高中英语上外版必修第二册 期末复习 基础版 同步讲义（原卷+解析卷）

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新高一期末复习（上外基础版）
学习目标：熟练掌握U1-U4词汇和句型；熟练掌握并运用定语从句的关系词；熟悉并运用定语从句完成翻译句子。
引入：
1. He was considered as the best actor______Hollywood has ever produced.
2. There is a great need for nutritionists,_______ can help people form a healthy eating habits.
3. The tornado______ path was so unpredictable caused a huge damage in the area.
4. When an automobile has passed all the tests, it can get a government certificate, without______it is illegal to drive.
5. He found himself in a situation_______he could do nothing but wait for rescue.
6. The year 1969,_____ _______ the American astronauts first landed on the moon, was unforgettable in human history.
7. _______ has been pointed out before, the country’s economy has reached a point_______ some reforms are needed.
8. The reason________ many people would like to spend their weekends in the library is ______ a wide range of books are available there.
9. For anyone______ is determined to be an athlete, a strong will is as important as a healthy body.
10. The conference covered two major issues, one of_____ was concerning drug abuse.
11. The day will surely come______clean energy will eventually replace fossil fuels.
12. A group of rescuers rushed over to help the villagers______houses were buried in the earthquake.
13. Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species is one of the most popular books______people enjoy reading.
14. The salesman produced all sorts of handbags, but none of______met Linda’s requirements.
15. All______he needs now is your sincere wish.

1. that 2.which 3.whose 4.which 5.where 6. in w hich 7.As 8.why that 9.who 10.which 11.when 12.whose 13.that 14.which 15.that




先行词


主语


宾语


定语


状语


人


who/that


whom/that


whose



物
which
that
as
which
that
as
whose
(of which)

when

where
why

请写出图片里出现的所有关系词。


一、核心语法
【知识梳理】
定语从句
跟定语从句相关的最关键的最两个词：
① 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
② 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。



关系代词：who/whom (指代人), which（指代物)，that（指代人/物），
as, whose等
关系词的分类:
关系副词：when （指代时间），where (指代地点)，why (指代原因)

1. 引导定语从句

关系词的功能: 2. 代替先行词

3. 在定语从句中担当一个句法成分
考点归纳：(重点总结)
考点一：只能用that的情况
考点二：只能用which的情况
考点三：用who的情况
考点五：介词+关代
考点六：as的用法
考点七：where的用法
定语从句
（一）概念：
（1）定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。
（2）定语从句(Attributive Clause）：修饰某一名词或代词的从句，即，一个句子充当定语。
The man （who lives next to us）sells vegetable.
You must do everything （that I can do）.

（二）定语从句的分类
1. 限制性定语从句: 与先行词关系密切, 如果没有定语从句, 主句不完整, 且与先行词之间无逗号。
eg: He asked me a question which was about my study at school.他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。如果
后面的定语从句去掉，句子意思显然不完整。

2. 非限制性定语从句: 对先行词起补充说明作用, 如果删除, 主句意义仍然完整, 与先行词之间有逗号。
eg: On the desk there are twenty books, three of which are mine.
My aunt Alice ,whom I haven’t seen for years, is coming next month.
注意：显然，去掉下划线部分定语从句，意思仍然没有多大影响。
★ that不能用于非限制性定语从句。
(三)关系代词引导的定语从句
● that: 可指人或物；
所作的成分：在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。
指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which
(不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语)
如：
1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语) 指物
2. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语） 指物
3. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）指人
●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：
1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）
4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）
5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语）
●who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人
whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物
I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）
Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）
He's a man from whom we should learn.
= He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）
I'd like a room whose window faces south. （指物）
=I'd like a room of which the window faces south.
=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come .
●as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：
※I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .
=Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）
=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
（四）. 关系副词引导的定语从句:
●When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
     The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
² 注意：先行词为"时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
（1）I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）
（2）I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语）
练习
（1） Next winter_____________you'll spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.
（2）I shall never forget the day ____________Shen Zhou Ⅴ was launched, which has a great effect on my life.
答案： which/that； when
●Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.
This is the place where I was born.
I live in the room where /in which he used to live.
² 注意：先行词是"地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较: ※This is the factory___________he worked last year
This is the park____________ they visited last year.
答案： where；which/that
●Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代； 当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：

The reason why / for which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.

