2023英语高考命题总复习----阅读提升（国家地理历史概况）

考点十三 国家地理历史概况

第一步 精准刷题

阅读

A

(2020·浙江高考)The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9 :37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.

That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.

“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed," says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.

For all of Bellevue's success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be par. ticularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. "It's not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities," he says.

In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.

1. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Increased length of green lights.

B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.

C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.

D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.

2.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?

A. They work better on broad roads.

B. They should be used in other cities.

C. They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.

D. They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.

3.What can we learn from Bellevue's success?

A. It is rewarding to try new things.

B. The old methods still work today.

C. It pays to put theory into practice.

D. The simplest way is the best way.

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue(贝尔维尤市)采用了能随交通状况面调节交通灯时间的自适应信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明了人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。

1.C[指代判断题。”That”位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段中的内容。第一段最后一句主要讲述了信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.。＂意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯时间的灵活变化”。故选C.]

2.D[推理判断题。根据第四段第一、二句可知，自适应信号灯并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药，对于其他交通堵塞严重的城市来说，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起作用。由此可推知，KevinBalke(凯文·布莱克)认为自适应信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D.]

3.A[推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句以及最后一段第一句可知，这些自适应信号灯已经大大减少了往返于家和工作之间的麻烦和成本。在贝尔维尤市，自适应信号灯的转变证明了使用新方法的价值。由此可推知，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A.]

B

(2022·江苏省南京市高三学情调研)The race skywards began in America. In the late 1800s, industrialization had driven urban populations and land prices up, making tall buildings increasingly cost-effective. Like all major shifts in architecture, the trend was supported by engineering. The development of steel frames made it easier to build tall. The invention of the lift, meanwhile, made living in higher floors far more convenient.

Though similar in shape, today's skyscrapers look little like those built in the first half of the 20th century. This is mostly thanks to the curtain wall. Postwar developments in manufacturing(制造)meant that huge sheets of glass could be produced quickly and uniformly, and the curtain wall soon became the front of high-rises. As well as allowing for greater floor space and more natural light, glass surfaces help buildings bear greater wind loads.

There are now 191 completed skyscrapers that are at least 300 meters tall. But that doesn't mean our cities will grow taller indefinitely. While each additional story adds sellable floor space, construction costs also rise. All buildings reach a point where adding an extra floor will cost more money than it generates.

This reality can certainly be felt in America. Though skyscrapers began as a US phenomenon and continued increasing there in the 1960s and 1970s, the Middle East and Asia now dominate high-rise construction. This is partly due to the lower construction costs in Asian and other non-Western countries. However, it may also demonstrate that skyscrapers are about more than the return on investment-they are a matter of branding. And in some cities, building tall can be a necessity.

The next big challenge facing architects goes beyond height; At a time when buildings and their construction account for more than a third of the world's energy consumption and contribute about 40% of greenhouse gas emission(排放)，there are new environment-friendly costs to consider.

4.What caused the race skywards in America in the late 1800s?

A. The expansion of the city land.

B. The preference for higher floors.

C. The development of engineering.

D. The decreased price of steel frames.

5. What's the function of the curtain wall?

A. To beautify the skyscrapers.

B. To reflect more natural light.

C. To make skyscrapers more secure.

D. To promote manufacturing industry.

6. “This reality” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to the fact that___________.

A. 191 skyscrapers have been completed

B. cities limit the height of tall buildings

C. cities are desperate to create a brand of skyscrapers

D. profits decrease with buildings reaching certain heights

7. According to the last paragraph, many skyscraper architects will have to

A. lower construction costs

B. reduce carbon emission

C. define energy consumption

D. research greenhouse effects

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是摩天大楼越来越多的原因。

4.C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Like all major shifts in architecture, the trend was supported by engineering.(与建筑领域的所有重大转变一样，这一趋势也得到了工程学的支持。)”可知，19世纪后期，工程技术的发展使美国的盖高楼竞赛空前激烈。故选C.]

