing结构
如: 他们在唱歌的时候,我们在跳舞。They were singing while we were dancing.
Module 9
一、 短语
1.I’m preparing some notes for a report called “Our growing population”.我正在为一篇题为《我们日益增长的人口》的报告准备笔记。
（1）prepare 动词,意为“准备;预备”,其用法有:
①prepare sth.准备某物 My mother is preparing dinner in the kitchen.
②prepare sb.sth.=prepare sth.for sb.为某人准备某物
He prepared Tony a birthday gift.=He prepared a birthday gift for Tony.
③prepare for sth.=get ready for sth.为某事/物做准备
The student is preparing for the examination. 
④prepare to do sth.准备做某事 They are busy preparing to go on holiday.
（2）make/take notes 做笔记
（3）called=named 叫作...

2.Beijing is a huge city with a large population. 北京是个人口众多的大型城市。
（1）with带有，具有
with 的用法：
①和，与...一起 I often play football with Tony.
②带有，具有 Alice saw a white rabbit with a watch.
③用 He takes a photo with his mobile phone.
（2） 形容人口的多/少用：large/small

3.That causes a lot of problems, such as too much traffic and noise.那引发了很多问题,例如交通拥堵和噪音过多。
（1）such as 例如，列举同类人或物中的两个或以上例子，as后面不可以有逗号。
for example 例如，一般只举同类人或物中的一个为例，举例可以是单词，短语或句子，可放在句首，句中或句尾。后有逗号。
I like sports，such as playing basketball and running. 我喜欢运动，例如打篮球和跑步。
There are many school rules in our school. For example，you mustn't eat in the library.我们学校有很多校规。例如，禁止在图书馆吃东西。
（2）too much＋不可数名词 太多 too much money
too many＋可数名词复数 太多 too many books
much too＋adj. 太... much too crowded
（3）noise意为“噪声;杂音”,既可作可数名词, 又可作不可数名词。 它的形容词是noisy 吵闹的
辨析: noise, voice和sound
①noise 多指人们不愿听到的“噪声”。
The machine is working now.It is making a loud noise. 机器正在工作,它正发出很大的噪音。
②voice 指人说话和唱歌的“嗓音”。
He has got a good voice. 他有一副好嗓子。
③sound 泛指大自然可听到的各种“声音”。
Light goes faster than sound. 光比声音传播得更快。

4.Do you know how many babies are born every minute in the world?你知道世界上每分钟有多少个婴儿出生吗？
（1）be born in＋月、年、地点 He was born in September,2001 in Beijing.
be born on＋具体某一天（的早中晚） He was born on September 15,2001.
（2）every minute 每一分钟 every ＋名词单数

5.The population of China is about 1.37 billion.中国的人口大约为13.7亿
（1）population 表示“人口”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
（2）billion 是数字单位,表示“十亿”,当前面有具体数字修饰时,用单数形式;billion还常用于固定结构billions of,意为 “数十亿的”,与此用法类似的词还有hundred, thousand, million等。

6.That’s almost one fifth of the world’s population.那几乎是世界人口的五分之一。 
注意:分数表达法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于1时,分母加s。如:
三分之一one third; 五分之三three fifths; 六分之五five sixths
注意：分数作主语时，谓语动词的数由分数后面的名词决定。

7.Hang on a minute！I’ll write that down too.稍等，我也要把它记下来。
（1）hang on a minute=hold on a minute 稍等，等一会
（2）write down 写下，记下 write down sth.=write sth. down 如果sth.是代词it/them等时，只能放中间，如 write it/them down

8.They had a small house，close to fields and hills.
close to... 离...近； far from... 离...远
9.However，it was expensive to live in the city centre.
（1）However 然而，但是，可位于句首，句中或句末，但都需要用逗号隔开。
but 但是，连词，连接两个并列分句，前后两句构成对比，but后一般不用逗号。
（2）It be＋adj.＋to do sth. 做某事怎么样。

10.The small local school in Parkville closed down five years ago.五年前帕克维尔当地的那所小学校关闭了。
close down关闭,倒闭,停止播音。
11.It takes an hour to get there by bus.
四个花费：
花费
含义
主语
常用结构
cost
花费金钱
主语是物
sth.cost(s) sb.some money
take
花费时间
主语是it 或物
It takes sb.some time to do sth.
spend
花费时间、金钱
主语是人
sb.spend(s) time/money on sth.
或sb.spend(s) time/money (in)doing sth.
pay
花费金钱
主语是人
sb.pay(s) some money for sth.(某人为某物支付多少钱)
pay sb.(付钱给某人)
pay for sth.(为……而付款)