I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me.（作宾语）

Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success?（作主语）

（五).关系代词与关系副词的选择
 
A.  I know a place ___________ we can have a picnic.      
     I know a place ___________is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.   
B.   I will never forget the days ___________ we spent our holidays together.    
      I will never forget the days  ___________we spent together.       
C.  This is the reason ___________he was dismissed.           
     This is the reason ___________he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.     
答案：A. where；which/that B. when; which/that C. why; which/that
（六）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
①先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等,
②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物，这时宜用that.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that .
例句：
①We should do all that is useful to the people .
②The only thing that we could do was to wait
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
③When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.
④The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.
⑤The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known
⑥Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .
⑦Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
⑧1. Which is the book that you like best?
2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?
⑨There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
⑩My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be
（七）定语从句中只能用which的情况
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .
2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
1. Let me show you the novel, that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
1. Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which .
What's that which she is looking at?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
（八）只能用who的情况
1.先行词是指人的不定代词或人称代词：如anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he etc.
Anyone who serves classmates is worth praising.
I dislike those who talk big.
2. There be 结构中，主语指人，定语从句用who:
There is a pretty girl who wants to see you.
（九）介词+关代
1. Do you know the boy to whom your mother is talking?
2. He gave me some novels with which I am not very familiar.
3. I still remember the day on which I first got to Paris.
注意:1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面.如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.    (正)     
This is the watch for which I am looking .    (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.  (正)  
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.   （误）
2．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
判断正误下列句子的正误：
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.  ( 正 )  
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. ( 误 )
The man that / who you talked with just now is my neighbour. ( 正 )
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.   ( 正 )
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.    ( 误 )
（十）the way用做先行词
填上合适的关系词并分析原因：
1.The way _that/in which/不填_ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. （做状语）
2.The way that/ which/不填 he explained to us was quite simple. （做宾语）
where的用法
1. I've come to the point where I can’t stand him.
2. The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.
归纳：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。
（十一）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
①位置的不同：
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：
1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.
或As you know, Jack is an honest man.
②先行词的不同：
as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；
which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词）
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）
He is an honest man, as is known to all.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
③as 一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"
as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined.


【例题精讲】
Part one:
1.The gentleman______you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief.
2.These houses are sold at such a low price______people expected.
3.Have you seen the film“Titanic”,________ leading actor is world famous?
4.Is this the reason_______he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
5._______has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.
6.A fast food restaurant is the place_______,just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
7.The United States is made up of fifty states, one of______is seperated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.
8.You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre,______ is always busy at the weekend.
9.The thought of going back home was all_____kept him happy while he was working abroad.
10.Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, without _______there won’t be much work.
11.The visitor______passport was stolen was on his way to the US.
12.Samuel suvived when the car_______he was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.
13.Faye’s fondest memory is of last year,______ the club gave a tea party for her birthday.
14.The result of the study indicated that it was the type of fat______made difference.
15.Sailing across the ocean alone was an achievement________ took courage.
16.He’s got himself into a dangerous situation_______he is likely to lose control over the palne.
17.Alec asked the policeman with_______he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
18.I can think of many cases______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
19.American women usually identify their best friend as someone with_____they can talk frequently.
20. If shop has chairs_______women can park their men, women will be happy to shop.
21.In an hour, we can travel to places _______ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
22.His movie won several awards at the film festival,______ was beyond his wildest dream.
23.We went through a period in _______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
24. Mozart’s birthpalce and the house_______he composed“The Magic Flute”are both musuems now.
【答案】
1. who/whom 2.as 3.whose 4.that 5.As 6. where 7. which
8. which 9.that 10.which 11.whose 12. that,which
13.when 14. that 15. that/which 16. where 17.whom
18. where 19.whom 20.where 21. that/which 22.which
23. which 24.where
Part two:
1. 让没有受过专业培训的人操纵机器是不负责任的行为。(who)

2. 他从来都是毫不犹豫的提出那些他认为对别人有帮助的批评。(hesitate)

3. 正如之前预料的一样，参与家长会的很多家长自告奋勇承担了校园检查员的职务。（as）

4. 这本书备受推崇的原因是它给人以希望和启迪。(…why…)

5. 有些动物灭绝的原因是它们无法适应新的环境，因此我们必须注意保持生态平衡。 （adapt)