5.C [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As well as allowing for greater floor space and more natural light, glass surfaces help buildings bear greater wind loads.(除了允许更大的地板空间和更多的自然光，玻璃表面还帮助建筑承受更大的风荷载。)”可推知，幕墙的作用是使摩天大楼更加安全。故选C.]

6.D [词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“While each additional story adds sellable floor space, construction costs also rise. All buildings reach a point where adding an extra floor will cost more money than it generates.(虽然每增加一层楼就会增加可销售的楼面面积，但建筑成本也会上升。所有的建筑都会达到一个临界点，即增加一个额外的楼层花费的钱将超过它产生的钱。)”可知，这就是一个事实，因此画线词“This reality”是建筑物达到一定高度，利润就会减少这一事实。故选D.]

7.B [推理判断题。根据最后一段“The next big challenge facing architects goes beyond height ... there are new environment-friendly costs to consider.(建筑师面临的下一个重大挑战超越了高度：当建筑及其施工占世界能源消耗的三分之一以上、温室气体排放的40%左右的时候，需要考虑新的环保成本。)”可推知，许多摩天大楼的建筑师将不得不减少碳排放。故选B.]

七选五

(2022·广东省广州市第五中学高三月考)China has been the birthplace of many of the world's greatest inventions. It was, for example, the first country to produce paper money. Before the invention of paper money and coins, people used many different kinds of things for buying and selling.  1  This exchange of goods and services for other goods and services is called bartering.

2  In 1200 BC, people in China began to use shells(贝壳)as money. Usually the shells used as money were very small. This made it easier for people to carry money over long distances, and allowed for trade to develop between different parts of the country.

In the years which followed this invention, many other countries around the world began to do the same.  3 

The next development was in 1000 BC, when China started making bronze and copper shells. It wasn't long before the Chinese made round coins out of metal.  4  By 500 BC, metal coins had begun to appear in countries like Persia and Greece, and later in the Roman Empire.

About 1,000 years later, leather was used as money in China, and in 806 AD, the first paper banknotes were produced by the Chinese people.  5 

A. People also began collecting foreign coins as souvenirs.

B. During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.

C. It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.

D. However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.

E. They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.

F. As time went by, trade between countries increased.

G. The first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together.

1.__________     2. __________     3. __________     4. __________     5. __________    

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国是世界上许多伟大发明的发源地，并且是世界上第一个使用纸币的国家。

1.B [根据上文“在纸币和硬币发明之前，人们用许多不同的东西来买卖。”可知，在纸币发明前人们用实物来买卖。B项(例如，在那段时期，买一只鸡可能要用一些土豆来交换。)承接上文，符合语境。故选B.

2.D [根据下文的内容可知，在公元前1200年中国人开始使用贝壳作为货币，这就很容易携带钱到远方。D项(然而，随着经济发展，这样的交换方式变得不实用了。)引出下文，符合语境。故选D.]

3.E[根据上文可知，在这项发明之后的几年里，世界上许多其他国家也开始这样做，即就是也使用贝壳来作为货币。E项(他们也用小贝壳当作钱，买卖东西。)承接上文，符合语境。故选E.]

4.G [根据上下文内容可知，这时货币出现了新的发展，即出现金属货币。G项(最早的硬币上常有洞，以便人们可以把它们串在一起。)承上启下，符合语境。故选G

5.C [根据上文可知，在公元806年，最初的纸币由中国人制作出来。C项(很多年后纸币才在欧洲出现。)承接上文，符合语境。故选C.]

第二步 精深学习

阅读

A

On May 1,1926,Ford Motor Company became one of the first American companies to adopt a five-day,40-hour week. It was something workers and labor unions had been calling for. However, the five-day workweek was to increase productivity. With more time and money, workers were expected to buy and use the products they were making. Manufacturers soon followed Ford's lead, and the Monday-to-Friday workweek became standard practice.

