2021学年Unit 4 Protecting our heritage sitesGrammar and usage优秀导学案

Period Three　Grammar and usage

Learning Aims(学习目标)

1．Learn grammar—Appositive clauses(重点难点)

2．Learn the following language point：vote(重点难点)

Activity 1　读文探究

阅读下列句子，认真感悟加黑部分，并完成方框下的小题。

1．同位语从句通常跟在抽象名词后面解释说明其内容。

2．常使用that，whether或疑问词来引导同位语从句。

3．可以跟同位语从句的名词有fact，idea，doubt，belief，news，opinion等。

Activity 2　语法精析

一、定义

在复合句中充当同位语的从句，叫作同位语从句。

同位语从句通常跟在名词后面，解释说明名词的内容。

There is no doubt that the assistant is fit for this job.

毫无疑问，这位助理适合这一工作。

I had no idea where their wedding was to be held. Maybe in the hotel，I think.

我不知道他们的婚礼将在哪里举行。我想也许在酒店里吧。

二、连接词的用法

1．that引导的同位语从句

that引导同位语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。

I’ve come to the conclusion that it is unwise to insist on your view in the circumstances.

我得出结论，在这种情况下坚持你的观点是不明智的。

He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.

他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。

2．whether引导的同位语从句

whether引导同位语从句意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导同位语从句。

The users of smart watches have brought up some doubt whether their privacy will be violated.

智能手表用户对自己的隐私是否会受到侵犯提出了一些疑问。

The question came up at the meeting whether we had enough money for our research.

我们是否有足够的钱进行我们的研究，这个问题在会议上被提出来了。

3．连接代词引导的同位语从句

连接代词who，whom，what，which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。若缺少连接代词，则从句不完整。

The question who should do the job requires considering/to be considered.

谁应该做这个工作的问题还需考虑。

I have no idea what has happened to the captain in the past several years.

我不知道在过去几年里这个船长发生了什么事。

4．连接副词引导的同位语从句

连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，还在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。

I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with the matter.

我还没有回答我将如何处理这件事的问题。

The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.

我们什么时候开始还没有决定。

三、同位语从句中应注意的问题

1．同位语从句的位置

(1)同位语从句常跟在某些抽象名词(如idea，news，fact，promise，hope，message等)后面。

The news that our volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.

我们的排球队赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。

(2)有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所修饰的名词后，而被别的词隔开，在语法上叫作分隔式同位语从句。

The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.

她突然想起她可能在离开家时没把门关上。

2．某些名词(如demand，advice，suggestion，requirement等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。

They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.

他们面对废除这种税的要求。

The suggestion that the new rule (should) be adopted came from the chairman.

采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。

3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别

(1)从性质上区别

定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用，功能上相当于形容词；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，是名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴。

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.

我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise的内容)

The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.

妈妈做出了一个令她所有的孩子都高兴的许诺。(定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语)

(2)引导词that的区别

that引导定语从句时，作从句的一个成分，有时可用which替换，作宾语时常常省略；而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.

昨天我们收到了应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令。(同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，但不能省略)

The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.

我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮别的小组。(定语从句，修饰名词order，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以用which替换，也可以省略)

For example，it votes to determine which sites are to be listed as UNESCO heritage sites and monitors the state of conservation.(教材P49)

vote vt.& vi.投票，表决 n．选票；投票  

[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵

①Mr Wang was invited to vote for his niece in the “Future Singer” competition.

②Fearing that most of the citizens voted against him，he wore a smile in good manners.

③In the circumstances，we had no choice but to put it to the vote.

[单句语法填空/完成句子]

①Given that the economy had been going down for a long time，the party members voted against the suggestion of hosting the Olympic Games.

②The conference is now debating the welfare issues and will vote on them shortly.

③As expected，he was voted most promising new director.

不出所料，他当选为最有前途的新导演。

Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空

1．Experts hold the opinion that a small amount of stress can be good in exams.

2．There is still some doubt whether the autumn sports meet will be held in our school.

3．There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to result in anxiety.

4．I have no idea which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.

5．The question who will take his place is still not clear at the moment.

6．We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

7．—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?

—Yeah，but I have no idea why he did that；that’s one of his favorite universities.

8．We can’t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light at present.

9．The news (that/which) he told me was that Tom would go abroad the next year.

10．The question whether the work was worth doing had not been answered.

Ⅱ.完成教材P49 B 部分

课时跟踪练三

基础巩固

Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空

1．I have no idea whether the new treaty will take effect next month or not.

2．Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me the next month.

3．There is no doubt that one day humans will find a cure to deal with AIDS.