（选自2018-2019学年度同济第二附属中学第一学期高一年级英语学科期末考试卷）
【答案】
1. It is irresponsible to allow someone who hasn’t received professional training to operate the machine.
2. He never hesitates to make the criticisms that he considers helpful to others.
3. As was expected beforehand, many parents who attended the parents’ meeting volunteered to take on the responsibility of campus inspectors.
4. The reason why the book is highly recommended is that it provides us with hope and inspiration.
5. The reason why some animals became extinct was that they couldn’t adapt to the new environment, so we must pay attention to keeping the balance of nature.
【巩固练习】
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
（A）
Now suppose 1 it’s your turn to go to the moon, just like Edwin Aldrin and Neil Armstrong. It’s an important and exciting space travel, 2 mission is to explore and gather information for the scientists on the earth.
Before you leave your lunar lander, don’t forget your equipment! Remember 3 the moon has no atmosphere. An atmosphere is the envelope of gases 4 surrounds some planets. The earth’s atmosphere has oxygen, 5 we need to breathe. You will need your spacesuit and your oxygen tank, 6 will help you to survive on the moon’s surface.
Your spacesuit will keep your body safe on the moon, 7 the temperature can be extremely cold or extremely hot.
Now imagine 8 you are walking on the moon’s surface. You will be fascinated by the view of the sky, 9 is extremely different from that on the earth.
In the powdery, grayish moon dust, you will probably find some footprints 10 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin left many years ago. That’s because there’s no wind or water on the moon to wash the footprints away. The moon dust stretches as far as you can see.
As you walk along, you suddenly realize 11 you feel lighter. You can jump higher and throw farther. The reason 12 you can do jumping and throwing easily is 13 there is less gravity on the moon than there is on the earth.
Gravity is a force 14 pulls one object toward another object. Gravity makes you “stick” to the ground and makes your pencil fall to the floor 15 you drop it.
(B)
Ancient China was a place ___1____ states were often at war with each other. But it was also a time ___2____ there were many great philosophers. Confucius is the philosopher ____3___ influence has been the greatest. He stressed the importance of kindness, duty and order in society. Chinese society was influenced by these ideas for more than 2,000 years.
Mencius was a thinker ____4____ teachings were very similar to those of Confucius. Mencius was born in 372 BC. His father died when he was young, and he was brought up by his mother. He became a student of Confucius’s ideas, and was then given an important position in the government of a state. However, when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice, he resigned. For many years he traveled from state to state, teaching the principles of Confucius. He then became an adviser to another ruler. He spent his last years preparing a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius. Mencius believed that the reason ____5____ man is different from animals is that man is good. He taught that if the government was kind, then people would be good. He believed that people were more important than rulers, and hated the state when it treated people badly.
Mozi was another teacher ____6___ was very influential. Born in 476 BC, he came from a family ____7____ was very poor. He became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour. Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism. In some ways his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius. For example, he considered that government was most important. As a result, he spent many years trying to find a state ____8____ people would follow his teachings. Mozi believed that all men were equal. His idea of love was different from the Confucian idea of kindness. Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those ____9___ are weaker than ourselves. He hated the idea of war. Mozi died in 390 BC.

（选自：上海市晋元中学2017学年第一学期高一年级期末英语试卷）
【答案】
1. that 2.whose 3.that 4.that/which 5.which 6.which 7.where 8.that
9.which 10.that/which 11.that 12. why 13.that 14.that/which 15.when
1. where 2. when 3. whose 4. whose 5. why 6. who 7. which 8. where 9. who
二、重点词汇与句型
1. approach v.接近 n.接近；方法
She was gathering up her courage to approach him when he called to her.
他喊她的时候，她正鼓起勇气去接近他。
He took a very scientific approach to management.
他采取了一种非常科学的管理方法。
【固定搭配】
approach to sth 某事物的处理方法
There is no easy ~ to sth….没有捷径
【拓展】
approachable adj.=accessible 可进入的；易接近的
2. replace (to be used instead of sth/sb else; to do sth instead of sb/sth else) 代替；取代
【词根】
re-,再，重新，place,放置。引申词义更换，取代。
The new design will eventually replace all existing models. 新的设计最终将会取代所有现有的型号。
【固定搭配】
replace with 替换为；以…代替
It is not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks. 不吃正餐，改吃点心，这不是什么好主意。
replace by 取代；以…代替
Teachers will never be replaced by computers in the classroom. 课堂上电脑永远不会取代老师。
【近义词】
restore、return、shift、take over from
【拓展】
replaceable adj.可替换的；可置换的；可放在原处的
replacement n.更换；复位；代替者；补充兵员
3. wither
(1) if a plant withers or sth withers it, it dries up and dies （使）枯萎，凋谢
The grass had withered in the warm sun. 这些草在温暖的阳光下枯死了。
(2) to become less or weaker, especially before disappearing completely 萎缩；（尤指渐渐）破灭，消失
All our hopes just withered away. 我们所有的希望都渐渐破灭了。
【词组短语】
wither away 枯萎；幻灭
4.
trick n.
something that you do to make sb believe sth which is not true, or to annoy sb as a joke 诡计；花招；骗局；把戏
They had to think of a trick to get past the guards.
他们只好想出个计谋骗过岗哨。
The kids are always playing tricks on their teacher.
孩子们经常耍些花招戏弄老师。
v. to make sb believe sth which is not true, especially in order to cheat them 欺骗；欺诈
I'd been tricked and I felt stupid. 我被人骗了，觉得自己真傻。
【词组短语】
*trick sb into sth/into doing sth诱使某人做某事
He tricked me into lending him ￡100.
他骗我借给了他100英镑。
*trick sb out of sth从某人处骗走某物
She was tricked out of her life savings.
她被骗走了一生的积蓄。
5.reward n. 奖励；回报；报酬
a financial reward 经济奖励
The company is now reaping the rewards of their investments.
公司正在收获他们的投资回报。
You deserve a reward for being so helpful.
你帮了这么大的忙，理应受到奖励。
v. 奖励；奖赏；给以报酬
· She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus. 她因自己所作的努力而得到一笔奖金。
【词组短语】
reward for 因…的酬谢；作为…的回报
as a reward for 作为…的报酬；作为…的回报
reward system 奖赏系统；奖励系统
reward with 奖赏
offer a reward 悬赏
monetary reward 金钱奖赏；赏金
in reward for 作为报答；作为…的报酬
【拓展】
rewarding adj.有益的，值得的；有报酬的，报答的

