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上教版高中英语第二册 期末复习-基础班 同步讲义（学生版+教师版）
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高一必修二期末复习（基础版）
引入：
时态语态练习（基础题）
1. Every few years, the coal workers ________(have) their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
2. The church tower which ________ (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
3. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ________(promise) before leaving their hometowns.
4. –Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
–How nice! You ________(experience) a different culture then.
5. –Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
–No, I ________ (read) the book, so I already knew the story?
6. –We’ve spent too much money recently.
–well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives ________(come) around all the time
7. This coastal area ________(name) a national wildlife reserve last year.
8. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ________(do) it. Was it you?
9. I walked slowly through the market, where people ________ (sell) all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
10. I'm tired out. I ________(shop) all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
【答案】 1. Have 2. is being restored 3. have been promised 4. will be experiencing 5. had read，
6. have been coming 7. was named 8. had done 9. were selling 10. have been shopping
知识点一、时态语态
【知识梳理】
时态
定义
时间标志词
一、 一般现在时：
①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
②★在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。ku
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
③★少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排（时间表）要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
always, usually,
often,sometimes,
every week (day,
year, month…),
once a week,
on Sundays。
二、 一般过去时：
①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.
②常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
★I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
ago, yesterday,
the day before
yesterday, last
week(year, night,
month…),
in 1989,
just now,
at the age of 5,
one day,
long long ago,
once upon a time, etc.
三、 一般将来时：
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
★②表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
tomorrow, next day
(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes,
the day after
tomorrow, in+
一段时间etc.
四、 现在进行时：
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need,think。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
now,
at this time,
these days,
at present,
at the moment,
etc.
五、 过去进行时：
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
★at this time
yesterday, at that
time或以when引导
的谓语动词是一般过
去时的时间状语等
。
六、 现在完成时：
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②★下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
④注意瞬间变延续
come / arrive/get to /reach / join ---be in
Buy --- have , die ---- be dead ,
open\close --- be open\closed
Leave ----- be away(from),
borrow\lend------ keep
Begin ------ be on
…
already / ever /
never /yet / just / before/
lately /since /
for a long time /
up to now/
until/so far/
in the last few years…
七、 过去完成时：
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
before, by the end
of last year(term,
month…),etc.
八、 过去将来时：
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
注意：过去将来时一般只出现在宾语从句中，且主句是过去时。
一般出现在宾语从
句中，the next day
(morning, year…),
the following month
(week…),etc.
被动语态
（1）被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者（即某人做某事），便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者（即某事被做），便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别，而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
（2）英语中被动语态由“助动词be＋动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态
一般现在时
现在进行时
一 般 将 来 时
现在完成时
谓语动词构 成
am
is ＋p.p.
are
am
is ＋being＋p.p.
are
will ＋ be＋p.p.
am
is ＋going to＋ be ＋ p.p.
are
have（has） ＋been＋p.p.
过去时态
一般过去时
过 去 进 行 时
过 去 将 来 时
过去完成时
谓语动词构 成
was
＋p.p.
were
was
＋being＋p.p.
were
would ＋be＋p.p.
was
＋going to＋be＋p.p.
were
had ＋been＋p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
（1）被动语态的用法：
① 不知道谁是动作的执行者（即不知道谁做）时用被动语态，省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident./ This window was broken yesterday.
② 不说或者众所周知是谁做时，用被动语态，省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place. / A railroad will be built here in three years.
③ 强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun./ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.
（2）主动语态如何改写为被动语态：
主动句： 主语（人/物） ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋ 宾语（人/物） ＋ 其他 ＋ 状语
（动作的执行者） （各种时态形式） （动作的承受者）
被动句： 主语（人/物） ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋ by ＋人 / 物 ＋ 其他 ＋ 状语
（动作的承受者） （be ＋过去分词） （动作的执行者）
（3） 注意点：
① “动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”改为被动时，可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语，但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher. /His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.
② “动词＋宾语＋动词原形”改为被动时，动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.
③“动词＋…＋介词”改为被动时，介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.
④“be＋过去分词”未必表示被动语态，而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….（系表）（他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……）
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….（被动）（他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……）
难点：(拓展提高，基础好学生适用)
⑤以下词或短语通常不用于被动语态：
1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态。
例如 The sun is rising. 太阳冉冉升起。 When did the thing occur? 那件事情是什么时候发生的
2.表示状态特征的系动词
如look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, become, fall, get, grow, keep等的主动形式表示被动意义。例如 It sounds very good. 听起来很好。 Tasting so delicious, the food was sold out soon. 那种食品美味可口很快就销售一空。
3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词不用于被动语态。
这类动词有begin, start, finish, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如 Class begins at 8 o’clock. 八点上课。 The shop closes at 7 o’clock. 这家商店七点关门。
4. read, write, wash, sell, wear, lock等动词和well, easily, smoothly等连用时
主动形式表示被动意义。例如 The pen writes smoothly. 这笔用起来很流畅。 The coat washes easily. 这件大衣容易洗。
5.一部分动词用进行时表示被动意义。
这类动词有print, cook, fry, hang, build, make等。例如 The novel is printing. 小说正在印刷。 The supper is cooking. 正在做晚饭。
6.need, want, require, deserve等动词以物做主语时后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
例如 My watch needs / wants / requires repairing. 我的手表需要修理。 Who said the boy deserves punishing. 谁说那男孩应受到惩罚
7.宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语时不用被动语态。例如 I taught myself English. 我自学英语。 We help each other. 我们相互帮助。 They live a life of luxury. 他们过着豪华的生活。
8.一部分及物动词不用于被动语态。
常见的有fit, have, wish, cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack, own等。例如 He entered the room and got his book. 他进了房间拿走了他的书。 I have a book. 我有一本书。
9.一些短语动词不能用于被动语态
如break out, take place, lose heart, come true, belong to , consist of, add up to , agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, walk into, suffer from, happen to, take part in等。例如 The fire broke out in the house. 屋子着火了。 The group, consisting of 5 people, has achieved its goals. 五人小组实现了他们的目标。
10.不定式to blame, to seek, to let等用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如 Who is to blame for it? 那件事情谁应该受责备 The house is to let. 此房出租。
11.不定式做定语与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时不定式用主动形式。
例如 I have lots of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。 He is a pleasant person to get along with. 他是一个很好相处的人。
12.一部分形容词后接不定式做状语时不定式用主动形式。
常见的形容词有easy, hard, difficult, nice, kind, pleasant等。例如 He is easy to deal with. 他容易相处。 The ground is hard to dig. 这块地难挖。
【例题精讲】
例1. ---Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
---Sorry. It _______(repair).