4．These teachers have no idea what it is like to earn one’s living in industry or commerce.

5．Word came that another train station would soon be ready in our city.

6．They quarreled over the question who introduced white agriculture to the Development Zone.

7．The boy had no idea how he could get along well with the new classmates.

8．The question whether the gas is harmful to people’s health is not clear.

9．The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.

10．Can you tell me the way (that) I can improve my English?

Ⅱ.单句写作

1．我们迟早要面对这样一个事实，那就是我们总有一天要离开父母独立生活。

 Sooner or later，we will face the fact that we have to leave our parents and live on our own.

2．毫无疑问，在新鲜的空气中锻炼对健康有好处。

 There is no doubt that doing exercise in the fresh air is good for health.

3．就我们是否应该鼓励人们养宠物的问题，专家们展开了争论。

 Experts argue about the matter whether we should encourage people to keep pets.

4．你相信“有志者事竟成”这句谚语吗？

 Do you believe in the proverb that where there is a will，there is a way?

5．我们怎样才能帮助他戒烟这个问题最近一直困扰着我们。

 The question how we can help him get rid of smoking has been bothering us recently.

能力提升

Ⅲ.阅读理解

A

One new discovery after another has been over and over again plunging a hard-to-accept idea into scientists’ minds：there might have been an even more advanced super prehistoric civilization in the remote past.

Discovery One：Kept in Topkapi Palace，Istanbul，Turkey is a unique ancient map，which was first discovered in the 18th century.On the map，only the Mediterranean area is accurately mapped while other places，such as America and Africa，are well out of shape.When studying in a deeper way，however，the scientists were amazed at finding the ancient map was actually a bird’s-eye map.Compared with the pictures of the earth taken by the Apollo 8 spacecraft，the Turkey map is exactly the repeat of them and the deformable boundaries of America and Africa agree well with those of the Apollo 8’s pictures.To scientists’ astonishment，the map even describes the complex landforms of the Antarctic covered with several-kilometer-thick ice，which is as like as two peas with the map made by the 1952 Antarctic expedition with the help of the sonic echo sounder.But the old map was made in the remote ancient times!

Discovery Two：On the Lake Titicaca Plateau of South America lies the ruins of an ancient city，at the centre of which stands a huge red sandstone statue.Printed on it is a complete star map with hundreds of signs.Through years of study，scientists finally decoded the map and signs.This is a star map describing the starry sky 27,000 years ago.The signs record the extremely deep astronomic knowledge，which is even beyond the modern people’s understanding.

Discovery Three：In 1921，people happened to find an ancient Nied man’s skull in Zambia，Africa.In the right of the skull there is an edge-smooth round hole，which scientists have decided only a bullet can make.But the ancient Nied people lived about 70,000 years ago，when mankind is supposed to have just learnt to use axes.

Was there really a prehistoric super civilization？God knows!

1．The Turkey map was made in         .

A．the 18th century   B．the 20th century

C．the 1950s   D．the remote past

答案　D

解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话“But the old map was made in the remote ancient times！”可知，这张地图绘制于遥远的古代，故选D。

2．What is the most important discovery of Discovery Two?

A．An ancient city.

B．A huge statue.

C．A star map.

D．Astronomic knowledge.

答案　C

解析　推理判断题。根据该段中对这张地图的描述可知，第二个发现中最重要的发现是一张星际图，故选C。

3．The hole in the ancient Nied man’s skull suggests that the ancient Nied people         .

A．could make something like guns

B．were very cruel

C．made much use of men’s skulls

D．could use axes skillfully

答案　A

解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“In the right of the skull there is an edge-smooth round hole，which scientists have decided only a bullet can make.”可知，Nied人头部的洞表明当时的Nied人能够制造出像枪一样的东西，故选A。

B

Before war and time destroy more of our important cultural sites，we need to save them in 3-D digital libraries.Across 163 different countries,1,000 natural and cultural historic places make up our most precious human heritage，which UNESCO calls World Heritage Sites.

We lose a little of that heritage every day.War，climate change and pollution have a bad effect，as do wind and rain.The $4 million a year that UNESCO spends on preservation is not nearly enough to take care of even the four dozen sites considered at approaching risk of being lost forever.Now there’s a better choice.New digital-conservation technologies let us hold on to them，at least virtually(虚拟地)，through 3-D scanning，modeling and digital storage.Such projects can be accomplished through cooperation between governments，universities，industry and non-profit organizations.

To make a 3-D model，a laser(激光) scanner bounces light off an object and records the results.To reproduce every corner and opening，the scanner collects overlapping(重叠的) images from all possible angles.A computer then sews them together into one large surface image and draws lines from one point to another to create a wire-frame model.High-resolution digital cameras add color and texture.When fully put together，the models can be viewed，printed or operated.