6.restore v.
（1）to bring back a situation or feeling that existed before 恢复（某种情况或感受）
The measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.
这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。
Order was quickly restored after the riots.
暴乱过后秩序很快得到了恢复。
The operation restored his sight (= made him able to see again) .
手术使他恢复了视力。
（2）to repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture, etc. so that it looks as good as it did originally
修复；整修；使复原
Her job is restoring old paintings. 她的工作是修复旧画。
【拓展】
restorative adj. 滋补的，有助于复元的；恢复健康的
restoration n. 恢复；复位；归还
7. native adj.
(1) connected with the place where you were born and lived for the first years of your life
出生地的；儿时居住地的
your native land/country/city 你的故乡╱祖国╱故里
It is a long time since he has visited his native Chile. 他很久没有回故乡智利了。
(2)
( of animals and plants 动植物 ) existing naturally in a place 原产于某地的；土产的；当地的
The tiger is native to India. 这种虎产于印度。
native species 当地的物种
【固定搭配】
be native (to...) 原产于某地的
【词组短语】
native place 籍贯
native speaker 说母语的人，说本族语的人
native plant 本地生植物；原生植物
go native 入乡随俗
8.appreciate v. /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
(1)to recognize the good qualities of sb/sth 欣赏；赏识；重视
You can't really appreciate foreign literature in translation.
看翻译作品不能真正欣赏到外国文学原著的美妙之处。
His talents are not fully appreciated in that company.
他的才干在那家公司未受到充分赏识。
(2)to be grateful for sth that sb has done; to welcome sth 感激；感谢；欢迎
I'd appreciate some help.
如果有人帮忙我将非常感激。
•I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.
假如你支付现金的话，我会不胜感激。
We would appreciate you letting us know of any problems.
如有任何问题，请告诉我们。
(3) to understand that sth is true 理解；意识到；领会
We didn't fully appreciate that he was seriously ill.
我们没有充分认识到他的病情很严重。
【拓展】
appreciative adj.感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；
appreciation n. 欣赏，鉴别；感谢
9.establishment n. an organization, a large institution or a hotel 机构；大型组织；企业；旅馆
•an educational establishment 教育机构
•a research establishment 研究机构
•The hotel is a comfortable and well-run establishment.
这家旅馆环境舒适且经营良好。
【词组短语】
permanent establishment 恒久的设施
establishment of diplomatic relations 建交；建立外交关系
business establishment 营业处所
branch establishment 分支机构
establishment of business relations 建立业务关系
【拓展】
established adj.确定的；已制定的，已建立的
establish vt.建立；创办；安置
10.replicate v. to copy sth exactly 复制；（精确地）仿制
Subsequent experiments failed to replicate these findings.
后来的实验没有得出同样的结果。
The drug prevents the virus from replicating itself. 这种药能防止病毒复制。
【拓展】
replication n.复制；回答；反响
replica n.复制品，复制物
11.release
(1) to let sb/sth come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped 释放；放出；放走
to release a prisoner/hostage 释放囚犯╱人质
Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage.
消防队员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。
(2)to make sth available to the public 公开；公布；发布
Police have released no further details about the accident. 关于这次事故，警方没有透露更多的细节。
to release a movie/book/CD 发行电影╱书╱激光唱片
new products released onto the market 投放到市场的新产品
【词组短语】
press release 新闻稿；通讯稿
release from 解除；豁免
heat release 放热；热放出
news release n. 通讯社或政府机构发布的新闻稿（等于press release）
energy release 能量放出
12.emerge
(1)to come out of a dark, confined or hidden place （从隐蔽处或暗处）出现，浮现，露出