例2. Excuse me, I _______ (not realize) l was blocking your way.
例3. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they_______(do) for me. 例4. ---Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
---No, I_______(read) the book, so I already knew the story.
例5. ---Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
---How nice! You _______ (experience) a different culture then.
【答案】is being repaired；didn’t realize；had done；had read；will be experiencing
【巩固练习】
1. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he _________ (watch) the weather forecast the day before.
2.The last half of the nineteenth century _________ (witness) the steady improvement in the means of travel.
3.A gentle wind _________ (blow) through the tree. In the distance, I ________ (notice) a racing car moving across the dusty plain.
4.According to a report from WHO, two million people worldwide ________ ( estimate) to die from air pollution each year.
5.Susan is on vacation in Florida, and she doesn’t take much money with her. So by the end of her vacation, she __________ (spend) all her money.
【答案】had watched； witnessed； was blowing ， noticed ； are estimated ； will have spent
知识点二、定语从句易错点
【知识梳理】
1.限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等,
②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物，这时宜用that.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that .
2.定语从句中只能用which的情况
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
1. Let me show you the novel,that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
3.只能用who的情况
1.先行词是指人的不定代词或人称代词：如anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he etc.
Anyone who serves classmates is worth praising.
I dislike those who talk big.
2. There be 结构中，主语指人，定语从句用who:
There is a pretty girl who wants to see you.
4.介词+关代
1. Do you know the boy to whom your mother is talking?
2. He gave me some novels with which I am not very familiar.
注意:1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面.如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
5.the way用做先行词的情况
当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：that/in which/不填。
【例题精讲】
例 1. As a matter of fact, home accidents are just as common as those we see and hear on the roads, some of________ cause even much more serious consequences.
例2.Noarlunga and Payneham, have employed special anti-graffiti offices.Salisbury is among those councils(37)______call on a data bank of volunteers to immediately paint out graffiti “tags”.
例3.“Many patients specifically choose a city________ they can enjoy what the place has to offer alongside the treatment,” Helios manager Stefan Boeckle said.
例4.His brother was in the business of importing celluloid (合成树脂) dolls from Japan but the rubber bands ______ held them together would often break and the dolls would be destroyed.
例5.These revelations were written down by those ________ were close to him during this time and for several years after his death.
【答案】which；which；where；that/which；who
【巩固练习】
1. 1. When we choose to leave a new job early, it sends the message that something is terribly wrong, especially in the current economic climate________ unemployment is higher and people are dying for jobs.
2. Its original business model, ________ involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page, totally failed.
3. Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man_______ pride over his appearance was but one aspect of his self-centeredness.
4. ______ they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, not only is the tea plant naturally caffeine-free but it also contains a number of unique medicinal compounds that, the locals believe, offer considerable health benefits.
5. It is a movement of young and old，of those who served and those who are so grateful for what they did，all led by a proud grandson________saw an injustice and decided to do something about it.
【答案】Where；which；whose；As；who/that
知识点三、非谓语
【知识梳理】
情况
常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen, demand, refuse, learn, choose
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, deny， prevent, keep, avoid, risk, resist, consider（考虑）
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in,
insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of,
look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue
（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require
（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反
stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同
remember/forget/regret to do
（指动作尚未发生）
remember/forget/regret doing
（指动作已经发生）
go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）
try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）
mean to do（打算做，企图做）
mean doing （意识是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
非谓语动词试题的解题步骤：
1. 辨别谓语和非谓语
分析句子结构，区别谓语动词与非谓语动词
注意：在语法填空中，首先要判断所给提示词在句中到底是做谓语还是非谓语。判定用非谓语动词形式的根本依据就是“句中已有谓语”，即，句子不缺谓语的情况下，所给提示词才能考虑用其非谓语动词形式。
2. 找主语
找到非谓语动词的修饰对象或逻辑主语
3. 析语态
非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系
根据现在分词表“主动，进行”；过去分词表“被动，完成”；动词不定式一般表目的或意料之外的结果，作定语时往往表“将来的动作”进行进一步的分析。
4. 定时态
即分析非谓语动词的动作和主句谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序。在表主动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having done，同时发生用doing；在表被动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having been done，同时发生用being done。
非谓语动词的解题技巧：
技巧1：做主语时，通常用doing/being done形式表示习惯或一般性动作。to do形式也可作主语，有将来的含义，考查较少；做宾语时，通常用doing/being done表习惯性或一般情况，用to do/to be done表将来或具体情况，用having done/having been done表已经发生。当然也许多去积累一些常考的接doing 和to do形式做宾语的固定搭配。
技巧2：作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。
技巧3：分词做伴随状语，原因状语，条件状语等，要分析它与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系，做后置定语也要分析它与被修饰词之间的主被动关系。
技巧4：表由于某种原因而导致的必然的结果，通常用doing的形式做结果状语。
【例题精讲】
1. He ______ to bed early, but now he ______ to bed late.
A. used to go, is used to going B. used to go, is used to go
C. uses to go, is used to go D. uses to go, is used to going
2. It is no use _____ a lot without doing anything.
A. talk B. talking C. to talk D. to talking
3. Did you have difficulty _____ the professor’s house in the dark?
A. to find B. finding C. by finding D. to have found
4. He was busy _______ his lessons.
A. prepare B. to prepare C. preparing D. prepared
5. Your window wants _____, you’d better have it _____ this week.
A. cleaning, do B. to be cleaned, do C. cleaning, done D. being cleaned, done
6. These days he is busy ____ a job but no job _____ him.
A. finding, suit B. look for, suit C. finding, is suitable to D. looking for, suits
【答案】ABBCCD
【巩固练习】
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ (smoke) in the kitchen.
2. He looked around and caught a man _______ (put) his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
3. I found him_______ (work) hard on his book.
4. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues_______ (amuse) with her stories.amused
5. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain_______ (seat) as the plane was making a landing. seated
6. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained_______ (stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
7. Rare species in the world, _______ (disappear) by hundreds every year, must be jointly preserved by all countries, or humans will encounter ecological disaster in the near future.
8. He is a student at Oxford University,_______ (study) for a degree in computer science.
9. The flowers_______ (smell) sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.
10. Will those_______ (teach) the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office?
【答案】 smoking; putting; working; amused; seated; sticking ; disappearing; studying; smelling; teaching
课堂训练：
II. Grammar 18%
Section A Multiple Choices
25. _____the suspect’s fingerprints with those_____were found at the crime scene, the police concluded that Tom was not the one who killed the shop owner.
