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高中英语上教版必修一 Unit3.单元知识点讲解 (含答案)
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Unit 3 Travel
【词汇和短语】
attraction n. 向往的地方;有吸引力的事
decoration n. 装饰品
relic n. 遗迹;遗物
political adj. 政治的;政府的
vast adj. 巨大的;辽阔的
ruin n. 残垣断壁;废墟
temple n. 庙宇,神殿
fascinating adj. 极有吸引力的;迷人的
masterpiece n. 代表作;杰作
sculpture n. 雕像;雕刻品
ceiling n.天花板;顶棚
breathtaking adj. 激动人心的;令人赞 叹的
tear v. 挣开;拽开; 撕裂;撕碎
quality n. 质量;品质
effort n. 尽力;艰难的尝试
region n. 地区,区域
pasta n. 意大利面食
onion n. 洋葱
bacon n. 咸猪肉;熏猪肉
luxury n. 奢侈品
range n. 范围,区间
opportunity n. 机会;时机
sparkly adj.闪烁的;闪耀的
tourist attraction旅游景点;旅游胜地
tear ... away (from)依依不舍地离开;把……拿走
make an effort作出努力
relevant adj. 紧密相关的;切題的
analyse v. 分析
process v..处理;加工n. 过程;进程
overcome v. 克服;解决
obstacle n. 障得;阻碍
practical adj. 切实可行的
setback n. 挫折;阻碍
prevent v. 阻止;阻碍
rooted adj. 固定在某地的;稳固的
chart v. 制定计划n. 图表
ahead adv. 提前;提早
goal n. e目标;目的
teen n. (13至19岁之间的) 青少年,少男,少女
amount n. (尤与不可数名词连用)数量;数额
factor n. 因素;要素
determine v. 决定;影响
participate v. 参加;参与
exchange n. 交流,互访;交换
finance n. 资金
maintain v. 维持;保持;维修;保养
alongside prep. 与……一起;与……同时; 在……旁边
solo adj. 独自的;单独的
sincerely adv. 敬启,谨上
souvenir n. 纪念物;纪念品;
airline n. 航空公司
enquire v. 询问;打听
luggage n. 行李
regulation n. 章程;规章制度;规则
charge v. 收费,要价
therefore adv. 因此;所以;因而
podcast n. 视频播客
witness v. 当场看到,目击(尤指罪行或事故)
blessed adj. 愉快安宁的;无忧无虑的
to the fullest 充分;达到最大程度
(be) relevant to 与 相关的
(be) rooted in固定在某地的;稳固的;根深蒂固的
participate in 参加;参与
on board在船上(或飞机上、火车上)
【词汇重点】
1. attraction n. an interesting or enjoyable place to go or thing to do 向往的地方;有吸引力的事
Our level of attraction to the opposite sex has more to do with our inner confidence than how we look.
我们对异性的吸引程度更多地与我们内心的自信有关,而不是外貌。
The walled city is an important tourist attraction.
这座城墙围绕的城市是一个重要的旅游胜地。
【词组】
tourist attraction 观光胜地
attraction for 对…的吸引力
sexual attraction 性吸引力;性诱惑,性引诱
fatal attraction 致命的吸引力(电影名称);致命的诱惑(电影名称)
magnetic attraction 磁吸引;磁引力
【拓展】
attractive adj. 有吸引力的
I thought he was very attractive and obviously very intelligent.
我认为他很有魅力,而且显然也很聪明。
2. decoration n. a thing that makes sth look more attractive on special occasions 装饰品;装饰
The decoration and furnishings had to be practical enough for a family home.
装修和家具陈设必须对一个家庭住房来说够实用。
The only wall decorations are candles and a single mirror.
墙上仅有的装饰品就是一些蜡烛和一面镜子。
【词组短语】
interior decoration 室内装饰;内部装饰
architectural decoration 建筑装饰
glass decoration 玻璃装饰
【拓展】
decorate /ˈdɛkəˌreɪt/
1. If you decorate something, you make it more attractive by adding things to it. 装饰
He decorated his room with pictures of all his favourite sports figures.
他用他所喜爱的所有运动员的照片装饰自己的房间。
2. If you decorate a room or the inside of a building, you put new paint or wallpaper on the walls and ceiling, and paint the woodwork. 装修
The boys are planning to decorate when they get the time.
男孩们正计划在他们有时间的时候装修。
【固定搭配】
decorate…with…. 用…装饰…
3. relic n. an object, a tradition, a system, etc. that has survived from the past遗迹;遗物
The material of human fossil, culture relic in the Old Stone Age are very abundant.
在古代石器时代,人类的化石以及文化遗迹非常丰富。
4. political adj. connected with the state, government or public affairs政治的;政府的
She enjoyed political life.
她喜爱政治生活。
politics n. 政治
5. vast adj. extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. 巨大的;辽阔的;
Development has affected vast swathes of our countryside.
开发建设影响了乡村广大地区。
【近义词辨析】
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的,庞大的”的意思,其区别是:
tremendous 指某物很大,大得惊人;也可用作引申意义。
colossal 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge 含义广,强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic 指面积或体积的巨大,但多用于引申意义。
massive 指大的体积、数量和重量,侧重庞大而笨重。
vast 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大,不涉及重量。
enormous 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense 正式用词,侧重空间的广阔,也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant 非正式用词,多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
6. fascinating adj. extremely interesting and attractive 极有吸引力的;迷人的
Madagascar is the most fascinating place I have ever been to.
马达加斯加是我去过的最迷人的地方。
【固定搭配】
be fascinated by…被…迷住;为…而着迷;
Visitors were fascinated by the wonderful music fountain show and the beauty of nature in Hangzhou.
游客们被杭州美妙的音乐喷泉表演和自然之美所吸引。
7. masterpiece n. a work of art such as a painting, film/movie, book, etc. that is an excellent, or the best, example of the artist's work 代表作;杰作
The painting is a masterpiece in the truest sense of the word.
这幅画是名副其实的杰作。
8. breathtaking adj. very exciting or impressive (usually in a pleasant way)激动人心的;令人赞 叹的
The house has breathtaking views from every room.
这房子从各个房间都能看到令人惊叹的风景。
9. tear v. to pull yourself/sb away by force from sb/sth that is holding you or them; to become damaged in this way 挣开;拽开
to damage sth by pulling it apart or into pieces or by cutting it on sth sharp; to become damaged in this way 撕裂;撕碎;扯破;戳破
She tore the letter up.
她把那封信撕了。
Don't you dare tear up her ticket.
你竟敢撕坏她的票。
【拓展】
tear /tɪə/ n. 眼泪; 哭泣
Her eyes filled with tears.
她眼里噙满了泪水。
I just broke down and wept with tears of joy.
我实在控制不住,流下了高兴的眼泪。
She burst into tears and ran from the kitchen.
她突然哭了起来,跑出了厨房。
【固定搭配】
burst into tears 嚎啕大哭
in tears 眼含泪水
close to tears 几乎要流泪
10. quality n. the standard of sth when it is compared to other things like it; how good or bad sth is 质量;品质
Everyone can greatly improve the quality of life.
人人都能大幅提高生活质量。
All the tractors except this are good in quality.
除了这台拖拉机,所有的拖拉机质量都很好。
【固定搭配】
in quality 在质量上
be good/poor in quality 在质量上好/坏;
【拓展】
qualitative /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/ adj. 质的; 品质上的
There are qualitative differences in the way children of different ages and adults think.
不同年龄的儿童和成人在思维方式上有着质的差异。
11. effort n. an attempt to do sth especially when it is difficult to do 尽力;艰难的尝试
I don't get lonely now because I make the effort to see people.