The swimmer emerged from the lake. 游泳者从湖水中浮出来。
(2)to start to exist; to appear or become known 露头；显现；显露
He emerged as a key figure in the campaign.
他已初露头角，成为这次运动的主要人物。
the emerging markets of South Asia 正在兴起的南亚市场
【词组短语】
emerge from 自…出现；从…显露出来
【拓展】
emerging adj.新兴的；出现的；形成的
emergent adj.紧急的；浮现的；意外的
emergence n.出现，浮现；发生；露头
13.recall v.
(1)( formal ) (不用于进行时 ) to remember sth 记起；回忆起；回想起
She could not recall his name. 她想不起他的名字。
I can't recall meeting her before. 我想不起来以前曾经见过她。
He recalled that she always came home late on Wednesdays. 他回想起她星期三总是很晚回家。
Can you recall exactly what happened? 你能记起到底发生了什么事吗？
(2)to ask for sth to be returned, often because there is sth wrong with it 收回，召回（残损货品等）
The company has recalled all the faulty hairdryers.
公司回收了所有有问题的吹风机。
【词组短语】
beyond recall 不可挽回；不能记起
recall from 从…处召回
recall to mind 回想起，回忆起，记得
14. preserve v.
(1)to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that sth. is kept 保护；维护；保留
He was anxious to preserve his reputation. 他急于维护自己的名声。
Efforts to preserve the peace have failed. 维护和平的努力失败了。
(2)[ often passive ] to keep sth in its original state in good condition 维持…的原状；保存；保养
a perfectly preserved 14th century house 保存完好的14世纪宅第
Is he really 60? He's remarkably well preserved .
他真有60岁了吗？他真会保养啊。
【词组短语】
preserve evidence 证据保全
preserve peace 维持和平
preserve food 保藏食物
【词根】
pre-,在前，早于，预先，-serv,保护，看护，所以preserve意思是“保护，维护，保存”
【拓展】
preservable adj.可保存的；可保管的；能储藏的
preservation n.保存，保留
15.extinct adj. /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
( of a type of plant, animal, etc. 某种植物或动物等 ) no longer in existence
不再存在的；已灭绝的；绝种的
an extinct species 已灭绝的物种
to become extinct 绝种
【拓展】
extinction n.消失；消灭；废止
extinguish vt. 熄灭；压制；偿清
extinguisher 灭火器；消灭者；熄灭者
extinguishable adj.可熄灭的；可灭绝的
【词根】
ex-, 向外。-stinct, 刺， 即拔刺，拔出，比喻义连根拔起，灭绝。此外，ex-出 + -stinct-扑灭

【例题精讲】
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. exactly B. requires C. forced D. perfectly E. comfort
F. rush G. released H. as I. relates J. asked K.　including
When Michael Wong was young, he was sensitive and shy. It was a huge task for him to talk to a stranger or go downstairs to the shops. But he found 27_______ through playing the piano.
Recently, the Malaysian piano star 28________ his latest album “Never Apart”. It's made up of ten catchy　songs29________ the title song with the same name. Never Apart tells the story of a couple who are30______ to separate for a while, but they still cherish the beautiful memories they had.
“Music sounds better when it31_______to true feelings” he says
Now, Michael has grown, up to be one of the most popular singers in Taiwan. His slow love songs including First Time and Fairytale are hits with heartbroken young people.
Over the years, he has become bolder and learnt to voice opinions in his music. Once, he was32_______ to sing a song someone else wrote. But he didn’t like the song lyrics, so he argued they should be changed. "If I broke up with someone, I don't think I would have reacted in the same way33________ the story in the song," he said. I want to tell people 34________ how I will behave. "And it works. He says the song sounds better when he can sing it his own way.
Michael is often called the piano prince. He's elegant when he plays and sings along. ＂When I play, inspirations35________ to me like continuous streams. It 36 _______no effort.＂ But he still works hard to make his songs appealing. "I’ll go over every tiny detail to make the song worth listening to.”

