高中英语上外版必修一期末冲刺之必考语法-讲义（原卷+解析卷）

高一期末考冲刺之“语法”篇 Part 1 Overview  1. 高中句法体系2. 2019高一上期末top3语法点
 Part 2 Attributive clause  Warm up1. Such a devoted teacher _____ has a strong sense of responsibility is looked up to by all the students. A. as    B. who    C. that    D. / 分析：考查定语从句关系代词，从句缺主语，由句首such提示，关系代词为as。答案为A。2. That energetic young man, _____ leadership competence, is the new manager of our department.A. who many believe has  B. whom many believe hasC. who believe to have   D. whom is believed by many分析：考查定语从句关系代词，many believe为插入语，从句缺主语，先行词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词who。答案为A。3. The best way _____ enhances your efficiency _____ you have a great number of things to deal with in a short period of time is to prioritize all your tasks, plan a reasonable schedule and stay focused. A. which; as  B. which; in which  C. that; when  D. that; where分析：考查定语从句关系代词和时间状语从句，第一空缺关系代词，且先行词用最高级修饰，只能填that；第二空为时间状语从句，填when。答案为C。
定语从句的定义1. 定语从句：在句子中作定语，修饰某一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。Note: 定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。２．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。３．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系副词：when, where, why etc.关系词通常有下列三个作用：A. 引导定语从句                          B. 代替先行词                          C. 在定语从句中担当一个成分 
 如何选择关系词？在从句中作第 I 等级成分的连词：1. which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语等。She likes to read novels which/that are written by Hemingway.她喜欢读海明威写的书。(which/that在句中作主语)Here is the pen which/that you lost the day before yesterday.这就是你前天丢掉的那支笔(which/that在句中作宾语) 2. who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。The student who/that was praised at the meeting is the monitor.会议上被表扬的学生是班长。(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the actor whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天看到的那个演员。 (whom/that在从句中作宾语) 3. that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作表语。She is not the timid girl that she used to be.她已经不是以前那个胆小的女孩了。China is not the country that it was decades ago.中国已经不是几十年前那个国家了。 在从句中作第 II 等级成分的连词：1. whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语，可以换成of whom/of which,但要补上定冠词the。This kind of book is for children whose native language is Chinese.=This kind of book is for children the native language of whom is Chinese.这种书是给母语是汉语的儿童看的。 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.教室坏了的门很快会得到修理。 典型例题1.The model driver is looking for a lady ___________ purse was left in the car this morning.A. Who           B. whose         C. that            D. which2. This company , ___________ offered  life insurance,  collected  small sums  of  money  regularly          from many different men.A. that            B. which          C. who           D. this3.The wolves hid themselves in the places ___________ couldn’t be  found.A. that            B. where          C. in which        D. in that4. Who is the person _________ is talking about the accident _______ happened on Highway104?A. which, which                   B. who , what       C. that , that                       D. what, what5. The United States is made up of fifty states, one of _________ is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.A. Them             B. those               C. which               D. whoseKey: BBACC分析：1. 考查关系代词，缺定语，答案为whose。2. 考查关系代词，此句为非限制性定语从句，缺主语，答案为which。3. 考查关系代词，缺主语成分，答案为that。4. 考查关系代词，缺主语，且疑问词为who，只能用that，答案为that；that。5. 考查关系代词，缺主语，答案为which。
在从句中作第 II 等级成分的连词：2. when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构。There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Shanghai is the place where(in which)I was born.上海是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 小试牛刀1. A left  luggage office  is a place ___________ bags can  be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A. That    B.which    C. there    D. where2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he  grew up as child.A. Which   B. where    C. that    D. when3. Almost every student hopes the days will be gone forever________they have  to come to school at 7am and leave school after 5pm for endless homework.A. when    B. that    C. while    D. whichKey: DBA分析：1. 考查关系副词，缺地点状语，答案为where。2. 考查关系副词，缺地点状语，答案为where。3. 考查关系副词，缺时间状语，答案为when。
在从句中作第 II 等级成分的连词：3. that代替关系副词，可以用于表示方式，但也可以省略。Can you work out the way(that, /, in which) we can solve this problem?    你能找出我们可以解决这个问题的方法吗？ 重点总结 1. 主语: who, that, which宾语: who, that, which, whom表语: that定语: whose(of whom, of which)状语: when, where, why 2. 关系词的选择看什么？从句中的成分。缺什么成分按等级来补。
3. 关系词的种类关系词\作用替代先行词句中所作成分关系代词who人主语（在口语中亦可作宾语/表语）Whom人宾语（在口语中可用who代，但在介词后只能用此词）Whose人/物定语（可用of + which取代）Which物/句子主语 / 宾语/ 表语That人/物主语 / 宾语/ 表语as人/物/句子主语 / 宾语/ 表语关系副词When时间名词时间状语（可用“介词+which”取代）Where地点名词地点状语（可用“介词+which”取代）whythe reason原因状语（可用“for + which”取代） 4. 注意：what, how不可引导定语从句①what本身是复合关系代词，等同于“先行词＋关系代词(which/that)”。因此不能用what引导定语从句。②how为复合关系副词。本身等同于the way in which，因此不能用how引导定语从句。 5. 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况a. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。Everything that he had said was true.Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.  All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.  b. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.  在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 c．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。