我现在不寂寞了,因为我尽力与人接触。
the physical or mental energy that you need to do sth力气,努力
She took a deep breath and sat up slowly and with great effort.
她深吸一口气,慢慢地、吃力地坐了起来。
【固定搭配】
with great effort 付出巨大努力
make every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力去做某事.
spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力做某事。
joint effort 共同努力;齐心协力
12. region n. a large area of land, usually without exact limits or borders (通常界限不明的)地区,区域
The region produces over 50% of the country's wheat.
这个地区出产全国50%以上的小麦。
【近义词辨析】
region, area, belt, district, zone:
region 地区,指较大范围内的区域,一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。
如:an autonomous region(自治区)
area 面积,范围,一般用语,没有明确的外围界限,也可指占地面积。
如:The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt 地带,通常指狭长的地带。
如:The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district 区,行政区,指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。
如:the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone 地带,地区,区域,指某一特定的地方或区域。
如:Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
14. luxury n. bathing that is expensive and enjoyable but not essential奢侈品
A week by the sea is a luxury they can no longer afford.
去海边一周成了一种奢侈,他们再也负担不起。
He could not afford luxury food on his pay.
凭他的薪水,他吃不起奢侈的食品。
luxury /ˈlʌkʃərɪ, ˈlʌgʒə-/作名词时还有“难得的享受”这层意思:
Hot baths are my favourite luxury.
热水浴是我钟爱而难得的享受。
【拓展】
luxurious /lʌɡˈzjʊərɪəs/ adj. 豪华的
The millionaire leads a luxurious life.
那个百万富翁过着豪华的生活。
15. range n. the limits between which sth varies (变动或浮动的)范围,区间
The average age range is between 35 and 55.
平均年龄范围是35至55岁。
a variety of things of a particular type 一系列
A wide range of colours and patterns are available.
一系列各种各样的颜色和图案都有。
【拓展】
range. vi (在一定幅度内) 变化
They range in price from $3 to $15.
它们的价格在$3到$15之间变化。
range. n. 山脉
the massive mountain ranges to the north.
连绵向北的巨大山脉。
16. opportunity n. a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve sth 机会;时机
I had an opportunity to go to New York and study.
我曾有过一个去纽约学习的机会。
【近义词辨析】
opportunity 机遇(侧重难得而重大的机会)
chance 机会,可能性. (除了有“机会”的意思,还有“可能性”的意思)
17. sparkly adj. shining and flashing with light闪烁的;闪耀的
Her eyes were sparkly.
她的眼睛闪闪发光
【拓展】
spark n. 火花;电火花; v. 发出火花;点燃;
The fire gradually got bigger and bigger. Sparks flew off in all directions.
火势逐渐变得越来越大。火花四处飞溅。
The wires were sparking above me.
电线正在我头顶上方冒火花。
18. relevant adj. closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about紧密相关的;切題的
Education should be closely relevant to students' needs.
教育应该与学生的需要紧密相关。
【固定搭配】
be relevant to…. 与…有关
19. analyse v. to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it 分析
Data mining is used to analyse individuals' buying habits.
数据挖掘技术被用于分析个人的购买习惯。
【同根词拓展】
adj
analytical 分析的;解析的;善于分析的
analytic 分析的;解析的;善于分析的
analyzable 可分析的
adv.
analytically 分析地;解析地
n.
analysis 分析;分解;验定
20. process v. to treat raw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc.处理;加工
The material will be processed into plastic balls.
该原料将被加工成塑料球。
n. a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result (为达到某一目标的)过程;进程
It occurs in elderly men, apparently as part of the aging process.
作为衰老进程的一部分,它明显发生在老年男性身上。
There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible.
全体同意尽快启动和平进程。
【词组及搭配】
in the process of 在…的过程中
in the process 在过程中;在进行中
in process 过程中的;在进行中
production process 生产流程
21. overcome v. to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving sth 克服;解决
Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying.
莫莉经过努力克服了对飞行的恐惧。
22. obstacle n. a situation, an event, etc. that makes it difficult for you to do or achieve sth 障得;阻碍
A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job.
学历不足可能成为谋职的主要障碍。
23. practical adj. (of an idea, a method or a course of action) right or sensible; likely to be successful 切实可行的
Although the causes of cancer are being uncovered, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
尽管癌症的病因正被揭开,但我们还没有任何预防它的切实可行的方法。
connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories 实际的;真实的
She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of great practical use.
她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都具有很大的实际用途。
24. setback n. a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents sth, or makes a situation worse 挫折;阻碍
Instead of seeing the setback as something discouraging, just accept it as a part of the journey.
把挫折看做是你人生旅途的一部分,而不是把它视作为令人沮丧的东西
25. prevent v. to stop sb from doing sth; to stop sth from happening 阻止;阻碍
He said this would prevent companies from creating new jobs.
他说这将阻止各公司创造新的职位
【固定搭配】
prevent sb/sth from doing sth. 阻止…做某事。
Its nationals may be prevented from leaving the country.
其公民可能会被阻止离开该国。
【近义词辨析】
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思,其区别是:
hamper 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder 语气较轻,多指阻碍、拖延人或事,强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block 语气强烈,指有效堵住了通道,使人或物无法通过。
prevent 含义广泛,指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar 含义与block很接近,指阻塞通道或禁止出入,但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
25. rooted adj. fixed in one place; not moving or changing 固定在某地的;稳固的
There was a deep-rooted racial prejudice long before the two countries went to war.
早在两国交战之前就有了根深蒂固的种族偏见。
be rooted in 深植于
This tradition is also firmly rooted in the past.
这个传统也牢固地植根于过去。
root n. 根;根源
26. amount n. (used especially with uncountable nouns) a quantity of sth (尤与不可数名词连用)数量;数额
He needs that amount of money to survive.
他需要那笔钱来维持生活。
I still do a certain amount of work for them.
我仍旧为他们做一定数量的工作。
【拓展】 v. 总计
Consumer spending on sports-related items amounted to $9.75 billion.
消费者在体育相关用品上的消费总共达到了97.5亿美元。
【短语】
large amount 大量;巨额;大批
a large amount of 大量的(接不可数名词)
small amount 小额;小批量
total amount 总数;总价;总计
a certain amount of 一定数量的
【近义词辨析】
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思,其区别是:
amount 普通用词,与quantity近义,但强调整体,指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum 普通用词,指简单加算的结果。
number 普通用词,指人或物的数目,强调数的概念。
quantity 书面用词,指事物的总量和总数量,侧重大批计量,含准确测量的意味。
27. determine v. to make sth happen in a particular way or be of a particular type 决定;影响
The size of the chicken pieces will determine the cooking time.
鸡块的大小决定烹饪时间。
此外还有 查明 的意思
The investigation will determine what really happened.
该调查将查明真相。
【固定搭配】
determine to do sth. 决定去做某事。
be determined to do sth. 下定决心去做某事。
【近义词】
decide 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve 语气较强,强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事,暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine 指经过深思熟虑,决心去做某事并坚持施行。
以上三个词表示决定时,后面都可以跟不定式作宾语。
She resolved to report the matter to the hospital's nursing supervisor.
她决心把这件事向该医院的护士长汇报。
They decided to leave the next week.
他们打算第二周离开。
28. participate v. (rather formal) to take part in or become involved in an activity 参加;参与
They expected him to participate in the ceremony.
他们希望他参加这个典礼。
【固定搭配】
participate in…. 参与….