【答案】27-31 EGKCI 32-36 JHAFB
课堂检测：
2018学年曹杨中学第一学期高一英语期末考试
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
17. This is the factory ______ we visited last week.
A. that B. where C. the one D. to which
18. I learnt her hard-working and kind quality ______ I got to know her in the bookstore.
A. first B. for the first time C. the first time D. by the first time
19. ______ watched the royal wedding on TV.
A. An audience of four millions B. An audience of four million
C. Four million audiences D. Four millions audience
20. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ______ in Beijing.
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been completed D. had been completed
21. ______, and you will have a good idea to deal with so complex a problem.
A. Using your head B. To use your head
C. Use your head D. If you use your head
22. The job is believed ______ ahead of time last week.
A. to have been done B. to do
C. to be done D. to have done
23. --Has your father finished writing his report yet?
--I don’t know, but he ______ it this morning.
A. wrote B. has written C. had written D. was writing
24. The way ______ a teacher expresses his ideas and thoughts ______ his students is of great importance.
A. /; to B. how; to C. which; with D. how; with
25. After applying for three times, he was finally employed by the company ______ headquarters was in New York.
A. which B. of which C. whose D. that
26. Doctors say that ______ to sunlight for a long time is harmful to one’s skin.
A. exposed B. exposing C. being exposed D. to expose
27. The price of vegetables has increased recently ______ the price of rice has gone down.
A. whether B. otherwise C. when D. while
28. According to YouyouTu, the Nobel Prize winner, time and efforts are worth ______ while you are doing a research.
A. spending B. to be spent C. spend D. being spent
III. Section B
Imagine shopping in another country and spotting a beautiful scarf. The salesperson tells you the price, but it’s more than you want to pay. What do you do?
The answer (29)______(depend) largely on what part of the world you’re in. Are you visiting Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America or Africa? In these places, prices often are not set in stone. In fact, customers (30)_____(expect) to bargain before agreeing to a price.
On the other hand, in North America, Europe and Australia, bargaining is rare and often not allowed. The price listed on a price tag cannot be changed. Large stores and malls usually don’t allow bargaining. On the other hand, outdoor stalls and flea markets（跳蚤市场）, even in Western countries, usually allow bargaining. When in doubt, consult a guidebook ---or (31)_______(good) yet, a local friend.
Although bargaining custom vary, a few rules of etiquette（礼节，礼仪） apply in most cultures. First, avoid (32)______ (waste) people’s time. If you don’t intend (33)______ (make) a purchase, don’t start bargaining. While bargaining, it is OK to walk away. But once you agree to a price, you must buy the item.
Even in countries (34)______ don’t allow bargaining, you may find plentiful opportunities to save money. Many stores sell old items on clearance. (35)______ offer discount cards to regular customers. Some of these can function as credit cards (36)______ the store, and a few can even be used elsewhere.
Wherever you go, understanding local customs can help you find good prices.
IV. Section C
(A)
A. convinced B. substitute C. identity D. persistence
E. consume F. endangered G. suspended

37. AI, in the end, will open up jobs that require new skills – such as empathy, ______ and many more which are not yet defined.
38. Police are trying to discover the ______ of a baby found by the side of a road.
39. This type of lizard is classified as an ______ species.
40. Talks between the two countries have now been ______.
41. Vitamin pills are no ______ for a healthy diet.
42. I was ______ I saw you there, but it must have been someone else.

(B)
A. boasting B. charged C. bored D. banned E. capable F. booklet. G. blame

43. I’m really ______ with trying every means to please my boss all the time.
44. He had some interesting ideas, which he put forward in a widely distributed campaign ______.
45. You shouldn’t ______ it on her, for she is innocent.
46. Some ads on losing weight have been ______ from being broadcast on TV.
47. He is always ______ about how rich his parents are, never thinking of earning his own living.
48. As a top student in the class, she is ______ of working out these maths problems.
(C)
A. inexact B. conclusions C. waiting D. close E. purpose F. wrongly
G. independently H. techniques I. repeat J. inform K. necessary