12.There is a lot of traffic and pollution.沿途交通拥堵,污染严重。
pollution“污染”,是不可数名词,常用搭配:air/water/noise pollution 空气/水/噪音污染
拓展:pollute 是及物动词,“污染”。
Mining would pollute the lake and destroy the forests. 采矿会污染湖水,毁掉森林。

13. So the government has to make more efforts to protect the city against pollution.所以政府不得不更加努力地保护城市免受污染。
（1）make effort to do sth. 努力做...
（2）protect… against/from(doing)sth.“保护……免于……”。
The thick headscarf protected her against/from the wind. 这条厚厚的头巾帮她挡了风。

二、模块语法
数字
(一)多位数的读法:
①从后向前数,每三位数加一个“,”;第一个“,”前为thousand (千),第二个“,”前为million(百万);第三个“,”前为billion(十亿),然后再逐段表达。
②每三位数中,前两位之间要加and。如:45,632,798 读作:forty⁃five million,six hundred and thirty⁃two thousand,seven hundred and ninety⁃eight
(二)序数词的表示方法。
序数词 = 基数词+ th ,但以下几个特殊:
one—first　　　 two—second　　　　three—third　　　　
five—fifth　　　 eight—eighth nine—ninth　
twelve—twelfth　 twenty—twentieth　
hundred—hundredth
(三)分数的表示方法:分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示,分子大于1时,分母(序数词)应加s。如: 　one third/a third 三分之一　　three fifths 五分之三

冠词。
冠词是置于名词之前,用以说明名词所指的人或事物的一种虚词。冠词有三种形式:不定冠词 a/an, 定冠词the和零冠词。
(一)不定冠词a,an的用法。
1.表示数量,泛指同类事物中的“任何一个”,含有“一”的意思。如:
汤姆早餐吃了一个苹果。Tom had an apple for breakfast.
2.表示某类人或物,此时的不定冠词一般不译为“一”。如:
大熊猫吃竹子。A panda eats bamboo.
3.表示在文中第一次提到的人或物前。如:
今天早上王老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。This morning Mr Wang told us an interesting story.
注意:不定冠词a常用于音标以辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前;an常用于音标以元音音素开头的可数名词单数前。
(二)定冠词the的用法。
1.特指某(些)人或物。如:
我喜欢那支红色钢笔。I like the red pen.
2.特指上文提到过的人或物。如:
我有一台相机。这台相机是白色的,我非常喜欢它。
I have a camera. The camera is white and I like it very much.
3.指世界上独一无二的事物。如:太阳the sun　月球the moon　　地球the earth
4.用于序数词、表示方位的名词或形容词最高级前面。如:
第一个男孩 the first boy　　在北方in the north　　最高的男孩the tallest boy
5.用于表示乐器的名词前面。如:弹钢琴play the piano
6.用于姓氏的复数形式前面,表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。如:
布莱克一家现在正在野餐。The Blacks are having a picnic now.
7.与形容词连用,表示某一类人或物。如:富人the rich　　老人the old
8.用于某些专有名词前面。如:长城the Great Wall　　颐和园 the Summer Palace
9.用于一些固定短语中。如:在早上in the morning　　顺便问一下by the way
(三)零冠词的用法。
1.表示节日、星期、月份、季节等的名词前面一般不加冠词。如:
在教师节on Teachers’ Day　　在星期一on Monday　　
在九月in September　　 在冬天in winter
注意:在2010年的夏天in the summer of 2010(表示特指,故加the)
2.表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不加冠词。如:吃午饭have lunch
3.表示球类运动和棋牌类的名词与play连用时,一般不加冠词。如:
打篮球play basketball　　下国际象棋play chess
4.表示语言的名词前面一般不加冠词。如:
戴维汉语讲得很好。David can speak Chinese very well.
5.名词前面有指示代词或形容词性物主代词时,不再加冠词。如:
我能看看你的词典吗?May I have a look at your dictionary?
6.在一些固定短语中,名词前面用零冠词。如:
去睡觉go to bed　　 去上学go to school　　
乘公共汽车by bus　　在晚上at night