A. Compared, who B. Comparing, who C.Comparing, which D.Compared, which
26. What worried the child most was____to visit his mother who was in the hospital.
A. his not being allowed B. his not allowing
C. his being not allowed D.having not been allowed
27. Spring is in the air, so it is time we____some gardening, _____can bring our home back to life.
A. will do, which B.did, which C.will do, that D.did, that
28. A lot of research______has been done in America on the effect of______working.
A. have, 24-hour B.have, 24-hours C.has,24-hour D.has, 24-hours
29. Silk comes from special glands(腺）_______at the tip of spiders’ abdomen(腹部）. Delicate (精巧的）and deadly, a spider’s web traps almost anything______comes in its path.
A. located, that B.locating, that C.located, which D.locating, which
30. Every winter in the Arctic（北极）， beneath the thick ice layer_____the_____bears in the dens, safe and sound.
A. staying, hibernated B.stay, hibernating C,located, which D.locating, which
31. _______that a neighbour’s son had been taken to the police station.
A. Not until we came back from the cinema did we know
B. Not until did we come back from the cinema we knew
C. Not until we came back from the cinema we knew
D. Not until did we come back from the cinema did we know
32. While______home on the underground, I saw a young boy ______by three tough guys.
A. traveled, bullying B.traveling, bullied C.traveling, bullying D.traveled, bullied
33. ______that the young boy could do nothing but_______.
A. So bad the three tough guys’ behavior was, move to another seat
B. So bad the three tough guys’ behavior was, to move to another seat
C. So bad was the three tough guys’ behavior, move to anther seat
D. So bad was the three tough guys’ behavior, to move to another seat
34. ______the error, the checkout assistant barked at the young man who______to return the extra change to her.
A. Not discovered, planned B. Not discovering, had planned
C. Not discovering, planned D. Not discovered, had planned
【答案】
25. C 主语是the police, 与compare是主动关系；those指代fingerprints, 关系代词用which
26. A 主语从句，动名词的否定，且用被动
27. B it is time...是做....的时候了，用一般过去时表虚拟，which指代前面整件事情
28. D research这里单数表示一个整体，24-hour做形容词不加复数
29. A be located at 固定搭配，先行词anything后关系代词用that
30. B beneath放句首句子倒装，句中缺谓语，主语bears复数，故用stay；hibernating冬眠，与bear是主动关系用现在分词
31. A Not until 放句首主句部分倒装
32. B 主句主语是I，分句用现在分词，boy是被欺负，用过去分词
33. C So...that 置于句首，部分倒装；could do nothing but do固定搭配
34. B 主语the checkout assistant与discover为主动关系；plan发生在bark之前，过去的过去用过去完成时
要点回顾：
1. 知识收获：
本次课梳理了时态语态 ，定语从句和非谓语三个重要知识点，我的收获是：
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 方法总结：
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
课后巩固
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the coherent(连贯的）and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
When Noah Webster was young, he was a teacher. He disliked American elementary schools. They could be overcrowded, with up to seventy children of all ages___35____(crowd) into one-room schoolhouses. And he quickly became tired___36___the books he used in class. They were all about the English people and places. ___37___he wanted books that would be interesting to the American children, he wrote three books with many American examples. By 1785, he had written his speller, a grammar book and a reader for elementary schools.
Webster worked hard to change the spellings of American English. He suggested words ___38___(spell) in the same way they were pronounced. He tried many ways to ask people to help him to do this. For example, one day he asked a boy in a printed shop to print words theatre, centre, colour, and labour as theater, center, color, and labor.
With the money he made from his books, particularly his speller, Webster could start his great work on his famous dictionary, ___39___took him more than twenty years to finish. It also helped create the popular contests___40___(know) as “spelling bees”. And today, Webster’s dictionary is thought ___41___(be) the most important American English dictionary in the whole world. In a way, Webster dedicated his Speller and Dictionary to ___42___(provide) an intellectual foundation for American nationalism.
【答案】
35. crowding 考查非谓语的分词
36. of 短语搭配be tired of 对...感到厌烦
37. Since 表原因
38. spelled 过去分词表被动
39. which 非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事情
40. known 过去分词做定语 be known as
41. to be 不定式
42. providing 动词词组 dedicate...to doing
重点词汇：
Be tired of 对...厌烦
Crowd v. 拥挤
Sth is though to be... 被认为是...
III. Vocabulary 10%
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. form B. power C. high D. maintained E. strongly F. locations
G. operation H. impressed I. replaced J. connection K. remained
We are all familiar with planes, trains and automobiles, but what about transportation of a more unusual nature?
*Shanghai: Maglev Train
Shanghai is ___43___on a list of the destinations that tourists would like to visit in China. Do you want to feel the fast pace of the city as soon as you arrive in Shanghai? The maglev train is ___44___ recommended! With the technological help of a German corporation, Shanghai Maglev train has been open to the public since 2003. It is the world’s first and only commercialized maglev train line in ___45___. It takes only eight minutes to run from Pudong International Airport to Longyang Road Subway Station. You will definitely be ___46___by the amazing speed of the train and start an exciting journey in Shanghai.
*Beijing: Tram and Trolleybus
Trams and trolleybuses, part of Beijing’s public transportation, have experienced several changes in urban development. The earliest tram service in Beijing dates back to 1899. In the late 1950s they were ___47___by trackless trolleybuses that continued to ply(沿···定时运行）tram routes and draw ___48___from overhead wires. The extension of the trolleybus service stopped in the 1980s, but electric trolleybuses___49___ an important component(构成要素）of the public transit system in the city. In 2008, tram service returned to Beijing in the ___50___of a sightseeing bus on Qianmen Avenue.
*Guangzhou: Bus Rapid Transit (快速公交系统)
Bus rapid transit (BRT) aims to use buses to provide a subway-like service and speed for commuters. However, it’s more than ten times cheaper than subway systems to build and operate, because there is no need to lay railway tracks. The Guangzhou BRT system started to operate in 2010. It handles about one million passengers’ trips daily, carrying people to the ___51___with a subway system of a bike-sharing network. As a matter of fact, the BRT system in Guangzhou is the first one in the world to establish a direct ___52___to subway stations.