Some people seem to have talents for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master roles of grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. Now let’s take a __49__ look at these successful language learners to see what we can get from them. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. Instead of __50__ for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the roles for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and reach their own __51__. When they guess __52__ they try again. They attempt to learn from their mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They are not afraid to __53__ what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is __54__ or incomplete. It is more important for them to think in the language than to know the meaning for every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a __55__. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is __56__ for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. What kind of language learners are you? If you are successful, you have probably been learning __57__, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the __58__ outlined above.
V. Reading Comprehension
Section A
What Determines our Quality of Life
It is not so much what happens to each of us that determines our quality of life, but rather our reaction to what happens. Though we may have no __59__ in unexpected events that happen to us, we most certainly have choice in __60__ we interpret what happens, and in what we choose to do about it. These choices make all the __61__ in how we experience our world and very much determine our __62__ of life.
Neither does what we own __63__ a major role in quality of life. One person with all the money and possessions in the world may have a miserable life, __64__ another in the lowest income classes may __65__ love their life. It is what we do with what we own that __66__ our level of satisfaction and joy in life. It’s not what you __67__ or what happens to you in life that __68__, but rather what you do with it.
Every __69__, something is happening in our lives. And every moment, we __70__ or a judgment about what happens. By choosing to become more __71__ of how we react to what happens, we can shift towards what we really want in our lives. Rather than following habitual, reactive patterns which lead to more of the same, we can recognize and transform our old habits to move powerfully in the __72__ of creating the life we really want. Yet to do this, we must first find the courage to look at some of the disempowering（失去权力）, often unconscious pattern which get in the way and don’t serve to increase our quality of life. But by continually __73__ ourselves of our intention to be creators, we can transform our life.
59. A. need B. courage C. choice D. necessity
60. A. what B. whether C. that D. how
61. A. difference B. troubles C. decisions D. measures
62. A. type B. quality C. amount D. level
63. A. take B. play C. make D. get
64. A. while B. as C. if D. when
65. A. practically B. privately C. absolutely D. adequately
66. A. creates B. investigates C. affects D. handles
67. A. lack B. need C. reserve D. own
68. A. means B. exists C. works D. matters
69. A. time B. period C. date D. moment
70. A. make a mistake B. make a discovery
C. make a decision D. make a living
71. A. aware B. sensitive C. reasonable D. active
72. A. edge B. way C. direction D. centre
73. A. reminding B. informing C. warning D. telling
VI. Section B
(A)
If there is one thing I’m sure about, it is that in a hundred years from now we will still be reading newspapers. It is not that newspapers are a necessity. Even now some people get most of their news from television or radio. Many buy a paper only on Saturday or Sunday. But for most people reading a newspaper has become a habit passed down from generation to generation.
The nature of what is news may change. What basically makes news is what affects our lives--the big political stories, the coverage of the wars, earthquakes and other disasters, will continue much the same. I think there will be more coverage of scientific research, though. It’s already happening in areas that may directly affect our lives, like genetic engineering. In the future, I think there will be more coverage of scientific explanations of why we feel as we do--as we develop a better understanding of how the brain operates and what our feelings really are.
It’s quite possible that in the next century newspapers will be transmitted electronically from Fleet Street and printed out in our own home. In fact, I’m pretty sure how it will happen in the future. You will probably be able to choose from a menu, making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want to read--sports and international news, etc.
I think people have got it wrong when they talk about competition between the different media. They actually feed off each other. Some people once foresaw that television would kill off newspapers, but that hasn’t happened. What is read on the printed page lasts longer than pictures on a screen or sound lost in the air. And as for the Internet, it’s never really pleasant to read something just on a screen.
74. What is the best title for the passage?
A. The Best Way to Get News.
B. The Changes of Media.
C. Make Your Own Newspaper.
D. The Future of Newspaper.
75. In the writer’s opinion, in the future, ______.
A. more big political affairs, wars and disasters will make news.
B. newspapers will not be printed in publishing houses any longer.
C. newspapers will cover more scientific research.
D. more and more people will watch TV.
76. From the passage, we can infer ______.
A. newspapers will win the competition among the different media.
B. newspapers will stay with us together with other media.
C. television will take the place of newspaper.
D. the writer believes some media will die out
77. The phrase ‘feed off’ in the last paragraph means ______.
A. depend on B. compete with C. fight with D. kill off
(B)

RAINFOREST ADVENTURE TIPS
1. Find out about the trail and surroundings, be sure that you have enough time to complete the entire route before darkness falls. Do not stray off the path to chase after animals.
2. Use good judgment regarding the fitness level required for the trek（徒步跋涉）, and know your physical limits.
3. Always inform the park officials or let someone know of your plans and destination for the day, especially if going alone.
4. Take plenty of water and pack a few easy to eat snacks to keep energy level up. Unless trekking with a local guide, it is not advisable to eat jungle fruit or drink from any water source.
5. Be as quiet as possible to avoid scaring any wildlife. Getting an early start during the drawn provides the best chance to sight animals seeking food and the warmth of the early morning sun.
6. Wear thin, loose, preferably cotton clothing to remain comfortable.
7. Cover arms and legs with long trousers and long-sleeved shirts to ward off mosquitoes and to provide protection against thorny plants.
8. Be prepared for sudden rain showers by carrying a poncho that wraps over both body and your carrying pack to keep everything dry.
9. Choose footwear with proper ankle support and good traction.
10. A wide brimmed hat helps to shade a trekker from the heat of the tropical sun.