We encourage students to participate fully in the running of the college.
我们鼓励学生全面参与学院的运作。
29. exchange n. an arrangement when two people or groups from different countries visit each other's homes or do each other's jobs for a short time (不同国家人或团体之间的)交流,互访
A series of sporting and cultural exchanges with Seoul enhanced the understanding between them.
与首尔的一系列体育和文化交流加强了他们之间的了解。
an act of giving sth to sb or doing sth for sb and receiving sth in return 交换;互换;交流;掉换
What is needed is a frank exchange of views.
需要的是坦诚地交换意见。
【拓展】
exchange v. 交换
We exchanged addresses.
我们交换了地址。
【近义词辨析】
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思,其区别是:
replace 的含义为“替换”,“取代”。
如:George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
replace A with B 用B替代A
substitute 则表示“用……代替”。
如:We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
substitute A for B 用A替代B
exchange 指“互相交换”
exchange sth with sb. 与某人交换…
30. finance n. (especially BrE) money used to run a business, an activity or a project 资金
【拓展】
1. V-T When someone finances something such as a project or a purchase, they provide the money that is needed to pay for them. 资助
The fund has been used largely to finance the construction of federal prisons.
该基金大部分已用于资助联邦监狱的建造。
2. N-UNCOUNT Finance is also a noun. 资助
A United States delegation is in Japan seeking finance for a major scientific project.
1个美国代表团正在日本为一个重大科研项目寻求资助。
3. N-UNCOUNT Finance is the commercial or government activity of managing money, debt, credit, and investment. 金融; 财政 [also N in pl]
The report recommends an overhaul of public finances.
这份报告建议对公共财政进行彻底检视。
v financial /fɪˈnænʃəl, faɪ-/ ADJ Financial means relating to or involving money. 金融的; 财政的
The company is in financial difficulties.
这个公司处于财务困难之中。
31. maintain v. to make sth continue at the same level, standard, etc. 维持;保持
The government struggled to maintain law and order.
政府努力维持治安。
v. to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly维修;保养
The house costs a fortune to maintain.
维修这房子花费巨大。
【拓展】
maintain作动词时还有另外一个很重要的意思:.
V-T If you say that someone maintains that something is true, you mean that they have stated their opinion strongly but not everyone agrees with them or believes them. 坚持说; 坚持认为
He has maintained that the money was donated for international purposes.
他坚持说这笔钱是出于国际目的而捐助的。
32. souvenir n. a thing that you buy and/or keep to remind yourself of a place, an occasion or a holiday/vacation; something that you bring back for other people when you have been on holiday/vacation 纪念物;纪念品;(度假或外游买回来送人的)礼物
I bought the ring as a souvenir of Greece.
我买了一枚戒指,留作对希腊的纪念。
33. enquire v. (especially BrE) (also inquire) to ask sb for, information询问;打听
I called the station to enquire about train times.
我打电话到车站询问了火车时刻。
34. regulation n. an official rule made by a government or some other authority章程;规章制度;规则
The European Union has proposed new regulations to control the hours worked by its employees.
欧盟已经提出了新的法规来控制其雇员的工作时间。
【词组】
speed regulation 速度调节;速度调整
regulation and control 调控
government regulation 政府法规,政府调控;政府监管
market regulation 市场调节;市场监管;市场管理
financial regulation 金融监管;财务监管
35. charge v. to ask an amount of money for goods or a service 收费,要价
Some banks charge if you access your account to determine your balance.
如果你进入自己的账户查看余额,有些银行要收费。
【拓展】
1. When the police charge someone, they formally accuse them of having done something illegal. 指控
They have the evidence to charge him.
他们有证据来指控他。
2. To charge a battery means to pass an electrical current through it in order to make it more powerful or to make it last longer. 给…充电
Alex had forgotten to charge the battery.
亚历克斯忘了给电池充电。
3. A charge is an amount of money that you have to pay for a service. 费用
We can arrange this for a small charge.
我们收取少量的费用就可以安排这事
【固定搭配】
in charge of…负责…
in the charge of sb. 处于…的掌控之下。
fee n. the amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services专业服务费;咨询费
He paid his licence fee, and walked out with a brand-new driving licence.
他付了驾照费用,拿着一张全新的驾照走出来。
36. therefore adv. used to introduce the logical result of sth that has just been mentioned 因此;所以;因而
Their bodies have therefore become unhealthy.
他们的身体因此变得不健康。
37. prefer v. to like one thing or person better than another; to choose one thing rather than something else because you like it better 较喜欢;喜欢……多于……
I prefer to think of peace not war.
我更喜欢思考和平而不是战争。
【固定搭配】
prefer A to B 喜欢A甚于喜欢B;
prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 更喜欢做而不是做
prefer doing to doing sth. 更喜欢做(前者)而不是(后者)
38. witness v. to see sth happen (typically a crime or an accident) 当场看到,目击(尤指罪行或事故)
Anyone who witnessed the attack should call the police.
任何目睹了那场攻击的人都应该报警。
【拓展】
1)N-COUNT A witness to an event such as an accident or crime is a person who saw it. 目击者
Witnesses to the crash say they saw an explosion just before the disaster.
这起坠机事故的目击者说, 在灾难发生之前他们看到了爆炸。
2)V-T If you say that a place, period of time, or person witnessed a particular event or change, you mean that it happened in that place, during that period of time, or while that person was alive. 见证
India has witnessed many political changes in recent years.
印度近些年见证了许多政治变革。
39. blessed adj. enjoyable in a way that gives you a sense of peace or a feeling of freedom from anxiety or pain 愉快安宁的;无忧无虑的
The birth of a live healthy baby is a truly blessed event.
生一个活泼健康的孩子确实是一件幸运的事。
【拓展】
When someone such as a priest blesses people or things, he or she asks for God's favour and protection for them. 祈求上帝祝福
May God bless you.
愿上帝保佑你。
【单元词组】
1. tourist attraction旅游景点;旅游胜地
Now it is a tourist attraction.
而今它已成为一个旅游景点。
2. tear ... away (from)依依不舍地离开;把……拿走
3. make an effort作出努力
Every day I make an effort to go toward what I don't understand.
每天,我都努力走向我没有弄懂的东西。
4. (be) relevant to 与 相关的
5. (be) rooted in固定在某地的;稳固的;根深蒂固的
6. participate in 参加;参与
7. on board在船上(或飞机上、火车上)
8. to the fullest 充分;达到最大程度
I am embracing life to the fullest.
我正尽情地拥抱生活。
【单元语法】
状语从句复习;
状语从句
(从句用来修饰状语部分,由一系列的副词和连词做引导关联词)
一、条件状语从句
1、一般情况下主句是将来时时,从句要用一般现在时。
2、引导条件状语从句的连词:
1)表示只要,只有: as, as(so) far ......至..... as so long as,不要望文生义理解成足够远足够长) only if(if only 表示要....就好了用于虚拟语气要进行区别) ,only that (不是如果的意思要注意)
2)表示如果: if, in case(that), provided/providing(that), suppose
3)表示考虑到:given (that)
4)表示一旦: once
5)表示条件是: on condition that
6)表示除非: unless(=if not)般情况下,unless 相当于if...not,可以互换。但在以下情况下不可互换:
A)unless引导真实条件句,if..not 可以引导非真实条件句或真实条件句
B)Unless从句中有否定词时,不能换成if..not结构.