Module 10
1. We’re going to the park to skate.
go skating 去滑冰 go skiing 去溜冰 go fishing 去钓鱼
go swimming 去游泳 go running 去跑步 go shopping 去购物
go camping 去野营 go sighting 去观光 go boating 去划船
2. Are you joking?
（1）tell jokes / tell a joke开玩笑
（2）tell jokes / a joke with sb 与某人开玩笑
3. What’s the temperature?
It’s between minus eight and minus two degrees.
(1) take one’s temperature给某人测量体温
(2) between A and B 在A与B之间 among 在三者或三者以上之间 all 所有，全部
4. Not usually, although this year it snowed quite a lot.
(1) although=though 虽然，尽管（表转折）不与but用于同一个句子
(2) It snowed quite a lot.= It often snows.
5. What’s the weather like in America in winter?
(1) What’s the weather like?=How’s the weather? 天气怎么样？
6. Sounds great!
(1) sound v. 听起来...
7. But I don’t like showers or windy weather.
(1) or表并列的时候，用于疑问句和否定句 and 用于肯定句
(2) or还有否则的意思 Come on, or we’ll be late.
8. It’s probably sunny and hot there.
(1) probably “可能地”用于情态动词、be动词、实意动词前
9. One day I will.
(1) one day 表过去或者将来的某一天
(2) some day 表将来的某一天
10. Come on, better get going!
(1) had better do sth 最好做某事
11. We can skate in the park and get warm.
(1) get+adj. 变得.....
12. It might snow.
(1) might是may的过去式，might语气显得更加委婉
13. And it’s cloudy too.
I like snow as well.
Me neither.
(1) too 用于肯定句句末，有时可用逗号隔开
(2) also 用于肯定句句中，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前
I am also a player.
I can also sing and dance.
I also tells a story.
(3) as well 用于肯定句句末 I like snow as well.
(4) either 否定句句末 He don’t like going skating either.
(5) neither “两者都不”
1. The weather is fine all year round.
(1) all year round 一整年
2. It is about 3,000 miles from the east coast to the west coast.
(1) from…to…从哪里到哪里
3. But in winter there is a lot of snow.
(1) a lot of =lots of “许多，大量”后接可数名词复数或者不可数名词
4. The best time to visit New England is in September.
(1) the best time to do sth 做某事的最好时间
5. The weather gets cooler, and then green leaves start to turn gold, and then brown.
(1) get+adj. 变得.....（天气变化...）.
(2) turn+adj. 变得.....（颜色变化）
6. Bring your camera so you can take photos of the autumn trees.
(1) take a photo/ photos of...给....拍照
(2) take a photo/ photos with...用....拍照
(3) bring “带来”Bring your homework to school tomorrow. 明天把你的作业带过来。
(4) take “带走” Take your dirty clothes away. 把你的脏衣服拿走。
(5) carry “随身携带”“手提”“肩扛”The young man was carrying a box. 这个男人正扛着一个箱子。
7. California is on the Pacific coast.
(1) on the coast of.....在....的海岸
8. If you want to visit Alaska, you had better go in summer.
(1) had better do sth 最好做某事
9. Don’t forget to bring a warm sweater with you.
(1) forget to do sth 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
(2) bring...with sb 随身携带
10. It is usually very hot and sunny compared to other places.
(1) compared to 与.....相比较
11. There are storms from time to time in summer and autumn.
(1) from time to time 有时
12. Any time you like.
(1) any time 任何时候