【答案】
43. D 仍保留在
44. E 本空需填副词， 被强烈推荐
45. G 运营
46. H 这里要填过去分词，对上海磁悬浮列车惊人的速度印象深刻
47. I 在19世纪50年代后期，有轨电车被无轨电车所替代
48. B 从上方的电缆上取得电
49. K 仍然是一个重要的构成要素
50. A 以观光旅游车的形式回归北京
51. F 名词，带人们去有地铁的地方
52. J 代入空中，a direct connection to subway station 与地铁直接接驳
IV. Reading Comprehension 22%
Section A: Cloze
NEW YORK -- Women head governments, run companies and comprise about half the world's workforce, ___53___ a global poll shows that one in four people, most of them young, believe a woman's place is___54___. The survey of over 24,000 adults in 23 countries, conducted by Reuters/Ipsos and released on the eve of International Women's Day, showed that people from India (54 percent), Turkey (52 percent), Japan (48 percent), China, Russia, Hungary (34 percent each) and South Korea (33 percent) were most likely to ___55___ that women should not work.
And, perhaps ___56___, people aged between 18 and 34 years are most likely to hold that view, not those from the older, and more ___57___, generation.
___58___, the majority, or 74 percent, of those polled believe a woman's place is ___59___ not at home.
"Over the past century, women, collectively, have made great gains not only in terms of societal ___60___ — from politics to the workplace to sports and the media and to intellectual pursuit — but there are still barriers to many," said John Wright, senior vice president of market research company Ipsos.
"This poll has a fundamental expression embraced by a full majority that women, individually or otherwise, should have the ability to choose to do what and where they believe they can make their greatest ___61___" he said.
In countries where most people believed women should stay at home, or where the majority held the opposite view, there was little difference between the sexes, the survey showed. ___62___, in India, the country where more than half of those polled said women should stay home, an almost equal number of men and women held this view.
53. A.but B.so C.for D.and
54. A.in the workplace B.in the home C.in kids’ hearts D.in the God’s hand
55. A.decide B.ensure C.reflect D.agree
56. A.surprisingly B.fortunately C.sadly D.strangely
57. A.respected B.stubborn C.traditional D. advanced
58. A.moreover B. Meanwhile C. Somehow D. However
59. A.possibly B.certainly not C.almost not D.somewhat
60. A.significance B.development C.transformation D.participation
61. A.efforts B.dream C.decisions D.contribution
62. A. For example B. By contrast C. On the contrary D. To sum up
【答案】
53. A 转折
54. B 妇女的地位应该是在家
55. D 同意
56. A 根据上下文，此处应表出乎意料
57. C 与older 对应
58. D 下文是转折
59. B 表相反的观点
60. D 破折号后面例举出各种社会人士表示了社会的参与
61. D 做出他们最大的贡献
62. A 举列说明
重点词汇：
Barriers 障碍
Make contribution 做出贡献
Hold the opposite view 持相反的观点
（A)
A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as wasteful consumers of energy and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide. As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls “what-I-can-do environmentalism.”
But on the other side are people who oppose(反对）air-drying laundry outside on aesthetic (审美的；美学的）grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations (HOAs) across the US to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look ugly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is asking for legislation (立法）to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii and Utah---have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates (拥护者）argue that there should be more.
Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck’s HOA in the Wake Forest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. “Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. “I’m not going to go crazy,” he says. “But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I’ll have to deal with it again.”
North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would clearly prevent HOAs from regulation（管理）clothesline. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. “People believe only homogenous (同种的；同质的）exteriors are supportive of property value,” says Sara Lee, executive director of the Community Association Institute. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if future buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
Alexander Lee disagrees that clotheslines devalue property assets (资产), saying that the idea “needs to change in light of global warming.” “We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon influence,” Alexander Lee says.
63. All are mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryer EXCEPT________________________.
A. electricity consumption B.air pollution C.waste of energy D.ugly looking
68. According to the passage, which of the following is INCORRECT?
A. Those who oppose think air-drying laundry would devalue surroundings assets.
B. Those who oppose consider the outdoor clothesline unpleasant to the eyes.
C. Right-to-dry movement led to the pass of laws to protect clotheslines throughout the US.
D. Most of the states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines.
69. The HOA’s attitude towards the regulation of outdoor clotheslines is_________________________.
A. concerned B.negative C.supportive D.unclear
70. An appropriate title for the passage might be _____________________.
A. Opinions on Environmental protection B. Opinions on Air-drying Laundry
C. What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism D. Bans on Clotheslines
【答案】D C B B
67. 【解析】D选项是用clothesline的坏处
68. 【解析】第二段倒数第二句话。Only three states-Florida, Hawaii and Utah---have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. 可知美国只有少数洲有成文的法律来保护晾衣杆。C错误
69. 【解析】第三段“I’m not going to be crazy, but if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I’ll have to deal with it again.” 可见他对室外晾衣杆的限制制度并不是特别主动的支持，只是不得不履行职责。
70. 【解析】本文主要是讲大家对该不该室外晒衣服的意见。
V. Word Formation 5%
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper part of speech of the words given in the brackets to make the sentence coherent.
75. Residents said they couldn’t _________the high-level nuclear radiation any longer. (tolerance)
76. He showed a remarkable _________of the facts.(ignore)
77. The medicinal _________ of the leaves of this tree have been known for centuries.(property)
78. ________ impacted by the sand storm in north China, Shanghai suffered the worst air pollution in history.(continue)
79. A fire which happened ________burned the city to the ground.(accident)
【答案】
75. tolerate 动词
76. ignorance 名词
77. properties 由后面的have可知这里是复数。Medicinal property 药性，药用价值
78. Continuing 形容词
79. accidentally 副词
VI. Verb-filling 5%
80. If _________ alone on an island, what would you do?(leave)
81. _________the clothes, she began to clean the room.(wash)
82. We ________(work) on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion.
83. He returned home only _________ his father lying sick in bed. (find)
84. There is no point _________ (try) to persuade him not to buy what she doesn’t need.
【答案】
80.left 被动 be left alone
81. Having washed 现在完成时，主语一致省略，变成现在分词
82. have been working 现在完成进行时
83. to find 固定搭配only to find...
84. trying 固定短语 there is no point doing sth.
VII. Translation 16% (3+4+4+5)
85. 对于安全规则一无所知，他从马上摔下来了。（分词作状语，ignorant)
86. 我为没有帮助那个在地铁上被欺负的男孩而内疚。(guilty)
87. 为了度过寒冷的冬天和食物的缺乏，很多动物选择冬眠来节省能量。（survive)
88. 我从未想到从她窗户上被碰下来的花盆会砸到一个玩耍的孩子。（occur)
【答案】
85. Being ignorant of safety regulations, he fell off the horse.
86. I feel guilty of not helping the boy bullied on the underground.
87. In order to survive the cold winter and the lack of food, many animals choose hibernation to save energy.
88. It had never occurred to me that the flower pot touched down from her window would hit a playing child.
引入：
时态语态练习（基础题）
1. Every few years, the coal workers ________(have) their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
2. The church tower which ________ (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
3. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ________(promise) before leaving their hometowns.