C)如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容if..not结构不能换成unless
D)Unless表示唯一条件, 不能用and连接重复使用,if..not则可以。
二、让步状语从句
让步状语从句有虽然,尽管,即使之意,其引导词有:
1、as,though, although虽然
1)当有though, although 时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。Though
还可以用做副词,放在句末。
2) as和though引导的让步状语从句必须使表语或状语(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词等)
前置于连词前。
3) as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或现在分词,要提前在句首,谓语要补助
动词do,does,did,或will等。作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加冠词或不定冠词。
4)在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从句要求倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句
类似。当though引导的从句不要求倒装时,有时可以用although替换though,但是当让步
状语从句指某种假设的情况时,通常用though,而不用although。
5)在as引出的方式状语从句既可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,又可以用虚拟语
气,表示与事实不符的情况。
2、even if /even though即使
3、Nomatter+疑问词(what,who,when,where,which,how或疑问词+后缀ever
( whatever /whoever /whenever /whichever/ however)
1)no matter 疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句
2)连词whether..or...或no matter whether.以 及whether..or not 或whether..or ..not(不管 是
否..也可以引导让步状语从句,意思为不管..还.是.....
4、In spite of the fact that,while,much as,for all引导的让步状语从句
5、While作虽然,尽管时,可以引导让步状语从句,这时while表达并列的转折,即在时间
上主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。While 引导的从句通常放在句首之前。
三、地点状语从句
地点状语从句由where (在... .的地方),wherever (无论哪里),anywhere ( 任何地方) ,
和everywhere (每一个地方)引导,既可以放在主语前,也可以放在主语后。
四、比较状语从句
1、比较状语从句常由as(同级比较)、than (不同程度的比较)、the more....the more.
just as ... ,so.... A is to B what /as X is to Y,not so much as等词引导。
2、如果主句(结果)在前,从句(条件)在后,则主句不用倒装,只需倒装从句:主语+
谓语+the more+the more主语+谓语。主句为结果,从句为条件。
3、注意than后的省略(见方式状语中的4)
五、原因状语从句
表示原因的状语从句可以由as (由于),because (因为),since (既然),now (that) (既
然),considering that (顾及),seeing that(由于),for the reason that, not that , in that
(在于) , now that, since, given that ,in as much as ,in so much as等连词引导
1、because, since, as 和for
(1)Because 语气最强,强调原因,在回答why引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只用because;在强调结构it is/was...that..中,也只能用because,此外在关联词no...but.. 结构中,也用because引导的原因状语从句。
(2)since 语气不如because 强,as 则不如since。 表达的往往是显而易见的或己为人们所知的原因,强调主句。
(3) for为并列连词,语气最弱,不表示原因,其所联系的是并列句,是一种解释原因,尤其是当用结果来反证原因时
(4)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替,但如果不是.
说明有直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for
(5)其他连词还有now that /seeing (that )/ considering that /in that /no等that
六、方式状语从句
1、方式状语从句通常用as,(just)as...so...,as...if , as though,the way引导。
2、as,(just) as...so.引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后。但在(just) as...so... ..结构中位于
句首时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思........就像多用于正式文体。
3、as if /as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈
述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性大。汉语译作仿佛...似.的,好像....似的
4、连词than引导的比较状语从句,也是一-种方式状语从句。Than 从句的省略有以下几个
特点:
(1)省去主语,保留谓语部分,这种结构多见于正式文体中。
(2)省去部分谓语,保留主语和be、have 或助动词。这是从句中的be、have 或助动词可以放置于主句之前,形成倒装结构。
(3)省去整个谓语部分,保留主语。
(4)省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语或修饰语
(5)省去宾语
(6)在一些比较省略结构中,than之后了用动词不定式或动名词。
七、结果状语从句
1、结果状语从句常由so....that或such..that引导。其中so是副词,修饰形容词或副词;such
是形容词,修饰名词词组,so...that 与such..that结构可以互相转换。
2、So much,so that用于形容词或副词之后,表示“到如此程度以至于”。
3、当名词有many, much, few,lttle 修饰时要用so, 不能用such
4、So ..hat结构中的so有时可放在句首,句子用倒装语序
5可以引导结果状语从句的连词还有
That/ so that/ to the degree that/to the extent that/to such a degree that
八、目的状语从句
1、引导目的状语从句的连词有
That/so that(以便)Lest(唯恐) for fear that/in case in the hope that等。从句使用一些情态动词: can, could,may,might,should等,should 有时可以省略。
2、Lest 有否定的意义。意为以免或似的。Lest 所引导的从句多用助动词should, would,
might等虚拟形式。Incase引导的从句则较少用虚拟形式。
3、引导结果状语从句的连词有that、so much..that和 so(that)/with the result that等,其中so that 引导的结果状语从句前常用逗号与主句隔开,而so that引导的目的状语从句与主句之间则不用逗号隔开。目的状语从句可置于句首,而结果状语从句则不能放在句首。
九、时间状语从句
1、在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致,一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。
2、表.....时候: when、while、as just as、next time、 the last time
表示时间先后: after before when
用于完成时态: by the time(等到...时) ,it is the first /second time(第一次...的时候),
hardly when had....before/ no sooner..than刚 就), scarcely...When , now that , since ,ever since
表示习惯性、经常性“每次”:each time ,every time,whennever
表示一旦: as soon as, once
表示直到: the instance the moment(一…就…)till, until ,the minute,the second,the day
3、since/ever since
1) It is/was ..since 是常用句型,主句的动作或状态持续时间较短,不能用ever since( eve放在since之前是用来表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长)。
2) Ever since可以放在句末,since 不可以.
3)Eversince(自.从...引导的从句一般要用动作或状态的结束。
3、till until及not until
1) till 表示做某事直到某时,动词必须是延续性的。Until 表示直至某时才能做某事
2) Until可用于句首,而till 通常不用于句首,用于肯定句时,主句用延续性动词,若用于
否定句主句可以用非延续性动词。
3) Until when疑问句中,until 要放在句首
4、while when as
1)这三个词都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生,as和when引导的从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,while 引导的从句中的谓语为持续性动词。
2)When还有at the momen的意思(=and then) ,引起的句子不能放在句首,也不能用as,while来替换
3)从句表示“随时间推移”连词用as,不用when或while。
4)如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时,则多用as,可译为一边,
一边。
5)When while as在译成...时候的用法区别: when指一个时间段或持续的动作,while 只.
能表示持续的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作;as可与when或while互换。
When作正在此时..when从句相当于连词and引导的并列分句。
6)如果when引导的时间状语从句用一.般过去时,其主句用的是过去进行时或be about to结构,这时主句表示从句动作发生的背景(正在或正要做某事),when 意为“正在这时”,等于and at this time.