Since then, everything has changed but the hours. Many people worked longer, which severely influenced health and well-being, as well as the environment. Until the Second World War, it was common for one person in a family, usually the oldest male, to work full-time. Women gradually made up 42 percent of the world's full-time workforce. Later, technology made lots of work unnecessary, with computers and robots doing many tasks previously performed by humans.

Well into the 21st century, we continue to work the same long hours as 20th century laborers, using up more of Earth's supply to produce more goods that we must keep working to buy, use and replace in a seemingly endless cycle of hard work and consumption. It's time to pause and consider better ways to live like shifting from fossil-fueled lifestyles with which our consumer-based workweeks are connected.

The UK New Economics Foundation argues that a standard 21-hour workweek would address a number of interconnected problems; overwork, unemployment, over-consumption, high carbon emissions, low well-being, and the lack of time to live sustainably, to care for each other, and simply to enjoy life. Economic systems that require constant growth on a finite(有限的) planet make no sense. It's time for a change in our economic thinking.

1.Why did Henry Ford shorten the workweek?

A. To increase efficiency.

B. To cut workers’ salaries

C. To end conflicts with workers.

D. To create more job opportunities.

2.What happened in the workforce after World War II?

A. The oldest male had to work longer.

B. Technology let people work more flexibly.

C. Job positions were created due to technology.

D. Full-time vacancies were filled by more women.

3.What can we infer from the last two paragraphs?

A. Companies shouldn't produce more than people can use.

B. The 21st century has witnessed the longest working hours.

C. The cycle of longer workweek and consumption should be changed.

D. Longer workweek definitely leads to stronger consumption capability.

4. Which would be possible if a 21-hour workweek should be adopted?

A. Companies would be closed down.

B. Economic growth would be stopped.

C. Economic systems would break down.

D. People would be encouraged to enjoy life.

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章就福特汽车公司工作制的改变展开了讨论。呼吁人们应重新制定工作时长，调整经济思路。

1.A [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the five-day workweek was to increase productivity(每周五天工作日是为了提高生产率)”可知，亨利·福特缩短了每周的工作时间是为了提高效率。故选A

2.D[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Until the Second World War…·made up 42 percent of the world's full-time workforce. (直到第二次世界大战，一个家庭中的一个人，通常是最年长的男性做全职工作，这是很常见的。女性逐渐占到全球全职劳动力的42%.)”可知，二战后的劳动力中更多女性填补了全职职位空缺。故选D.]

3.C [推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“It's time to pause and consider better ways to live like shifting from fossil-fueled lifestyles with which our consumer-based workweeks are connected.(是时候停下来，考虑一下更好的生活方式了。比如从依赖化石燃料的生活方式中转变出来，这种生活方式与以消费者为基础的工作

日息息相关。)”和第四段最后两句“Economic systems that require constant growth on a finite(有限的) planet make no sense. It's time for a change in our economic thinking.(在一个有限的星球上，需要持续增长的经济体系毫无意义。是时候改变我们的经济思维了。)”可推知，更长的工作周和消费周期应该改变。故选C.]

4.D [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The UK New Economics Foundation argues...and simply to enjoy life.(The UK New Economics Foundation认为，标准的每周21小时工作制将解决一系列相互关联的问题：过度工作、失业、过度消费、高碳排放、低幸福感以及缺乏可持续生活、相互关心和享受生活的时间。)”可推知，如果实行21小时工作制，会促使人们去享受生活。故选D.]

B

(2021·重庆高三二模)Recently Meituan copublished a proposal with a number of business organizations, including the China General Chamber of Commerce and China Cuisine Association, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help cultivate new eating habits for customers. “Restaurants should innovate means of publicity using official accounts on social media and live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions," the proposal said.

Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer guidance for consumers, including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes, to help them avoid food waste due to misleading information.

Catering associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to eliminate food waste. The China Cuisine Association announced that it had teamed up with Ele. me, the Alibaba Group Holding owned food delivery platform, to launch a “half-dish plan”，encouraging restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions. The Wuhan Catering Association proposed an “N-1” ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required.