78. Before an adventure, a trekker should ______.
A. tell the park officials his destination and time schedule
B. pack up some jungle fruit juice and pre-cooked meals
C. consult a local guide about the most adventurous route
D. have his fitness level assessed at the tourist center
79. Which of the following is NOT suitable for a rain forest trekking?
A. Long-sleeved cotton shirts. B. Tight sports shorts.
C. Hiking boots. D. A wide brimmed hat.
80. If a trekker starts out at dawn, he may ______.
A. escape being caught in the rain B. sight scared wildlife
C. enjoy the heat of the tropical sun D. see animals seeking food

(C)
Brrriiinnng. The alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning. You jump out of bed, rush into the shower, into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think. A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing. Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters. In that sort of mood, who can get down to work, particularly some creative, original problem-solving work?
The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that are conducive to flexible, open-minded thinking. Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused. If you are one of those energetic morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed. Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving. By not giving yourself time to tune into your wandering mind, you’re missing out on the surprising solutions it may offer.
The trip you take to work doesn’t help, either. The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons, making inspirations less likely to occur. And while we all should read a lot about what’s going on in the world, it would not make you feel good for sure, so put that news website or newspaper aside until after the day’s work is done.
So what would our mornings look like if we wanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We’d set the alarm a few minutes early and lie awake in bed, following our thoughts where they lead. We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We’d take some deep breaths on our way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in the office--after we get a cup of coffee--we’d click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.

81. What does the author imply about newspapers?
A. They are solution providers. B. They are a source of inspiration.
C. They are normally full of bad news. D. They are more educational than websites.
82. The underlined phrase “are conducive to” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. are restricted to B. are beneficial to
C. are accessible to D. are harmful to
83. The author writes the last paragraph in order to ______.
A. offer practical suggestions B. summarize past experiences
C. advocate diverse ways of life D. establish a routine for the future

Section C
A. Some schools have made some changes to the calendars in an attempt to discipline the way students behave.
B. They say it can cause problems for families when they want to make summer plans.
C. The school year is extended over twelve months.
D. Some schools have changed their calendars to try to improve student performance.
E. They oppose the practice of putting students in groups in school not at the same time.
F. Some parts of the country had year-round programs in the nineteenth century, mostly for economic reasons.

Some people say the traditional calendar of 180 days no longer meets the needs of American society. They point out that students in most other industrial countries are in school more hours a day and more days a year. Critics also say a long summer vacation causes students to forget much of what they learned and schools are under pressure to raise test scores. __84__ They have lengthened the school day or added days to the year or both. This can be costly if schools need air conditioning on hot days and school employees need to be paid for the extra time.
Some schools have a year-round schedule. __85__ Instead of a long vacation, there are many short ones. Local businesses may object to a longer school year because students are unable to work as long at summer jobs. __86__ They felt it wasted money to use school buildings for only part of the year. Year-round programs can also reduce crowding in schools. In one version, students attend school for nine weeks and then have three weeks off. The students are in groups that are not all in school at the same time.
Another year-round calendar has all students in school together for nine weeks and off for three. This is meant to provide the continuous learning that can be lost over a long break. But year-round schooling has opponents. __87__ And they say it interferes with activities outside school -- including summer employment.
Some experts say no really good studies have been done to measure the effect of school calendars on performance. But some educators think year-round schooling especially helps students from poor families that lack educational support at home.

VII. Translation
1. 他在一些无关紧要的事上花费太多时间，导致了整个项目的失败。(lead to)


2. 据真实故事改编的电影“深海浩劫”（Deepwater Horizon), 以其逼真的特效，吸引了许多观众。（which）


3. 有时我们发现自己处于这样的窘境：即便觉得自己所做的不对，也要勉强为之。( where)


4. 先进的电脑技术正在逐渐改变我们的购物方式。（way）

参考答案：
17. A 18. C 19. C 20. D 21. C 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. A
29. depends 30. are expected 31.better 32. wasting 33. to make 34. which 35. others 36. in/within
37. D 38. C 39.F 40. G 41. B 42. A
43. C 44. F 45. G 46. D 47. A 48. E
49. D 50. C 51. H 52. F 53. I 54. A 55. E 56. K 57. G 58.B
59. C 60. A61. B 62. B 63. B 64. A 65. C 66. D 67. D 68. D 69. D 70. C 71. A 72. C 73. A
74. D75. C 76. B 77.A
78.A 79. B 80. D
81. C 82. D 83. A
84. A 85. C 86. F 87. B




1. He spent too much time in doing what was unimportant, which led to the failure of the whole project.
2.
Deepwater Horizon, which is based on a true story, has attracted a large audience with its special effects true to life.
Deepwater Horizon, based on a true story, has attracted a large audience with its special effects which are true to life.
3. Sometimes we find ourselves in embarrassing situations, where we do certain things even if we feel what we are doing is wrong.
4. Advanced computer science is gradually changing/transforming the way we shop/do shopping.
Or: …changing/transforming our way of doing shopping.


巩固复习：
定语从句的关系词___________________________________________________________________
及其所作成分：___________________________________________________________________
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定语从句的解题步骤：___________________________________________________________________
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一般来说解决定语从句相关习题需要三个步骤：
第一， 先判定是定语从句；
第二， 看从句中缺何种成分；
第三， 看先行词指代什么，如下表所示：