7)关系副词when(先行词是表示时间的名词,在从句中做时间状语,在语义上相当于介词
+which,同理where,why 等。
5、表示一...就....的结构
1)hardly/scarely..when/before, no sooner as都可以表示“一....就...的意思。
2)如果这些词放在句首则句子必须倒装
6、before引导的时间状语从句的用法
1)表.....之前,趁....还没有,还没有来得....的意思。从句中的谓语动词有时用情
态动词can、could 。
2 ) It is/was /will be ..(time)before过一段时间才.....的句型不要和it is/has been... (time) since (.自...以来已有多少时间了)句型混淆。
7、一些副词如instantly immediate directly presently等也可以引导时间状语从句
8、句型A is to B what C is to中的连接词what可以用来比较两种事物相同或相似的关系,
相当于as(好比)A is to B what C is to较为常见的结构,意为“A之于B就像C之于D一样。
9、Not+比较级+than与句型no+比较级+than
1) Not better than没有...好。..而句型"no比较级+than意为“.和....一样不”,含义为“两
者都不
No more than(仅仅,不过,只有) no less than(正如) more than(比.....多得多)
【词汇和短语】
attraction n. 向往的地方;有吸引力的事
decoration n. 装饰品
relic n. 遗迹;遗物
political adj. 政治的;政府的
vast adj. 巨大的;辽阔的
ruin n. 残垣断壁;废墟
temple n. 庙宇,神殿
fascinating adj. 极有吸引力的;迷人的
masterpiece n. 代表作;杰作
sculpture n. 雕像;雕刻品
ceiling n.天花板;顶棚
breathtaking adj. 激动人心的;令人赞 叹的
tear v. 挣开;拽开; 撕裂;撕碎
quality n. 质量;品质
effort n. 尽力;艰难的尝试
region n. 地区,区域
pasta n. 意大利面食
onion n. 洋葱
bacon n. 咸猪肉;熏猪肉
luxury n. 奢侈品
range n. 范围,区间
opportunity n. 机会;时机
sparkly adj.闪烁的;闪耀的
tourist attraction旅游景点;旅游胜地
tear ... away (from)依依不舍地离开;把……拿走
make an effort作出努力
relevant adj. 紧密相关的;切題的
analyse v. 分析
process v..处理;加工n. 过程;进程
overcome v. 克服;解决
obstacle n. 障得;阻碍
practical adj. 切实可行的
setback n. 挫折;阻碍
prevent v. 阻止;阻碍
rooted adj. 固定在某地的;稳固的
chart v. 制定计划n. 图表
ahead adv. 提前;提早
goal n. e目标;目的
teen n. (13至19岁之间的) 青少年,少男,少女
amount n. (尤与不可数名词连用)数量;数额
factor n. 因素;要素
determine v. 决定;影响
participate v. 参加;参与
exchange n. 交流,互访;交换
finance n. 资金
maintain v. 维持;保持;维修;保养
alongside prep. 与……一起;与……同时; 在……旁边
solo adj. 独自的;单独的
sincerely adv. 敬启,谨上
souvenir n. 纪念物;纪念品;
airline n. 航空公司
enquire v. 询问;打听
luggage n. 行李
regulation n. 章程;规章制度;规则
charge v. 收费,要价
therefore adv. 因此;所以;因而
podcast n. 视频播客
witness v. 当场看到,目击(尤指罪行或事故)
blessed adj. 愉快安宁的;无忧无虑的
to the fullest 充分;达到最大程度
(be) relevant to 与 相关的
(be) rooted in固定在某地的;稳固的;根深蒂固的
participate in 参加;参与
on board在船上(或飞机上、火车上)
【词汇重点】
1. attraction n. an interesting or enjoyable place to go or thing to do 向往的地方;有吸引力的事
Our level of attraction to the opposite sex has more to do with our inner confidence than how we look.
我们对异性的吸引程度更多地与我们内心的自信有关,而不是外貌。
The walled city is an important tourist attraction.
这座城墙围绕的城市是一个重要的旅游胜地。
【词组】
tourist attraction 观光胜地
attraction for 对…的吸引力
sexual attraction 性吸引力;性诱惑,性引诱
fatal attraction 致命的吸引力(电影名称);致命的诱惑(电影名称)
magnetic attraction 磁吸引;磁引力
【拓展】
attractive adj. 有吸引力的
I thought he was very attractive and obviously very intelligent.
我认为他很有魅力,而且显然也很聪明。
2. decoration n. a thing that makes sth look more attractive on special occasions 装饰品;装饰
The decoration and furnishings had to be practical enough for a family home.
装修和家具陈设必须对一个家庭住房来说够实用。
The only wall decorations are candles and a single mirror.
墙上仅有的装饰品就是一些蜡烛和一面镜子。
【词组短语】
interior decoration 室内装饰;内部装饰
architectural decoration 建筑装饰
glass decoration 玻璃装饰
【拓展】
decorate /ˈdɛkəˌreɪt/
1. If you decorate something, you make it more attractive by adding things to it. 装饰
He decorated his room with pictures of all his favourite sports figures.
他用他所喜爱的所有运动员的照片装饰自己的房间。
2. If you decorate a room or the inside of a building, you put new paint or wallpaper on the walls and ceiling, and paint the woodwork. 装修
The boys are planning to decorate when they get the time.
男孩们正计划在他们有时间的时候装修。
【固定搭配】
decorate…with…. 用…装饰…
3. relic n. an object, a tradition, a system, etc. that has survived from the past遗迹;遗物
The material of human fossil, culture relic in the Old Stone Age are very abundant.
在古代石器时代,人类的化石以及文化遗迹非常丰富。
4. political adj. connected with the state, government or public affairs政治的;政府的
She enjoyed political life.
她喜爱政治生活。
politics n. 政治
5. vast adj. extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. 巨大的;辽阔的;
Development has affected vast swathes of our countryside.
开发建设影响了乡村广大地区。
【近义词辨析】
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的,庞大的”的意思,其区别是:
tremendous 指某物很大,大得惊人;也可用作引申意义。
colossal 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge 含义广,强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic 指面积或体积的巨大,但多用于引申意义。
massive 指大的体积、数量和重量,侧重庞大而笨重。
vast 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大,不涉及重量。
enormous 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense 正式用词,侧重空间的广阔,也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant 非正式用词,多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
6. fascinating adj. extremely interesting and attractive 极有吸引力的;迷人的
Madagascar is the most fascinating place I have ever been to.
马达加斯加是我去过的最迷人的地方。
【固定搭配】
be fascinated by…被…迷住;为…而着迷;
Visitors were fascinated by the wonderful music fountain show and the beauty of nature in Hangzhou.
游客们被杭州美妙的音乐喷泉表演和自然之美所吸引。
7. masterpiece n. a work of art such as a painting, film/movie, book, etc. that is an excellent, or the best, example of the artist's work 代表作;杰作
The painting is a masterpiece in the truest sense of the word.
这幅画是名副其实的杰作。
8. breathtaking adj. very exciting or impressive (usually in a pleasant way)激动人心的;令人赞 叹的
The house has breathtaking views from every room.
这房子从各个房间都能看到令人惊叹的风景。
9. tear v. to pull yourself/sb away by force from sb/sth that is holding you or them; to become damaged in this way 挣开;拽开
to damage sth by pulling it apart or into pieces or by cutting it on sth sharp; to become damaged in this way 撕裂;撕碎;扯破;戳破
She tore the letter up.
她把那封信撕了。
Don't you dare tear up her ticket.
你竟敢撕坏她的票。
【拓展】
tear /tɪə/ n. 眼泪; 哭泣
Her eyes filled with tears.
她眼里噙满了泪水。
I just broke down and wept with tears of joy.
我实在控制不住,流下了高兴的眼泪。
She burst into tears and ran from the kitchen.
她突然哭了起来,跑出了厨房。
【固定搭配】
burst into tears 嚎啕大哭
in tears 眼含泪水
close to tears 几乎要流泪
10. quality n. the standard of sth when it is compared to other things like it; how good or bad sth is 质量;品质
Everyone can greatly improve the quality of life.
人人都能大幅提高生活质量。
All the tractors except this are good in quality.
除了这台拖拉机,所有的拖拉机质量都很好。
【固定搭配】
in quality 在质量上
be good/poor in quality 在质量上好/坏;
【拓展】
qualitative /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/ adj. 质的; 品质上的
There are qualitative differences in the way children of different ages and adults think.
不同年龄的儿童和成人在思维方式上有着质的差异。
11. effort n. an attempt to do sth especially when it is difficult to do 尽力;艰难的尝试
I don't get lonely now because I make the effort to see people.