Green book is the best film that I have ever seen.  这是我看过的最好的电影。 d．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very statue that I want to buy.  这正是我要买的雕像。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.  注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Alexander is the only person in our university who will attend the meeting. e．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the guy that is standing by the window?  站在窗边的那个人是谁？Which is the color that fits my hair most?  哪种颜色最适合我的头发？f．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 6. 关系代词as的用法I don't like such books as you are reading these days.They are the same people as I met with in Shanghai the other day.China has sent up another man-made satellite, as was reported.As we all know, China is a third world country. Q&A1. the same…as…和the same…that…的区别This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. the same…as指两物相似，the same…that描述的是同一物。2. such…as…和such…that…的区别They talked in such simple English as children can understand.They talked in such simple English that children could understand it. such…as引导定语从句，such…that引导结果状语从句。
 Part 3 Practice Grammar and TranslationSection ADirections: Choose the best answer.1. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _____ life has developed gradually.A. that
B. where
C. which
D. whoseKey: B. 先行词是the only planet，定语从句缺少地点状语，用where引导定语从句 2. I've become good friends with several of the students in my school _____ I met in the English speech contest last year.A. whom
B. where
C. when
D. whichKey: A. 指人的先行词the students在定语从句中作宾语，因此用whom引导从句。 3. The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _____ she would stay for an hour.A. where
B. who
C. which
D. whatKey: A. 表示地点的先行词the training centre在定语从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导从句。 4. That's the new machine _____ parts are too small to be seen.A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. WhatKey: C. 先行词the new machine在定语从句中作parts（意为“零部件”）的定语，因此用whose引导从句。 5. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _____ we may return in the near future.A. on which
B. by which
C. to which
D. from whichKey: C. 先行词an ancient source of energy在定语从句中构成return to an ancient source of energy结构，先行词作介词to的宾语，介词前置，因此用to which引导从句。 6. —Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?—You should try the barber's _____ I go. It's only 15.A. as
B. which
C. where
D. thatKey: C. 先行词the barber's在从句中作go的地点状语，因此用where引导从句。 7. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, _____ turned out to be a wise decision.A. that
B. which
C. when
D. whereKey: B. 非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，在从句中作主语，因此用which引导从句。 8. I refuse to accept the blame for something _____ was someone else's fault.A. who
B. that
C. as
D. whatKey: B. 不定代词something作先行词，必须用that引导。 9. The gardener was called to tell the way _____ the poor dog had died.A. that
B. which
C. where
D. whenKey: A. 带有先行词the way的定语从句连接词可以为in which和that。 10. She'll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.A. that
B. which
C. where
D. whenKey: D.先行词her stay在从句she found her son中作时间状语。She found her son during her stay there.因此用when引导从句。 Directions: Fill in the blanks to make the sentence coherent and grammatically correct.  1. They've won their last three matches, _______ I find a bit surprising.Key: which. 非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，在从句中作I find的宾语，用which引导从句。2. It's helpful to put children in a situation _______ they can see themselves differently.Key: where. 先行词situation在定语从句中构成in the situation，表示“处于某种状况”，用where引导从句。3. I have reached a point in my life _______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.Key: where. 先行词 point在定语从句中构成at this point，表示“处于某种状态”，用where引导从句。4. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _______ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.Key: whose. 先行词a city在从句中作名词name的定语，意为“城市的名字”，因此用whose引导从句。5. My friend showed me round the town, _______ was very kind of him.Key: which. 非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，用which来引导从句。6. I'll give you my friend's home address, _______ I can be reached most evenings.Key: where. 先行词my friend's home address在从句中构成at my friend's home address, 作地点状语，I can be reached at my friend's address most of the time.意为“大部分时间你在我朋友家的地址这里都能联系到我。”因此用where引导从句。7. Is hydrogen the only gas _______ we can get from the store?Key: that. 先行词gas前有the only修饰，只能用that作关系词引导从句。8. Do you know the reason _______ she got so angry yesterday?Key: that. 先行词the reason在从句中构成介词短语作状语，因此用that引导。9. The students in Tianjin are using the same teaching books _______ we are now using.Key: as. the same ... as固定搭配，引导定语从句，关系词as在从句中作宾语。10. He talked happily about the men and books _______ interested him greatly in the school.Key: that. 先行词the men and books既指人又指物，用that引导定语从句。 Section BTranslation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 众所周知，与人和睦相处是生活幸福的要素之一。(As)As we all know, getting along with others is one of the factors in happiness in life.2. 她在比赛中表现出色，给评委留下了深刻的印象。(which)She performed excellently in the competition, which left a deep impression on the judges.3. 昨天我把那台不能用的空调退还给了出售它的商店并得到了退款。(where)Yesterday I returned the useless air-conditioner to the shop where it was sold and got the refund.4. 显而易见，现代社会正在步入一个移动支付十分便利的新时代。(when)Obviously, the modern society is stepping into a new age when mobile payment will be very convenient.