To curb portrayals of food waste on social media platforms, popular Chinese video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content reviews of food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows. Now if users search certain keywords, such as“ eating show" or "competitive eaters", a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and maintain a reasonable diet.

5.Why did Meituan start such a proposal?

A. To popularize itself.

B. To save itself.

C. To mislead the public.

D. To prevent food waste.

6. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Wuhan Catering Association's proposal was a good practice.

B.“Half-dish plan" functioned better than “N-1” ordering code.

C. Meituan met with some management challenges.

D. Customers are required to order smaller portions.

7.Which of the following is mentioned?

A. Meituan releases some misleading food information.

B. More food is welcome when we treat our dear friends.

C. Few organizations realized the importance of food waste.

D. Online eating shows are monitored via media platforms.

8. How many good means of avoiding food waste are mentioned here?

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是美团网与包括中国总商会和中国烹饪协会在内的一些商业组织共同发布了一份提案，呼吁餐馆停止食物浪费，帮助顾客养成新的饮食习惯。

5.D [细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Recently Meituan copublished a proposal ... to stop food waste and help cultivate new eating habits for customers.(最近，美团与中国商会、中国烹任协会等多家商业组织联合发布了一份提案，呼吁餐馆停止食物浪费，帮助顾客培养新的饮食习惯。)”可知，美团发起这样的提议是为了防止食物浪费。故选D.]

6.A [推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“The Wuhan Catering Association proposed an 'N-1' ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required.(武汉市餐饮协会为餐厅提出了＇N-1'订餐规则，即10位用餐者只点9个人的餐。更多的食物只有在需要的时候才会被带到餐泉上。)”可推知，武汉市餐钦协会的提案可以避免食物浪费，是很好的实践。故选A.]

7.D [细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“To curb portrayals of food waste on social media platforms, popular Chinese video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content reviewsof food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows.”可知，在线饮食节目受到媒体平台监管。故选D.]

8.C [细节理解题。根据第二段“Meituan and the organizations are advocating that ... to help them avoid food waste due to misleading information.”；第三段第一句“Catering associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to eliminate food waste.”以及最后一段第一句“To curb portrayals of food waste ... and implemented regulation of online eating shows.”可知，本文提到了商家为消费者提供指导、开展消除食物浪费的行动以及对在线饮食节目实施监管共三种避免食物浪费的好方法。故选C.]

七选五

(2022·辽宁省沈阳市第一二O中学高三第四次质量监测)All over the world people are hooked on sports, which help them to strengthen their body and build their character.  1  They improve the participants' physical skills, and provided entertainment for the audience as well.

Many people like to watch others play games.  2  Often they get very excited when “their” player or team wins. If they are crazy about the game or the player, then they will become their die-hard fans. Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere go in for them. Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in countries near the sea or in those with many rivers.  3  And think of people in cold countries. Masses of people love to skate or ski in Japan, Norway or Canada.

4  Chinese boxing, also has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new, which started in the late of the nineteenth century. People are inventing new sports or games all the time. Water skiing, as a modern game, is one of the newest in the family of sports.

People from different countries or races may not be able to understand each other, but after a game, they get to know each other better and they often become good friends. Sports help to train a person's character.  5 

They also learn to be competitive and optimistic, which will equip them for life challenges in the future.

A. And the friendship may last for a life time.

B. They buy tickets or turn on TV to watch the games.

C. Chinese people liked doing sports even in ancient times.

D. What fun it is to jump into a pool or lake, whether in China, Egypt or Italy!

E. Some sports or games date back thousands of years, like running or jumping.

F. They learn to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace.

G. Sports are competitive physical activities or games through casual or organized participation.

1.__________     2. __________     3. __________     4. __________     5. __________

答案:

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章阐明了运动的好处。

1.G[根据设空前“All over the world people are hooked on sports which help them to strengthen their body and build their character.(全世界的人都喜欢运动，运动增强人的体质，锻炼人的性格。)”；及设空后“They improve the participants' physical skills, and provide entertainment for the audience as well.(它们能改善参与者的身体技能，也能给予观众快乐。)”可知，G项(运动是通过非正式的或有组织的参与而进行的竞技体育活动或游戏。)符合语境。故选G.]