我现在不寂寞了,因为我尽力与人接触。
the physical or mental energy that you need to do sth力气,努力
She took a deep breath and sat up slowly and with great effort.
她深吸一口气,慢慢地、吃力地坐了起来。
【固定搭配】
with great effort 付出巨大努力
make every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力去做某事.
spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力做某事。
joint effort 共同努力;齐心协力
12. region n. a large area of land, usually without exact limits or borders (通常界限不明的)地区,区域
The region produces over 50% of the country's wheat.
这个地区出产全国50%以上的小麦。
【近义词辨析】
region, area, belt, district, zone:
region 地区,指较大范围内的区域,一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。
如:an autonomous region(自治区)
area 面积,范围,一般用语,没有明确的外围界限,也可指占地面积。
如:The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt 地带,通常指狭长的地带。
如:The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district 区,行政区,指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。
如:the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone 地带,地区,区域,指某一特定的地方或区域。
如:Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
14. luxury n. bathing that is expensive and enjoyable but not essential奢侈品
A week by the sea is a luxury they can no longer afford.
去海边一周成了一种奢侈,他们再也负担不起。
He could not afford luxury food on his pay.
凭他的薪水,他吃不起奢侈的食品。
luxury /ˈlʌkʃərɪ, ˈlʌgʒə-/作名词时还有“难得的享受”这层意思:
Hot baths are my favourite luxury.
热水浴是我钟爱而难得的享受。
【拓展】
luxurious /lʌɡˈzjʊərɪəs/ adj. 豪华的
The millionaire leads a luxurious life.
那个百万富翁过着豪华的生活。
15. range n. the limits between which sth varies (变动或浮动的)范围,区间
The average age range is between 35 and 55.
平均年龄范围是35至55岁。
a variety of things of a particular type 一系列
A wide range of colours and patterns are available.
一系列各种各样的颜色和图案都有。
【拓展】
range. vi (在一定幅度内) 变化
They range in price from $3 to $15.
它们的价格在$3到$15之间变化。
range. n. 山脉
the massive mountain ranges to the north.
连绵向北的巨大山脉。
16. opportunity n. a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve sth 机会;时机
I had an opportunity to go to New York and study.
我曾有过一个去纽约学习的机会。
【近义词辨析】
opportunity 机遇(侧重难得而重大的机会)
chance 机会,可能性. (除了有“机会”的意思,还有“可能性”的意思)
17. sparkly adj. shining and flashing with light闪烁的;闪耀的
Her eyes were sparkly.
她的眼睛闪闪发光
【拓展】
spark n. 火花;电火花; v. 发出火花;点燃;
The fire gradually got bigger and bigger. Sparks flew off in all directions.
火势逐渐变得越来越大。火花四处飞溅。
The wires were sparking above me.
电线正在我头顶上方冒火花。
18. relevant adj. closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about紧密相关的;切題的
Education should be closely relevant to students' needs.
教育应该与学生的需要紧密相关。
【固定搭配】
be relevant to…. 与…有关
19. analyse v. to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it 分析
Data mining is used to analyse individuals' buying habits.
数据挖掘技术被用于分析个人的购买习惯。
【同根词拓展】
adj
analytical 分析的;解析的;善于分析的
analytic 分析的;解析的;善于分析的
analyzable 可分析的
adv.
analytically 分析地;解析地
n.
analysis 分析;分解;验定
20. process v. to treat raw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc.处理;加工
The material will be processed into plastic balls.
该原料将被加工成塑料球。
n. a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result (为达到某一目标的)过程;进程
It occurs in elderly men, apparently as part of the aging process.
作为衰老进程的一部分,它明显发生在老年男性身上。
There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible.
全体同意尽快启动和平进程。
【词组及搭配】
in the process of 在…的过程中
in the process 在过程中;在进行中
in process 过程中的;在进行中
production process 生产流程
21. overcome v. to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving sth 克服;解决
Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying.
莫莉经过努力克服了对飞行的恐惧。
22. obstacle n. a situation, an event, etc. that makes it difficult for you to do or achieve sth 障得;阻碍
A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job.
学历不足可能成为谋职的主要障碍。
23. practical adj. (of an idea, a method or a course of action) right or sensible; likely to be successful 切实可行的
Although the causes of cancer are being uncovered, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
尽管癌症的病因正被揭开,但我们还没有任何预防它的切实可行的方法。
connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories 实际的;真实的
She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of great practical use.
她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都具有很大的实际用途。
24. setback n. a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents sth, or makes a situation worse 挫折;阻碍
Instead of seeing the setback as something discouraging, just accept it as a part of the journey.
把挫折看做是你人生旅途的一部分,而不是把它视作为令人沮丧的东西
25. prevent v. to stop sb from doing sth; to stop sth from happening 阻止;阻碍
He said this would prevent companies from creating new jobs.
他说这将阻止各公司创造新的职位
【固定搭配】
prevent sb/sth from doing sth. 阻止…做某事。
Its nationals may be prevented from leaving the country.
其公民可能会被阻止离开该国。
【近义词辨析】
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思,其区别是:
hamper 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder 语气较轻,多指阻碍、拖延人或事,强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block 语气强烈,指有效堵住了通道,使人或物无法通过。
prevent 含义广泛,指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar 含义与block很接近,指阻塞通道或禁止出入,但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
25. rooted adj. fixed in one place; not moving or changing 固定在某地的;稳固的
There was a deep-rooted racial prejudice long before the two countries went to war.
早在两国交战之前就有了根深蒂固的种族偏见。
be rooted in 深植于
This tradition is also firmly rooted in the past.
这个传统也牢固地植根于过去。
root n. 根;根源
26. amount n. (used especially with uncountable nouns) a quantity of sth (尤与不可数名词连用)数量;数额
He needs that amount of money to survive.
他需要那笔钱来维持生活。
I still do a certain amount of work for them.
我仍旧为他们做一定数量的工作。
【拓展】 v. 总计
Consumer spending on sports-related items amounted to $9.75 billion.
消费者在体育相关用品上的消费总共达到了97.5亿美元。
【短语】
large amount 大量;巨额;大批
a large amount of 大量的(接不可数名词)
small amount 小额;小批量
total amount 总数;总价;总计
a certain amount of 一定数量的
【近义词辨析】
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思,其区别是:
amount 普通用词,与quantity近义,但强调整体,指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum 普通用词,指简单加算的结果。
number 普通用词,指人或物的数目,强调数的概念。
quantity 书面用词,指事物的总量和总数量,侧重大批计量,含准确测量的意味。
27. determine v. to make sth happen in a particular way or be of a particular type 决定;影响
The size of the chicken pieces will determine the cooking time.
鸡块的大小决定烹饪时间。
此外还有 查明 的意思
The investigation will determine what really happened.
该调查将查明真相。
【固定搭配】
determine to do sth. 决定去做某事。
be determined to do sth. 下定决心去做某事。
【近义词】
decide 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve 语气较强,强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事,暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine 指经过深思熟虑,决心去做某事并坚持施行。
以上三个词表示决定时,后面都可以跟不定式作宾语。
She resolved to report the matter to the hospital's nursing supervisor.
她决心把这件事向该医院的护士长汇报。
They decided to leave the next week.
他们打算第二周离开。
28. participate v. (rather formal) to take part in or become involved in an activity 参加;参与
They expected him to participate in the ceremony.
他们希望他参加这个典礼。
【固定搭配】
participate in…. 参与….
We encourage students to participate fully in the running of the college.