4. –Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
–How nice! You ________(experience) a different culture then.
5. –Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
–No, I ________ (read) the book, so I already knew the story?
6. –We’ve spent too much money recently.
–well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives ________(come) around all the time
7. This coastal area ________(name) a national wildlife reserve last year.
8. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ________(do) it. Was it you?
9. I walked slowly through the market, where people ________ (sell) all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
10. I'm tired out. I ________(shop) all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
【答案】 1. Have 2. is being restored 3. have been promised 4. will be experiencing 5. had read，
6. have been coming 7. was named 8. had done 9. were selling 10. have been shopping
知识点一、时态语态
【知识梳理】
时态
定义
时间标志词
一、 一般现在时：
①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
②★在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。ku
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
③★少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排（时间表）要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
always, usually,
often,sometimes,
every week (day,
year, month…),
once a week,
on Sundays。
二、 一般过去时：
①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.
②常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
★I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
ago, yesterday,
the day before
yesterday, last
week(year, night,
month…),
in 1989,
just now,
at the age of 5,
one day,
long long ago,
once upon a time, etc.
三、 一般将来时：
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
★②表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
tomorrow, next day
(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes,
the day after
tomorrow, in+
一段时间etc.
四、 现在进行时：
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need,think。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
now,
at this time,
these days,
at present,
at the moment,
etc.
五、 过去进行时：
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
★at this time
yesterday, at that
time或以when引导
的谓语动词是一般过
去时的时间状语等
。
六、 现在完成时：
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②★下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
④注意瞬间变延续
come / arrive/get to /reach / join ---be in
Buy --- have , die ---- be dead ,
open\close --- be open\closed
Leave ----- be away(from),
borrow\lend------ keep
Begin ------ be on
…
already / ever /
never /yet / just / before/
lately /since /
for a long time /
up to now/
until/so far/
in the last few years…
七、 过去完成时：
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
before, by the end
of last year(term,
month…),etc.
八、 过去将来时：
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
注意：过去将来时一般只出现在宾语从句中，且主句是过去时。
一般出现在宾语从
句中，the next day
(morning, year…),
the following month
(week…),etc.
被动语态
（1）被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者（即某人做某事），便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者（即某事被做），便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别，而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
（2）英语中被动语态由“助动词be＋动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态
一般现在时
现在进行时
一 般 将 来 时
现在完成时
谓语动词构 成
am
is ＋p.p.
are
am
is ＋being＋p.p.
are
will ＋ be＋p.p.
am
is ＋going to＋ be ＋ p.p.
are
have（has） ＋been＋p.p.
过去时态
一般过去时
过 去 进 行 时
过 去 将 来 时
过去完成时
谓语动词构 成
was
＋p.p.
were
was
＋being＋p.p.
were
would ＋be＋p.p.
was
＋going to＋be＋p.p.
were
had ＋been＋p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
（1）被动语态的用法：
① 不知道谁是动作的执行者（即不知道谁做）时用被动语态，省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident./ This window was broken yesterday.
② 不说或者众所周知是谁做时，用被动语态，省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place. / A railroad will be built here in three years.
③ 强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun./ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.
（2）主动语态如何改写为被动语态：
主动句： 主语（人/物） ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋ 宾语（人/物） ＋ 其他 ＋ 状语
（动作的执行者） （各种时态形式） （动作的承受者）
被动句： 主语（人/物） ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋ by ＋人 / 物 ＋ 其他 ＋ 状语
（动作的承受者） （be ＋过去分词） （动作的执行者）
（3） 注意点：
① “动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”改为被动时，可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语，但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher. /His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.
② “动词＋宾语＋动词原形”改为被动时，动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.
③“动词＋…＋介词”改为被动时，介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.
④“be＋过去分词”未必表示被动语态，而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….（系表）（他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……）
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….（被动）（他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……）
难点：(拓展提高，基础好学生适用)
⑤以下词或短语通常不用于被动语态：
1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态。
例如 The sun is rising. 太阳冉冉升起。 When did the thing occur? 那件事情是什么时候发生的
2.表示状态特征的系动词
如look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, become, fall, get, grow, keep等的主动形式表示被动意义。例如 It sounds very good. 听起来很好。 Tasting so delicious, the food was sold out soon. 那种食品美味可口很快就销售一空。
3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词不用于被动语态。
这类动词有begin, start, finish, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如 Class begins at 8 o’clock. 八点上课。 The shop closes at 7 o’clock. 这家商店七点关门。
4. read, write, wash, sell, wear, lock等动词和well, easily, smoothly等连用时
主动形式表示被动意义。例如 The pen writes smoothly. 这笔用起来很流畅。 The coat washes easily. 这件大衣容易洗。
5.一部分动词用进行时表示被动意义。
这类动词有print, cook, fry, hang, build, make等。例如 The novel is printing. 小说正在印刷。 The supper is cooking. 正在做晚饭。
6.need, want, require, deserve等动词以物做主语时后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
例如 My watch needs / wants / requires repairing. 我的手表需要修理。 Who said the boy deserves punishing. 谁说那男孩应受到惩罚
7.宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语时不用被动语态。例如 I taught myself English. 我自学英语。 We help each other. 我们相互帮助。 They live a life of luxury. 他们过着豪华的生活。
8.一部分及物动词不用于被动语态。
常见的有fit, have, wish, cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack, own等。例如 He entered the room and got his book. 他进了房间拿走了他的书。 I have a book. 我有一本书。
9.一些短语动词不能用于被动语态
如break out, take place, lose heart, come true, belong to , consist of, add up to , agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, walk into, suffer from, happen to, take part in等。例如 The fire broke out in the house. 屋子着火了。 The group, consisting of 5 people, has achieved its goals. 五人小组实现了他们的目标。
10.不定式to blame, to seek, to let等用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如 Who is to blame for it? 那件事情谁应该受责备 The house is to let. 此房出租。
11.不定式做定语与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时不定式用主动形式。
例如 I have lots of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。 He is a pleasant person to get along with. 他是一个很好相处的人。
12.一部分形容词后接不定式做状语时不定式用主动形式。
常见的形容词有easy, hard, difficult, nice, kind, pleasant等。例如 He is easy to deal with. 他容易相处。 The ground is hard to dig. 这块地难挖。
【例题精讲】
例1. ---Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
---Sorry. It _______(repair).