Module 11
1.Oh, you remembered! What a surprise!哦,你们记着呀!多么令人惊奇啊! 
(1)surprise作名词,意为“惊奇;意外之事”。
to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶/惊奇的是……(surprise 在此短语中本身不能变化)
拓展:①surprise作动词,意为“使……惊讶”。surprise sb.使某人惊讶/惊奇。
②surprised 作形容词,意为“感到惊讶的”(常修饰人);surprising作形容词,意为“令人惊讶的,令人惊奇的”(常修饰物)。
常用结构:be surprised at sth.对……感到惊讶/惊奇; be surprised to do sth.做某事感到惊讶/惊奇。
(2)英语的感叹句通常以how或what开头, what修饰名词,how修饰形容词或副词。
★what引导的感叹句
①What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其他!
②What+形容词+ 复数名词 +主语+谓语+其他!
③What+形容词+ 不可数名词 +主语+谓语+其他!
★how引导的感叹句
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语+其他!
2.In China, you accept a gift with both hands.在中国,你们用双手接受礼物。
辨析:accept和receive
两者都可表示“接受”。accept 指主观上接受,含有满意、赞同、答应、认可等心理活动;receive 常指直接或间接接收到他人的东西,不涉及心理,强调“收到”这一客观事实。
3. For example, in my home town, people say you mustn’t do any cleaning on the first day of the Spring Festival.例如,在我的家乡,大家说在大年初一不准大扫除。
for example
常用来举例说明一种情况。举例可以是单词,短语或句子。可放句首、句中或句尾。example后有逗号。
such as
一般列举同类人或事物中的两个或以上例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间,as后面不可以有逗号。

U2
1.My experiences in England 我在英国的经历
experience:(1)“经验”,不可数名词;(2)“经历”,可数名词;(3)“体验,经历”,动词。
2.Once I noticed a gentleman touch a young man on the shoulder… 一次,我注意到一位绅士拍了拍一个年轻人的肩膀…… 
(1)notice sb.do sth.注意到某人做了某事(强调事情的全过程或经常性)
notice sb. doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事(强调事情正在进行或偶发性)

情态动词 must, can, need, had better
1.must
(1)表示主观的义务和必要,用于肯定句和疑问句,表示“必须……,得……,要……”;由must构成的一般疑问句,肯定回答要用must,否定回答要用needn’t(表示“不必”)。
★must的否定形式mustn’t表示 “不准,不允许,禁止”。
(2)表推测时,只能用于肯定句中, 意为“一定,肯定”。
2.can
can的否定形式为cannot,缩写为can’t。
(1)表示能力。如:我不会游泳。I can’t swim.
注意:can表示能力,可与be able to互换使用,但后者有更多的时态形式(am, is, are, was, were, will be, have/has been able to),be able to常被用来表示can所不能表示的将来或完成的概念。
(2)表示可能性,意为“可以”。
(3)表示允诺、许可,“可以,能够”。
(4)表示惊异、不相信、推测等(一般用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中),意为“会,可能”。
3.need
need作情态动词,意为“需要”,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。否定形式needn’t比较常用,表“不需要”或“不必要”。如:你不需要等待。You needn’t wait.
注意:need 也可以作为行为动词,意为“需要”,常用结构:(1) need sth.需要某物 (2) need to do sth.需要做某事。
4.had better
(1)肯定形式:had better do sth.“最好做某事”,表劝告或建议,
(2)否定形式:had better not do sth.“最好不要做某事”。