我们鼓励学生全面参与学院的运作。
29. exchange n. an arrangement when two people or groups from different countries visit each other's homes or do each other's jobs for a short time (不同国家人或团体之间的)交流,互访
A series of sporting and cultural exchanges with Seoul enhanced the understanding between them.
与首尔的一系列体育和文化交流加强了他们之间的了解。
an act of giving sth to sb or doing sth for sb and receiving sth in return 交换;互换;交流;掉换
What is needed is a frank exchange of views.
需要的是坦诚地交换意见。
【拓展】
exchange v. 交换
We exchanged addresses.
我们交换了地址。
【近义词辨析】
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思,其区别是:
replace 的含义为“替换”,“取代”。
如:George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
replace A with B 用B替代A
substitute 则表示“用……代替”。
如:We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
substitute A for B 用A替代B
exchange 指“互相交换”
exchange sth with sb. 与某人交换…
30. finance n. (especially BrE) money used to run a business, an activity or a project 资金
【拓展】
1. V-T When someone finances something such as a project or a purchase, they provide the money that is needed to pay for them. 资助
The fund has been used largely to finance the construction of federal prisons.
该基金大部分已用于资助联邦监狱的建造。
2. N-UNCOUNT Finance is also a noun. 资助
A United States delegation is in Japan seeking finance for a major scientific project.
1个美国代表团正在日本为一个重大科研项目寻求资助。
3. N-UNCOUNT Finance is the commercial or government activity of managing money, debt, credit, and investment. 金融; 财政 [also N in pl]
The report recommends an overhaul of public finances.
这份报告建议对公共财政进行彻底检视。
v financial /fɪˈnænʃəl, faɪ-/ ADJ Financial means relating to or involving money. 金融的; 财政的
The company is in financial difficulties.
这个公司处于财务困难之中。
31. maintain v. to make sth continue at the same level, standard, etc. 维持;保持
The government struggled to maintain law and order.
政府努力维持治安。
v. to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly维修;保养
The house costs a fortune to maintain.
维修这房子花费巨大。
【拓展】
maintain作动词时还有另外一个很重要的意思:.
V-T If you say that someone maintains that something is true, you mean that they have stated their opinion strongly but not everyone agrees with them or believes them. 坚持说; 坚持认为
He has maintained that the money was donated for international purposes.
他坚持说这笔钱是出于国际目的而捐助的。
32. souvenir n. a thing that you buy and/or keep to remind yourself of a place, an occasion or a holiday/vacation; something that you bring back for other people when you have been on holiday/vacation 纪念物;纪念品;(度假或外游买回来送人的)礼物
I bought the ring as a souvenir of Greece.
我买了一枚戒指,留作对希腊的纪念。
33. enquire v. (especially BrE) (also inquire) to ask sb for, information询问;打听
I called the station to enquire about train times.
我打电话到车站询问了火车时刻。
34. regulation n. an official rule made by a government or some other authority章程;规章制度;规则
The European Union has proposed new regulations to control the hours worked by its employees.
欧盟已经提出了新的法规来控制其雇员的工作时间。
【词组】
speed regulation 速度调节;速度调整
regulation and control 调控
government regulation 政府法规,政府调控;政府监管
market regulation 市场调节;市场监管;市场管理
financial regulation 金融监管;财务监管
35. charge v. to ask an amount of money for goods or a service 收费,要价
Some banks charge if you access your account to determine your balance.
如果你进入自己的账户查看余额,有些银行要收费。
【拓展】
1. When the police charge someone, they formally accuse them of having done something illegal. 指控
They have the evidence to charge him.
他们有证据来指控他。
2. To charge a battery means to pass an electrical current through it in order to make it more powerful or to make it last longer. 给…充电
Alex had forgotten to charge the battery.
亚历克斯忘了给电池充电。
3. A charge is an amount of money that you have to pay for a service. 费用
We can arrange this for a small charge.
我们收取少量的费用就可以安排这事
【固定搭配】
in charge of…负责…
in the charge of sb. 处于…的掌控之下。
fee n. the amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services专业服务费;咨询费
He paid his licence fee, and walked out with a brand-new driving licence.
他付了驾照费用,拿着一张全新的驾照走出来。
36. therefore adv. used to introduce the logical result of sth that has just been mentioned 因此;所以;因而
Their bodies have therefore become unhealthy.
他们的身体因此变得不健康。
37. prefer v. to like one thing or person better than another; to choose one thing rather than something else because you like it better 较喜欢;喜欢……多于……
I prefer to think of peace not war.
我更喜欢思考和平而不是战争。
【固定搭配】
prefer A to B 喜欢A甚于喜欢B;
prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 更喜欢做而不是做
prefer doing to doing sth. 更喜欢做(前者)而不是(后者)
38. witness v. to see sth happen (typically a crime or an accident) 当场看到,目击(尤指罪行或事故)
Anyone who witnessed the attack should call the police.
任何目睹了那场攻击的人都应该报警。
【拓展】
1)N-COUNT A witness to an event such as an accident or crime is a person who saw it. 目击者
Witnesses to the crash say they saw an explosion just before the disaster.
这起坠机事故的目击者说, 在灾难发生之前他们看到了爆炸。
2)V-T If you say that a place, period of time, or person witnessed a particular event or change, you mean that it happened in that place, during that period of time, or while that person was alive. 见证
India has witnessed many political changes in recent years.
印度近些年见证了许多政治变革。
39. blessed adj. enjoyable in a way that gives you a sense of peace or a feeling of freedom from anxiety or pain 愉快安宁的;无忧无虑的
The birth of a live healthy baby is a truly blessed event.
生一个活泼健康的孩子确实是一件幸运的事。
【拓展】
When someone such as a priest blesses people or things, he or she asks for God's favour and protection for them. 祈求上帝祝福
May God bless you.
愿上帝保佑你。
【单元词组】
1. tourist attraction旅游景点;旅游胜地
Now it is a tourist attraction.
而今它已成为一个旅游景点。
2. tear ... away (from)依依不舍地离开;把……拿走
3. make an effort作出努力
Every day I make an effort to go toward what I don't understand.
每天,我都努力走向我没有弄懂的东西。
4. (be) relevant to 与 相关的
5. (be) rooted in固定在某地的;稳固的;根深蒂固的
6. participate in 参加;参与
7. on board在船上(或飞机上、火车上)
8. to the fullest 充分;达到最大程度
I am embracing life to the fullest.
我正尽情地拥抱生活。
【单元语法】
状语从句复习;
状语从句
(从句用来修饰状语部分,由一系列的副词和连词做引导关联词)
一、条件状语从句
1、一般情况下主句是将来时时,从句要用一般现在时。
2、引导条件状语从句的连词:
1)表示只要,只有: as, as(so) far ......至..... as so long as,不要望文生义理解成足够远足够长) only if(if only 表示要....就好了用于虚拟语气要进行区别) ,only that (不是如果的意思要注意)
2)表示如果: if, in case(that), provided/providing(that), suppose
3)表示考虑到:given (that)
4)表示一旦: once
5)表示条件是: on condition that
6)表示除非: unless(=if not)般情况下,unless 相当于if...not,可以互换。但在以下情况下不可互换:
A)unless引导真实条件句,if..not 可以引导非真实条件句或真实条件句
B)Unless从句中有否定词时,不能换成if..not结构.