例2. Excuse me, I _______ (not realize) l was blocking your way.
例3. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they_______(do) for me. 例4. ---Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
---No, I_______(read) the book, so I already knew the story.
例5. ---Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
---How nice! You _______ (experience) a different culture then.
【答案】is being repaired；didn’t realize；had done；had read；will be experiencing
【巩固练习】
1. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he _________ (watch) the weather forecast the day before.
2.The last half of the nineteenth century _________ (witness) the steady improvement in the means of travel.
3.A gentle wind _________ (blow) through the tree. In the distance, I ________ (notice) a racing car moving across the dusty plain.
4.According to a report from WHO, two million people worldwide ________ ( estimate) to die from air pollution each year.
5.Susan is on vacation in Florida, and she doesn’t take much money with her. So by the end of her vacation, she __________ (spend) all her money.
【答案】had watched； witnessed； was blowing ， noticed ； are estimated ； will have spent
知识点二、定语从句易错点
【知识梳理】
1.限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等,
②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物，这时宜用that.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that .
2.定语从句中只能用which的情况
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
1. Let me show you the novel,that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
3.只能用who的情况
1.先行词是指人的不定代词或人称代词：如anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he etc.
Anyone who serves classmates is worth praising.
I dislike those who talk big.
2. There be 结构中，主语指人，定语从句用who:
There is a pretty girl who wants to see you.
4.介词+关代
1. Do you know the boy to whom your mother is talking?
2. He gave me some novels with which I am not very familiar.
注意:1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面.如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
5.the way用做先行词的情况
当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：that/in which/不填。
【例题精讲】
例 1. As a matter of fact, home accidents are just as common as those we see and hear on the roads, some of________ cause even much more serious consequences.
例2.Noarlunga and Payneham, have employed special anti-graffiti offices.Salisbury is among those councils(37)______call on a data bank of volunteers to immediately paint out graffiti “tags”.
例3.“Many patients specifically choose a city________ they can enjoy what the place has to offer alongside the treatment,” Helios manager Stefan Boeckle said.
例4.His brother was in the business of importing celluloid (合成树脂) dolls from Japan but the rubber bands ______ held them together would often break and the dolls would be destroyed.
例5.These revelations were written down by those ________ were close to him during this time and for several years after his death.
【答案】which；which；where；that/which；who
【巩固练习】
1. 1. When we choose to leave a new job early, it sends the message that something is terribly wrong, especially in the current economic climate________ unemployment is higher and people are dying for jobs.
2. Its original business model, ________ involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page, totally failed.
3. Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man_______ pride over his appearance was but one aspect of his self-centeredness.
4. ______ they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, not only is the tea plant naturally caffeine-free but it also contains a number of unique medicinal compounds that, the locals believe, offer considerable health benefits.
5. It is a movement of young and old，of those who served and those who are so grateful for what they did，all led by a proud grandson________saw an injustice and decided to do something about it.
【答案】Where；which；whose；As；who/that
知识点三、非谓语
【知识梳理】
情况
常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen, demand, refuse, learn, choose
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, deny， prevent, keep, avoid, risk, resist, consider（考虑）
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in,
insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of,
look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue
（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require
（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反
stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同
remember/forget/regret to do
（指动作尚未发生）
remember/forget/regret doing
（指动作已经发生）
go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）
try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）
mean to do（打算做，企图做）
mean doing （意识是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
非谓语动词试题的解题步骤：
1. 辨别谓语和非谓语
分析句子结构，区别谓语动词与非谓语动词
注意：在语法填空中，首先要判断所给提示词在句中到底是做谓语还是非谓语。判定用非谓语动词形式的根本依据就是“句中已有谓语”，即，句子不缺谓语的情况下，所给提示词才能考虑用其非谓语动词形式。
2. 找主语
找到非谓语动词的修饰对象或逻辑主语
3. 析语态
非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系
根据现在分词表“主动，进行”；过去分词表“被动，完成”；动词不定式一般表目的或意料之外的结果，作定语时往往表“将来的动作”进行进一步的分析。
4. 定时态
即分析非谓语动词的动作和主句谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序。在表主动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having done，同时发生用doing；在表被动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having been done，同时发生用being done。
非谓语动词的解题技巧：
技巧1：做主语时，通常用doing/being done形式表示习惯或一般性动作。to do形式也可作主语，有将来的含义，考查较少；做宾语时，通常用doing/being done表习惯性或一般情况，用to do/to be done表将来或具体情况，用having done/having been done表已经发生。当然也许多去积累一些常考的接doing 和to do形式做宾语的固定搭配。
技巧2：作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。
技巧3：分词做伴随状语，原因状语，条件状语等，要分析它与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系，做后置定语也要分析它与被修饰词之间的主被动关系。
技巧4：表由于某种原因而导致的必然的结果，通常用doing的形式做结果状语。
【例题精讲】
1. He ______ to bed early, but now he ______ to bed late.
A. used to go, is used to going B. used to go, is used to go
C. uses to go, is used to go D. uses to go, is used to going
2. It is no use _____ a lot without doing anything.
A. talk B. talking C. to talk D. to talking
3. Did you have difficulty _____ the professor’s house in the dark?
A. to find B. finding C. by finding D. to have found
4. He was busy _______ his lessons.
A. prepare B. to prepare C. preparing D. prepared
5. Your window wants _____, you’d better have it _____ this week.
A. cleaning, do B. to be cleaned, do C. cleaning, done D. being cleaned, done
6. These days he is busy ____ a job but no job _____ him.
A. finding, suit B. look for, suit C. finding, is suitable to D. looking for, suits
【答案】ABBCCD
【巩固练习】
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ (smoke) in the kitchen.
2. He looked around and caught a man _______ (put) his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
3. I found him_______ (work) hard on his book.
4. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues_______ (amuse) with her stories.amused
5. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain_______ (seat) as the plane was making a landing. seated
6. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained_______ (stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
7. Rare species in the world, _______ (disappear) by hundreds every year, must be jointly preserved by all countries, or humans will encounter ecological disaster in the near future.
8. He is a student at Oxford University,_______ (study) for a degree in computer science.
9. The flowers_______ (smell) sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.
10. Will those_______ (teach) the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office?
【答案】 smoking; putting; working; amused; seated; sticking ; disappearing; studying; smelling; teaching
课堂训练：
II. Grammar 18%
Section A Multiple Choices
25. _____the suspect’s fingerprints with those_____were found at the crime scene, the police concluded that Tom was not the one who killed the shop owner.