These scans do more than preserve a memory in a database.With highly accurate measurements，archaeologists(考古学家)can find hidden passages or reveal ancient engineering tricks.School kids can explore places they might otherwise never see.And when a site is destroyed，the scans can even be used to reconstruct what was there.That has already happened for one World Heritage Site，the Kasubi Tombs in Uganda.Built of wood in 1882，they were destroyed by fire in 2010 and rebuilt in 2014，based in large part on 3-D models made in 2009.More than 100 World Heritage Sites have been already preserved as 3-D models，and conservationists are racing to record as many more as possible.

4．How does the author show the necessity for 3-D digital libraries in the first two paragraphs?

A．By listing the threats to our human heritage.

B．By introducing some damaged historical sites.

C．By quoting some experts’ views on heritage protection.

D．By explaining UNESCO’s research on World Heritage Sites.

答案　A

解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中“war and time”和第二段中“War，climate change...wind and rain.”可判断，作者通过列举人类遗产面临的威胁来说明建立三维数字图书馆的必要性。

5．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The function of a laser scanner.

B．The rejection of light off an object.

C．The process of making a 3-D model.

D．The development of 3-D digital technology.

答案　C

解析　段落大意题。根据第三段内容尤其是“To make a 3-D model...”和“When fully put together，the models...”可知，本段主要讲三维模型的制作过程。

6．What do we know about the Kasubi Tombs in Uganda?

A．It is metal-framed.

B．It is still in its original condition.

C．It was once destroyed in an earthquake.

D．It was reconstructed thanks to 3-D models.

答案　D

解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“That has already happened...rebuilt in 2014，based in large part on 3-D models made in 2009.”可知，卡苏比王陵借助三维模型得以重建。

7．What does the author intend to say through this text?

A．Never ignore the destructive power of war.

B．Take action to reduce pollution in historic places.

C．Take advantage of 3-D technology to keep history.

D．Invest more money to preserve World Heritage Sites.

答案　C

解析　写作意图题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段中“we need to save them”，第二段中“We lose a little of that heritage every day.”和最后一段中“are racing to record”可知，作者写本文是想呼吁利用三维技术留住历史。

Ⅳ.语法填空

Many buildings along the Yangtze River have been destroyed during the flood season,1.______ the Guanyin Pavilion(阁) in the middle of the river has continued to stand tall even after more than 700 years.How does this ancient pavilion make 2.         ？Described as “the first pavilion on the Yangtze River”，the Guanyin Pavilion 3.         (build) in the Song Dynasty and then rebuilt in the Yuan Dynasty.Today，the pavilion 4.         (sit) on a piece of dragon-shaped rock in the middle of the Yangtze River.Located outside the city of Ezhou，Hubei Province，the pavilion was constructed on a huge rock about 30 meters from the bank of the river.5._______ (face) west，the pavilion is 24 meters long,10 meters wide and 14 meters in 6._____ (high)．The base is made with a one-meter-high stone pile.The entire base is 7.______ (beautiful) combined with the rock，and the whole building is shaped 8.         a boat in the direction of the flowing water.More importantly，a very strong stone wall was set up 9._____ (protect) the main body from the floods.The ancient pavilion is still standing more than 700 years later,10.       shows the wisdom of ancient Chinese people.

1．答案　but/yet

解析　考查连词。“被毁”与“屹立不倒”显示上下句之间是转折关系，应使用转折连词but或者yet。故填but/yet。

2．答案　it

解析　考查代词。make it 为固定用法，意为“做到，达到”。故填it。

3．答案　was built

解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。此处作谓语，主语“观音阁”与动词build之间是被动关系，且动作发生在过去，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，又主语为单数。故填was built。

4．答案　sits/is sitting

解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语是第三人称单数，且有时间状语Today，故使用一般现在时或者现在进行时。故填sits/is sitting。

5．答案　Facing

解析　考查非谓语动词。分析可知，主语the pavilion与动词face之间是主动关系，故用现在分词facing作状语。位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Facing。

6．答案　height

解析　考查词性转换。根据介词in可知，空处应填名词。high的名词形式为height。故填height。

7．答案　beautifully

解析　考查词性转换。修饰动词combine应使用副词。故填beautifully。

8．答案　like

解析　考查介词。be shaped like为固定搭配，意为“形状像……”。故填like。

9．答案　to protect

解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空处应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to protect。

10．答案　which

解析　考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子可知，空处应填which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个句子。故填which。