外研版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Friends forever学案

Section Ⅱ　Discovering Useful Structures

Grammar —— 定语从句(Ⅰ)

[新知导引]

诵读下列例句并感知画线部分的共性

1．There were deep cracks that/which appeared in the well walls.

2．Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

3．The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

4．Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.

5．Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

6．A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.

7．The boy whose father is a teacher is a new classmate of mine.

8. China is a country that/which has a long history.

[共性呈现]

1．第2、3、4句中的定语从句使用了关系代词who，在定语从句中作主语。

2．第1、8句中的定语从句使用了关系代词which/that，在定语从句中作主语。

3．第6句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。

关系代词who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词that/which常用来指代物；关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物。

4．第5、7句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作定语，它既可以指人也可以指物。

[语法精释]

who (whom)，which，that，whose引导的定语从句

在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。

从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why。

一、关系代词的基本用法

1．who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.

正在和我父亲说话的那个人是个教师。

The girl (who) I met yesterday is his sister.

我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。

2．whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。

The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.

老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。

注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。

The boy(who/whom/that) we saw yesterday is John's brother.

昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。

(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。

He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.

他是我们大家都愿意向他学习的人。

[即学即练1]　关系代词填空

(1)Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?

(2)Those who want to see the film set down your names, please.

(3)This is the person who/whom you should thank for helping your son.

3．which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.

桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。

The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the train.

那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。

4．whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。

This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.

这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。

Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.

没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。

5．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.我在报纸上读过那位妇女的相关报道，她刚刚夺得一枚金牌。

The report (that) Mr.Turner handed in was about the motor race.

特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。

[即学即练2]　关系代词填空

(1)Look, here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet.

(2)Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago?

(3)Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.

二、用that不用which的情况。

1．当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything little，much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。

All that can be done has been done.

一切能做的都已经做了。

2．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.

这是我吃过的最美味的食物。

3．当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。

Chatting was the only thing that interested her most.

聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。

4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。

She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.

她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。

5．当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

站在门口的那个人是谁？

6．当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

上海已不是过去那个样子了。

[即学即练3]　完成句子

(1)这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。

This is the most beautiful park that_I_have_visited.

(2)我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。

We often talk about the persons and things that_we_remember.

(3)我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。

I have found the very pen that_I_lost_yesterday.

三、用which不用that的情况

1．在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。

This is the room in which he lives.

这是他住的房间。

2．引导非限制性定语从句时。

Tom came back, which made us very happy.

汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

3．在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.

我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。

[即学即练4]　用关系代词填空

(1)The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.

(2)Have you ever read the book, which was written by a young girl?

四、使用定语从句的注意事项

1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。

This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.

这是查理斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。

He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.

他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。

注意：which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。

He said he was a Frenchman, which was not true.

他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。

2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。

This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)

这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。

3．关系代词的省略。

(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。

(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。

(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。

[即学即练5]　单句语法填空

(1)All that can be done_has (have) been done.

(2)The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies hard.

(3)He is one of the students who know Spanish.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．He is the boy whose father is a professor.

2．This dictionary is the second one that I bought in the bookstore.

3．This is the girl who/whom he works with in the office.

4．His parents wouldn't marry her to anyone whose family was poor.

5．They talked about their classmates and things that they still remembered in middle school.

6．Finally the thief handed in everything that he had stolen to the police.

7．Anyone who has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

8．The first thing that he did after arriving home was doing his homework.

9．The number of people that/who_come to visit this city each year reaches one million.

10．This is the room which/that my grandma used to live in.

11．The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.

12．The picture which/that was about the accident was terrible.

13．The children who/that were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.

14．The woman who/that is shaking hands with my sister is a doctor.

15．This is the building whose windows were all painted green.

16．That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.

Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子

1．Do you know the man? The man spoke to the headmaster just now.

→Do you know the man who/that_spoke_to_the_headmaster_just_now?

2．I have seen the film. They're talking about the film.

→I have seen the film that/which_they're_talking_about.

3．The book was written by Mark Twain. He was a famous American writer.

→The book was written by Mark Twain who_was_a_famous_American_writer.

4．Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her.

→Last week Mary wore the dress that/which_I_gave_to_her.

5．The girl is from America. Her father is a Chinese.

→The girl whose_father_is_a_Chinese is from America.

6．My grandparents live in a house. It is more than 100 years old.

→My grandparents live in a house which/that_is_more_than_100_years_old.

Ⅲ.语法与写作

1．This is the very hotel _(that)_I_stayed_at when I was travelling here.

这就是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。

2．This is the very book that_I_am_looking_for.

这正是我要找的那本书。

3．The earthquake that/which_happened_in_Tangshan_in_1976 shocked the people all over the world.

发生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震惊。

4．She is one of the girls who_have_passed_the_exam.

她是通过考试的女孩之一。