A. Compared, who B. Comparing, who C.Comparing, which D.Compared, which
26. What worried the child most was____to visit his mother who was in the hospital.
A. his not being allowed B. his not allowing
C. his being not allowed D.having not been allowed
27. Spring is in the air, so it is time we____some gardening, _____can bring our home back to life.
A. will do, which B.did, which C.will do, that D.did, that
28. A lot of research______has been done in America on the effect of______working.
A. have, 24-hour B.have, 24-hours C.has,24-hour D.has, 24-hours
29. Silk comes from special glands(腺）_______at the tip of spiders’ abdomen(腹部）. Delicate (精巧的）and deadly, a spider’s web traps almost anything______comes in its path.
A. located, that B.locating, that C.located, which D.locating, which
30. Every winter in the Arctic（北极）， beneath the thick ice layer_____the_____bears in the dens, safe and sound.
A. staying, hibernated B.stay, hibernating C,located, which D.locating, which
31. _______that a neighbour’s son had been taken to the police station.
A. Not until we came back from the cinema did we know
B. Not until did we come back from the cinema we knew
C. Not until we came back from the cinema we knew
D. Not until did we come back from the cinema did we know
32. While______home on the underground, I saw a young boy ______by three tough guys.
A. traveled, bullying B.traveling, bullied C.traveling, bullying D.traveled, bullied
33. ______that the young boy could do nothing but_______.
A. So bad the three tough guys’ behavior was, move to another seat
B. So bad the three tough guys’ behavior was, to move to another seat
C. So bad was the three tough guys’ behavior, move to anther seat
D. So bad was the three tough guys’ behavior, to move to another seat
34. ______the error, the checkout assistant barked at the young man who______to return the extra change to her.
A. Not discovered, planned B. Not discovering, had planned
C. Not discovering, planned D. Not discovered, had planned
【答案】
25. C 主语是the police, 与compare是主动关系；those指代fingerprints, 关系代词用which
26. A 主语从句，动名词的否定，且用被动
27. B it is time...是做....的时候了，用一般过去时表虚拟，which指代前面整件事情
28. D research这里单数表示一个整体，24-hour做形容词不加复数
29. A be located at 固定搭配，先行词anything后关系代词用that
30. B beneath放句首句子倒装，句中缺谓语，主语bears复数，故用stay；hibernating冬眠，与bear是主动关系用现在分词
31. A Not until 放句首主句部分倒装
32. B 主句主语是I，分句用现在分词，boy是被欺负，用过去分词
33. C So...that 置于句首，部分倒装；could do nothing but do固定搭配
34. B 主语the checkout assistant与discover为主动关系；plan发生在bark之前，过去的过去用过去完成时
要点回顾：
1. 知识收获：
本次课梳理了时态语态 ，定语从句和非谓语三个重要知识点，我的收获是：
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2. 方法总结：
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课后巩固
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the coherent(连贯的）and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
When Noah Webster was young, he was a teacher. He disliked American elementary schools. They could be overcrowded, with up to seventy children of all ages___35____(crowd) into one-room schoolhouses. And he quickly became tired___36___the books he used in class. They were all about the English people and places. ___37___he wanted books that would be interesting to the American children, he wrote three books with many American examples. By 1785, he had written his speller, a grammar book and a reader for elementary schools.
Webster worked hard to change the spellings of American English. He suggested words ___38___(spell) in the same way they were pronounced. He tried many ways to ask people to help him to do this. For example, one day he asked a boy in a printed shop to print words theatre, centre, colour, and labour as theater, center, color, and labor.
With the money he made from his books, particularly his speller, Webster could start his great work on his famous dictionary, ___39___took him more than twenty years to finish. It also helped create the popular contests___40___(know) as “spelling bees”. And today, Webster’s dictionary is thought ___41___(be) the most important American English dictionary in the whole world. In a way, Webster dedicated his Speller and Dictionary to ___42___(provide) an intellectual foundation for American nationalism.
【答案】
35. crowding 考查非谓语的分词
36. of 短语搭配be tired of 对...感到厌烦
37. Since 表原因
38. spelled 过去分词表被动
39. which 非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事情
40. known 过去分词做定语 be known as
41. to be 不定式
42. providing 动词词组 dedicate...to doing
重点词汇：
Be tired of 对...厌烦
Crowd v. 拥挤
Sth is though to be... 被认为是...
III. Vocabulary 10%
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. form B. power C. high D. maintained E. strongly F. locations
G. operation H. impressed I. replaced J. connection K. remained
We are all familiar with planes, trains and automobiles, but what about transportation of a more unusual nature?
*Shanghai: Maglev Train
Shanghai is ___43___on a list of the destinations that tourists would like to visit in China. Do you want to feel the fast pace of the city as soon as you arrive in Shanghai? The maglev train is ___44___ recommended! With the technological help of a German corporation, Shanghai Maglev train has been open to the public since 2003. It is the world’s first and only commercialized maglev train line in ___45___. It takes only eight minutes to run from Pudong International Airport to Longyang Road Subway Station. You will definitely be ___46___by the amazing speed of the train and start an exciting journey in Shanghai.
*Beijing: Tram and Trolleybus
Trams and trolleybuses, part of Beijing’s public transportation, have experienced several changes in urban development. The earliest tram service in Beijing dates back to 1899. In the late 1950s they were ___47___by trackless trolleybuses that continued to ply(沿···定时运行）tram routes and draw ___48___from overhead wires. The extension of the trolleybus service stopped in the 1980s, but electric trolleybuses___49___ an important component(构成要素）of the public transit system in the city. In 2008, tram service returned to Beijing in the ___50___of a sightseeing bus on Qianmen Avenue.
*Guangzhou: Bus Rapid Transit (快速公交系统)
Bus rapid transit (BRT) aims to use buses to provide a subway-like service and speed for commuters. However, it’s more than ten times cheaper than subway systems to build and operate, because there is no need to lay railway tracks. The Guangzhou BRT system started to operate in 2010. It handles about one million passengers’ trips daily, carrying people to the ___51___with a subway system of a bike-sharing network. As a matter of fact, the BRT system in Guangzhou is the first one in the world to establish a direct ___52___to subway stations.