C)如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容if..not结构不能换成unless
D)Unless表示唯一条件, 不能用and连接重复使用,if..not则可以。
二、让步状语从句
让步状语从句有虽然,尽管,即使之意,其引导词有:
1、as,though, although虽然
1)当有though, although 时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。Though
还可以用做副词,放在句末。
2) as和though引导的让步状语从句必须使表语或状语(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词等)
前置于连词前。
3) as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或现在分词,要提前在句首,谓语要补助
动词do,does,did,或will等。作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加冠词或不定冠词。
4)在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从句要求倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句
类似。当though引导的从句不要求倒装时,有时可以用although替换though,但是当让步
状语从句指某种假设的情况时,通常用though,而不用although。
5)在as引出的方式状语从句既可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,又可以用虚拟语
气,表示与事实不符的情况。
2、even if /even though即使
3、Nomatter+疑问词(what,who,when,where,which,how或疑问词+后缀ever
( whatever /whoever /whenever /whichever/ however)
1)no matter 疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句
2)连词whether..or...或no matter whether.以 及whether..or not 或whether..or ..not(不管 是
否..也可以引导让步状语从句,意思为不管..还.是.....
4、In spite of the fact that,while,much as,for all引导的让步状语从句
5、While作虽然,尽管时,可以引导让步状语从句,这时while表达并列的转折,即在时间
上主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。While 引导的从句通常放在句首之前。
三、地点状语从句
地点状语从句由where (在... .的地方),wherever (无论哪里),anywhere ( 任何地方) ,
和everywhere (每一个地方)引导,既可以放在主语前,也可以放在主语后。
四、比较状语从句
1、比较状语从句常由as(同级比较)、than (不同程度的比较)、the more....the more.
just as ... ,so.... A is to B what /as X is to Y,not so much as等词引导。
2、如果主句(结果)在前,从句(条件)在后,则主句不用倒装,只需倒装从句:主语+
谓语+the more+the more主语+谓语。主句为结果,从句为条件。
3、注意than后的省略(见方式状语中的4)
五、原因状语从句
表示原因的状语从句可以由as (由于),because (因为),since (既然),now (that) (既
然),considering that (顾及),seeing that(由于),for the reason that, not that , in that
(在于) , now that, since, given that ,in as much as ,in so much as等连词引导
1、because, since, as 和for
(1)Because 语气最强,强调原因,在回答why引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只用because;在强调结构it is/was...that..中,也只能用because,此外在关联词no...but.. 结构中,也用because引导的原因状语从句。
(2)since 语气不如because 强,as 则不如since。 表达的往往是显而易见的或己为人们所知的原因,强调主句。
(3) for为并列连词,语气最弱,不表示原因,其所联系的是并列句,是一种解释原因,尤其是当用结果来反证原因时
(4)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替,但如果不是.
说明有直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for
(5)其他连词还有now that /seeing (that )/ considering that /in that /no等that
六、方式状语从句
1、方式状语从句通常用as,(just)as...so...,as...if , as though,the way引导。
2、as,(just) as...so.引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后。但在(just) as...so... ..结构中位于
句首时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思........就像多用于正式文体。
3、as if /as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈
述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性大。汉语译作仿佛...似.的,好像....似的
4、连词than引导的比较状语从句,也是一-种方式状语从句。Than 从句的省略有以下几个
特点:
(1)省去主语,保留谓语部分,这种结构多见于正式文体中。
(2)省去部分谓语,保留主语和be、have 或助动词。这是从句中的be、have 或助动词可以放置于主句之前,形成倒装结构。
(3)省去整个谓语部分,保留主语。
(4)省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语或修饰语
(5)省去宾语
(6)在一些比较省略结构中,than之后了用动词不定式或动名词。
七、结果状语从句
1、结果状语从句常由so....that或such..that引导。其中so是副词,修饰形容词或副词;such
是形容词,修饰名词词组,so...that 与such..that结构可以互相转换。
2、So much,so that用于形容词或副词之后,表示“到如此程度以至于”。
3、当名词有many, much, few,lttle 修饰时要用so, 不能用such
4、So ..hat结构中的so有时可放在句首,句子用倒装语序
5可以引导结果状语从句的连词还有
That/ so that/ to the degree that/to the extent that/to such a degree that
八、目的状语从句
1、引导目的状语从句的连词有
That/so that(以便)Lest(唯恐) for fear that/in case in the hope that等。从句使用一些情态动词: can, could,may,might,should等,should 有时可以省略。
2、Lest 有否定的意义。意为以免或似的。Lest 所引导的从句多用助动词should, would,
might等虚拟形式。Incase引导的从句则较少用虚拟形式。
3、引导结果状语从句的连词有that、so much..that和 so(that)/with the result that等,其中so that 引导的结果状语从句前常用逗号与主句隔开,而so that引导的目的状语从句与主句之间则不用逗号隔开。目的状语从句可置于句首,而结果状语从句则不能放在句首。
九、时间状语从句
1、在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致,一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。
2、表.....时候: when、while、as just as、next time、 the last time
表示时间先后: after before when
用于完成时态: by the time(等到...时) ,it is the first /second time(第一次...的时候),
hardly when had....before/ no sooner..than刚 就), scarcely...When , now that , since ,ever since
表示习惯性、经常性“每次”:each time ,every time,whennever
表示一旦: as soon as, once
表示直到: the instance the moment(一…就…)till, until ,the minute,the second,the day
3、since/ever since
1) It is/was ..since 是常用句型,主句的动作或状态持续时间较短,不能用ever since( eve放在since之前是用来表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长)。
2) Ever since可以放在句末,since 不可以.
3)Eversince(自.从...引导的从句一般要用动作或状态的结束。
3、till until及not until
1) till 表示做某事直到某时,动词必须是延续性的。Until 表示直至某时才能做某事
2) Until可用于句首,而till 通常不用于句首,用于肯定句时,主句用延续性动词,若用于
否定句主句可以用非延续性动词。
3) Until when疑问句中,until 要放在句首
4、while when as
1)这三个词都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生,as和when引导的从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,while 引导的从句中的谓语为持续性动词。
2)When还有at the momen的意思(=and then) ,引起的句子不能放在句首,也不能用as,while来替换
3)从句表示“随时间推移”连词用as,不用when或while。
4)如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时,则多用as,可译为一边,
一边。
5)When while as在译成...时候的用法区别: when指一个时间段或持续的动作,while 只.
能表示持续的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作;as可与when或while互换。
When作正在此时..when从句相当于连词and引导的并列分句。
6)如果when引导的时间状语从句用一.般过去时,其主句用的是过去进行时或be about to结构,这时主句表示从句动作发生的背景(正在或正要做某事),when 意为“正在这时”,等于and at this time.
7)关系副词when(先行词是表示时间的名词,在从句中做时间状语,在语义上相当于介词
+which,同理where,why 等。
5、表示一...就....的结构
1)hardly/scarely..when/before, no sooner as都可以表示“一....就...的意思。
2)如果这些词放在句首则句子必须倒装
6、before引导的时间状语从句的用法
1)表.....之前,趁....还没有,还没有来得....的意思。从句中的谓语动词有时用情
态动词can、could 。
2 ) It is/was /will be ..(time)before过一段时间才.....的句型不要和it is/has been... (time) since (.自...以来已有多少时间了)句型混淆。
7、一些副词如instantly immediate directly presently等也可以引导时间状语从句
8、句型A is to B what C is to中的连接词what可以用来比较两种事物相同或相似的关系,
相当于as(好比)A is to B what C is to较为常见的结构,意为“A之于B就像C之于D一样。
9、Not+比较级+than与句型no+比较级+than
1) Not better than没有...好。..而句型"no比较级+than意为“.和....一样不”,含义为“两
者都不
No more than(仅仅,不过,只有) no less than(正如) more than(比.....多得多)
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