Module 12
一. 短语
1. broken glass破碎的玻璃 first aid 急救 medical help 医疗救助
2. A boy is lying at the bottom of the stairs.一个男孩正躺在楼梯的底部。
at the bottom of 在…..的底部 on the top of 在…的顶端
3. He is in pain.他很疼。
in pain 处于疼痛中
in trouble 处于困境中，有麻烦 have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难
4. First of all, find out what’s wrong with him.首先,弄清楚他怎么了。 
（1） first of all= at first = firstly 首先 in short= in a word=all in all 总之
above all 首要的是；以上都是
（2） find out 弄清楚；查明 find 找到 look for 寻找
（3）What’s wrong with…?=What’s the matter with…?
=What’s the trouble with…? (……怎么了?)
5. .No, that could be harmful!不行,那可能会有伤害!
harmful(adj.)意为“有害的”。be harmful to=be bad for…意为“对……有害”。
harm (n.)意为“危害,害处”。do harm to sb./sth.,意为“对某人/某物有害”。
6. Make sure he’s warm.确保他不受凉。 
make sure “确保,确认”, 一般用于祈使句,后接that 从句;
make sure of…确定……,后跟名词或名词短语。
7. That’s such good advice that you could be a doctor, Betty!这个建议非常好,贝蒂,你都可以当医生了!
such …that 如此…以致 so …that 如此…以致
（1）such + a/ an + adj + 可数名词单数+ that + 从句
（2）such + adj + 可数名词复数+that +从句
（3）such + adj +不可数名词+ that + 从句
（4）so +adj +a/ an +可数
They are such nice people that we all like them. 他们是如此好的人以至于我们都喜欢他。
He was so weak that he could hardly stand up. 他如此的弱以至于他几乎站不起来。
8.Earthquakes always happen suddenly, so it is difficult to warn people about them.地震总是发生得很突然,所以很难给予人们预警。
warn sb. about sth.意为“提醒/警告某人注意某事”
warn sb.(not)to do sth. 意为“告诫某人(不要)做某事”
warn sb of sth警告某人某事
9.Usually people have little or no idea about what to do during the earthquake, so here is some advice.通常人们很少知道甚至不知道在地震时要做什么，因此这里有一些建议。
句意:通常人们不知道在地震时要做什么,因此这里有一些建议。
分析:①have little idea about=have no idea about不知道。
  a few+可数名词复数：(表示肯定) a little +不可数名词：(表示肯定)
few+可数名词复数：几乎没有…..（表示否定）
little+不可数名词：几乎没有……（表示否定）
②what to do是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。
③ advice 是不可数名词。
10.Do not jump out of high buildings.不要从高层建筑往外跳。
jump out of 从…跳出来 run out of 从…跑出来 lie down 躺下；卧躺
11. Keep calm, especially when you are with other people.保持镇静,尤其是当你和别人在一起的时候。 
keep+形容词“保持某种状态”(keep calm)
keep+ sth.+形容词“使某物保持某种状态”(keep our bedroom tidy)
keep doing sth.“一直/坚持做某事”(keep studying hard)
keep sb. doing sth.“使某人持续做某事”(keep me waiting)
keep sb. from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”(keep my father from smoking)
keep clear of sth不和…接触
12. In the mountains, be careful of falling rocks.在山区要当心滚落的岩石。
be careful of doing sth小心做某事 be care of sth小心某事情
be care to do sth小心做某事
13. cover…with 用…盖上… be proud of 以…为自豪 in an earthquake 在地震中
14.stay away from 远离 stay away from the windows and heavy furniture .
15.A ten-year-old girl saved about one hundred other tourist in 2004. 在2004年，一个十岁的女孩拯救了大约一百名其他游客。
“a/ an / the / this /that + 复合adj + 可数名词单数” 复合adj的用法：
(1) He is a six-year-old boy . (2) She is only an 8-year-old girl.
16. be harmful to sb = do harm to sb对某人有害
二．模块语法
（1）、情态动词must, can, could表示推测
1.我们学习过情态动词can和could用于对现在或将来的推测,“会,可能”,往往用于否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句时,can比could表示的“可能性”要大;用于否定句时,cannot (can’t)表示“不可能”。如:
你不是认真的吧! You can’t be serious!
could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。在以下例句中,can和could均表示可能。如:
(1)他可能很疼。 He could be in pain.
(2)那可能有伤害! That could be harmful!
(3)这有可能是真的吗? Can /Could this be true?
2.must表示推测,“一定,准是,肯定”,通常只用于肯定句。如:
贝蒂,你肯定知道答案! Betty, you must know the answer!
3.表示有把握的推测时,肯定句用must (一定,肯定,准是),否定句用can’t (不可能)。如:
(1)长途步行之后你一定饿了。You must be hungry after a long walk.
(2)你现在不可能觉得饿,因为你刚吃过饭。You can’t be hungry because you have just had your dinner.
4.表示把握不大的推测即可能性时,用can和may,表示“也许,可能”。
may用于肯定句和否定句。can常用于疑问句和否定句。 may not 可能不; can’t 不可能。如:
(1)这消息也许是真的,也许不是真的。The news may or may not be true.
(2)贝蒂会在哪里呢?Where can Betty be?

（2）祈使句的用法
定义： 1、表示命令、建议、请求、警告、禁止的句子叫做祈使句
类型：（1）动词原形开头的句子 Listen to me carefully. Do keep away from the fire.
（2） please 开头的句子 Please be quiet. Please open the door .
(3) Let’s 开头的句子
Let’s start our class now .
(4) don’t 开头的句子（祈使句的否定句）
Don’t wake up your sister, Ben. She needs a good sleep.
(5) 以“never” 开头的句子
Never be late again
2.否定的祈使句
句型:Don’t +do(动词原形) sth.
别在河里游泳。Don’t swim in the river.
别迟到。Don’t be late.
请不要大声喧哗。Please don’t be noisy.