【答案】
43. D 仍保留在
44. E 本空需填副词， 被强烈推荐
45. G 运营
46. H 这里要填过去分词，对上海磁悬浮列车惊人的速度印象深刻
47. I 在19世纪50年代后期，有轨电车被无轨电车所替代
48. B 从上方的电缆上取得电
49. K 仍然是一个重要的构成要素
50. A 以观光旅游车的形式回归北京
51. F 名词，带人们去有地铁的地方
52. J 代入空中，a direct connection to subway station 与地铁直接接驳
IV. Reading Comprehension 22%
Section A: Cloze
NEW YORK -- Women head governments, run companies and comprise about half the world's workforce, ___53___ a global poll shows that one in four people, most of them young, believe a woman's place is___54___. The survey of over 24,000 adults in 23 countries, conducted by Reuters/Ipsos and released on the eve of International Women's Day, showed that people from India (54 percent), Turkey (52 percent), Japan (48 percent), China, Russia, Hungary (34 percent each) and South Korea (33 percent) were most likely to ___55___ that women should not work.
And, perhaps ___56___, people aged between 18 and 34 years are most likely to hold that view, not those from the older, and more ___57___, generation.
___58___, the majority, or 74 percent, of those polled believe a woman's place is ___59___ not at home.
"Over the past century, women, collectively, have made great gains not only in terms of societal ___60___ — from politics to the workplace to sports and the media and to intellectual pursuit — but there are still barriers to many," said John Wright, senior vice president of market research company Ipsos.
"This poll has a fundamental expression embraced by a full majority that women, individually or otherwise, should have the ability to choose to do what and where they believe they can make their greatest ___61___" he said.
In countries where most people believed women should stay at home, or where the majority held the opposite view, there was little difference between the sexes, the survey showed. ___62___, in India, the country where more than half of those polled said women should stay home, an almost equal number of men and women held this view.
53. A.but B.so C.for D.and
54. A.in the workplace B.in the home C.in kids’ hearts D.in the God’s hand
55. A.decide B.ensure C.reflect D.agree
56. A.surprisingly B.fortunately C.sadly D.strangely
57. A.respected B.stubborn C.traditional D. advanced
58. A.moreover B. Meanwhile C. Somehow D. However
59. A.possibly B.certainly not C.almost not D.somewhat
60. A.significance B.development C.transformation D.participation
61. A.efforts B.dream C.decisions D.contribution
62. A. For example B. By contrast C. On the contrary D. To sum up
【答案】
53. A 转折
54. B 妇女的地位应该是在家
55. D 同意
56. A 根据上下文，此处应表出乎意料
57. C 与older 对应
58. D 下文是转折
59. B 表相反的观点
60. D 破折号后面例举出各种社会人士表示了社会的参与
61. D 做出他们最大的贡献
62. A 举列说明
重点词汇：
Barriers 障碍
Make contribution 做出贡献
Hold the opposite view 持相反的观点
（A)
A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as wasteful consumers of energy and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide. As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls “what-I-can-do environmentalism.”
But on the other side are people who oppose(反对）air-drying laundry outside on aesthetic (审美的；美学的）grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations (HOAs) across the US to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look ugly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is asking for legislation (立法）to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii and Utah---have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates (拥护者）argue that there should be more.
Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck’s HOA in the Wake Forest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. “Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. “I’m not going to go crazy,” he says. “But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I’ll have to deal with it again.”
North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would clearly prevent HOAs from regulation（管理）clothesline. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. “People believe only homogenous (同种的；同质的）exteriors are supportive of property value,” says Sara Lee, executive director of the Community Association Institute. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if future buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.
Alexander Lee disagrees that clotheslines devalue property assets (资产), saying that the idea “needs to change in light of global warming.” “We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon influence,” Alexander Lee says.
63. All are mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryer EXCEPT________________________.
A. electricity consumption B.air pollution C.waste of energy D.ugly looking
68. According to the passage, which of the following is INCORRECT?
A. Those who oppose think air-drying laundry would devalue surroundings assets.
B. Those who oppose consider the outdoor clothesline unpleasant to the eyes.
C. Right-to-dry movement led to the pass of laws to protect clotheslines throughout the US.
D. Most of the states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines.
69. The HOA’s attitude towards the regulation of outdoor clotheslines is_________________________.
A. concerned B.negative C.supportive D.unclear
70. An appropriate title for the passage might be _____________________.
A. Opinions on Environmental protection B. Opinions on Air-drying Laundry
C. What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism D. Bans on Clotheslines
【答案】D C B B
67. 【解析】D选项是用clothesline的坏处
68. 【解析】第二段倒数第二句话。Only three states-Florida, Hawaii and Utah---have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. 可知美国只有少数洲有成文的法律来保护晾衣杆。C错误
69. 【解析】第三段“I’m not going to be crazy, but if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I’ll have to deal with it again.” 可见他对室外晾衣杆的限制制度并不是特别主动的支持，只是不得不履行职责。
70. 【解析】本文主要是讲大家对该不该室外晒衣服的意见。
V. Word Formation 5%
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper part of speech of the words given in the brackets to make the sentence coherent.
75. Residents said they couldn’t _________the high-level nuclear radiation any longer. (tolerance)
76. He showed a remarkable _________of the facts.(ignore)
77. The medicinal _________ of the leaves of this tree have been known for centuries.(property)
78. ________ impacted by the sand storm in north China, Shanghai suffered the worst air pollution in history.(continue)
79. A fire which happened ________burned the city to the ground.(accident)
【答案】
75. tolerate 动词
76. ignorance 名词
77. properties 由后面的have可知这里是复数。Medicinal property 药性，药用价值
78. Continuing 形容词
79. accidentally 副词
VI. Verb-filling 5%
80. If _________ alone on an island, what would you do?(leave)
81. _________the clothes, she began to clean the room.(wash)
82. We ________(work) on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion.
83. He returned home only _________ his father lying sick in bed. (find)
84. There is no point _________ (try) to persuade him not to buy what she doesn’t need.
【答案】
80.left 被动 be left alone
81. Having washed 现在完成时，主语一致省略，变成现在分词
82. have been working 现在完成进行时
83. to find 固定搭配only to find...
84. trying 固定短语 there is no point doing sth.
VII. Translation 16% (3+4+4+5)
85. 对于安全规则一无所知，他从马上摔下来了。（分词作状语，ignorant)
86. 我为没有帮助那个在地铁上被欺负的男孩而内疚。(guilty)
87. 为了度过寒冷的冬天和食物的缺乏，很多动物选择冬眠来节省能量。（survive)
88. 我从未想到从她窗户上被碰下来的花盆会砸到一个玩耍的孩子。（occur)
【答案】
85. Being ignorant of safety regulations, he fell off the horse.
86. I feel guilty of not helping the boy bullied on the underground.
87. In order to survive the cold winter and the lack of food, many animals choose hibernation to save energy.
88. It had never occurred to me that the flower pot touched down from her window would hit a playing child.