2.B [根据设空前“Many people like to watch others play games.(很多人喜欢看别人比赛。)”及设空后“Often they get very excited when 'their' player or team wins. (通常他们会很激动当”他们的＇运动员或者团队胜利时。)”可知，B项(他们买票或者打开电视机看他们比赛。)符合语境。故选B.]

3.D [根据设空前“Swimming is popular in countries near the sea or in those with many rivers.(游泳在靠海或者有很多河流的国家很受欢迎。)”及设空后“And think of people in cold countries. Masses of people love to skate or ski in Japan, Norway or Canada. ( 想一下寒冷地区的人们，很多人喜欢在日本、挪威或者加拿大滑雪或者滑冰。)”可知，D项(在中国、埃及或者意大利，跳进池塘里或者湖里是多么的有趣！)符合语境。故选D.]

4.E [根据设空后“Chinese boxing, also has a very long history.(中国拳击也有很长的历史。)”可知，设空处应说明有很长历史的运动。E项(一些运动或者游戏可以追溯到几千年前，比如赛跑或者跳远。)引出后文。故选E.]

5.F [根据设空前“Sports help to train a person's character.”和设空后“They also learn to…in the future.”可知，运动帮助训练人的性格，让人学会竞争和乐观。F项(他们学会奋力拼搏，但公平竞争，胜不骄，败不馁。)符合语境。故选F.]

在语篇中提升

1.adopt vt. __________ vi. __________(A篇第一段)

→adoption n. __________ →adopted adj. __________

(1)单句语法填空

①The 7th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC) held in Yan'an from April 23 to June 11 in 1945 adopted Mao Zedong Thought__________ the Party's guiding ideology.

②The speaker doesn't see the__________ (adopt) of an estate or inheritance tax right now or in the immediate future, but a little later in the future.

③There, he was adopted__________ an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.

④If you want to improve your situation you must adopt__________ positive attitude.

(2)翻译

Having no children of their own, they decided to adopt an orphan.

他们因没有亲生儿女，所以决定______________________________.

2.content(B篇倒数第一段)

(1)单句语法填空

①Mr Lal has been asking for more responsibility, but has had to content__________ (he) with a minor managerial post.

②While most people in their 80s are content__________ (enjoy) life after retirement, Zhao Yafu, an agricultural researcher in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, prefers to spend most of the year working in the fields.

③She took refuge in the library, where she could read__________ her heart's content.

(2)一句多译

我对竞选的进展非常满意。

____________________ the way the campaign has gone.(content)

＝____________________ the way the campaign has gone.

3.competitive adj. __________ (七选五最后一段)

→compete vi. __________ →competitor n. __________ →competition n. __________

(1)单句语法填空

①The changes made the company more__________ (compete).

②The__________ is very fierce-hundreds of__________ are__________ for 56 medals, so I regret having not taken part in this games.(compete)

(2)翻译

毕业生不得不在竞争激烈的市场上奋力争取找到工作。

Graduates have to fight for jobs in__________________________________________________.

答案:

1.采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养；选举 领养，收养 收养；采纳，采用；选举 收养的，领养的

采纳某人的建议／计划／想法 采取积极的态度 领养孤儿 被··...·收养 选举某人为···

(1)单句语法填空

①as  ②adoption  ③by  ④a

(2)翻译

领养一个孤儿

2.目录；所含物，含量 尽情地 满足的；满意的 满意做某事

happy satisfied pleased 使满足 满足于某事

(1)单句语法填空

①himself  ②to enjoy  ③to

(2)一句多译

I'm perfectly content with; I'm perfectly happy/satisfied/pleased with3.有竞争力的；竞争性的 比赛，竞争 选手；参赛者 比赛，竞赛

(1)单句语法填空

①competitive  ②competition; competitors; competing; competitive

(2)翻译

a highly competitive market