2022年中考英语语法复习被动语态语法专项讲义

 被动语态一、语态分类英语中时态很多,但语态不多,只有两种,即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”,相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……” 的句式。 二、被动语态的结构“被动语态”的构成是：be + 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者) 例：His bicycle was stolen.他的自行车被偷。The building has been built in 2000.那个大楼 2000 年就被建筑了。 三、常用被动语态的用法及构成类别构成例句一般现在时的被动语态am/is/are + 过去分词He is loved by all his pupils.一般过去时的被动语态was/were + 过去分词Many trees were planted last year.一般将来时的被动语态will/shall/be going to + be + 过去分词Children will be taken good care of by her现在完成时的被动语态have/has + been + 过去分词The door has been painted.含情态动词的被动语态can/must/should + be 过去分词The problem must be solved soon.四、主动语态变被动语态的方法转换图示：主动语态：They planted a tree.主语 谓语 宾语 被动语态：A tree was planted by them.宾语变主语/ be+过去分词/主语变为by五、使用被动语态的情况（1）不知道动作的执行者是谁。例：Rice is grown in the south of China.（2）没有必要指出动作的执行者。例：Smoking isn’t allowed in the gas station.（3）需要强调和突出动作的承受着。例：Your work must be finished today.（4）句子的主语时物。例：Many houses were washed away by the flood. 六、主动结构表被动的意义情况（1）open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, watch, cut, burn, drive 等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。例：This kind of pen writes very smoothly.This kind of shirts sells well here.（2）look, sound, taste, smell 等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。例：Uniforms look ugly on us. Mooncakes taste delicious.（3）be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动意义。例：This book is worth reading.  不规则动词变化表①A-B-B 型变化  动词原形         过去式          过去分词        基本意义bend              bent                bent         使变曲bring              brought           brought     带来；引起；产生buy              bought           bought        购买；采购catch              caught           caught   接住；抓住；赶上；染上deal              dealt             dealt            分配；分给dig              dug                dug       挖（土）；掘地feel              felt                felt    触摸（某物）；感觉到fight             fought               fought      搏斗；奋斗；斗争；find             found             found        发现；找到；get              got             got/gotten   收到；接到；得到；成为have              had                had   有；吃；喝；进行；经受hear             heard               heard       听见；听说；得知hold              held                held     拿住；抓住；抱；举行keep              kept                kept        留下；保留；继续lay              laid                laid          放置；产（卵）leave              left                left   离开；把……留下；剩下Learn         learnt/ learned    learnt/ learned 学；学习；获悉；得知lend              lent                lent          借出；借给lose              lost                lost        失去；丧失；损失make              made               made     做；制作；制造；使得meet              met                met        遇见；碰见；相遇babysit         babysat           babysat            照顾婴儿pay              paid                paid        付钱；给……报酬say              said                said              说，讲sell              sold                sold              卖；销售shine              shone              shone         发光；照耀；照射sit               sat                 sat              坐；就座sleep              slept                slept           睡，睡觉；睡着smell              smelt                smelt       闻出；嗅；发出气味spend              spent                spent 用（钱）；花（时间）；度过stand              stood                stood   站立；直立；位于；经受teach              taught            taught        教，教授；传授tell              told                told        告诉；讲述；吩咐think              thought            thought         想，思考，认为understand         understood           understood      懂；理解；领会win               won                 won     赢；获胜；赢得，获得build               built             built            建筑，建造feed               fed                 fed              喂养hang               hung             hung            悬挂，吊sweep               swept             swept              打扫send               sent                 sent             送，派shoot               shot                 shot              射击spit               spat                 spat             吐（痰）spoil               spoilt             spoilt         溺爱，损坏，破坏flee               fled                 fled               逃离lead               led                 led         引导；致便；领导mislead           misled             misled  把…引错方向;给…带错路mean               meant             meant              意思是… ② A-B-A 型变化    动词原形          过去式           过去分词          基本含义overcome         overcame           overcome          克服，战胜become          became            become              变为，成为come              came                 come              到来；出现run               ran                  run                跑，奔跑；      ③A-B-C 型变化    动词原形          过去式           过去分词       基本含义Be             was/were             been     有；存在；是；成为begin              began            begun             开始blow               blew            blown         吹，刮；吹响break              broke            broken        打破；损坏，撕开choose           chose            chosen        选择，挑选，选取do               did                 done             做，干drink              drank             drunk             喝；饮drive              drove             driven          驾驶（车）：驱赶eat               ate                eaten              吃fall               fell                fallen         落下；跌落；变为fly               flew            flown             飞；飞行；forget            forgot           forgotten        忘记；遗忘；忽视freeze            froze            frozen        （使）结冰；冷冻give               gave            given         送给；授予；供给；go               went            gone     去；离去；行驶；到达grow               grew            grown   变成；生长；发育；种植know               knew            known   知道，懂得；了解；认识lie               lay                lain         躺；平卧；平放ride               rode            ridden     骑马、自行车等；搭乘ring               rang            rung     （铃等）鸣响；打电话rise               rose                risen        上升；上涨；起立see               saw                seen        看见；察觉；领会show              showed         shown/showed  给……看；展出；表明shake              shook           shaken               颤抖sing               sang             sung             唱，唱歌speak               spoke            spoken  说话；会说（语言）；发言steal               stole            stolen             偷；窃取swim               swam            swum            游水；游泳take               took             taken     拿；服用；乘坐；花费throw              threw            thrown         投，抛，扔，掷wake               woke            woken          醒，醒来，叫醒wear               wore            worn               穿，戴write               wrote            written     写，书写；写作，著述forgive              forgave            forgiven             原谅hide                hid           hidden/hid            躲，藏dive               dove             dived                 跳水sink               sank          sunk/sunken             下沉 ④A-A-A 型 动词原形           过去式           过去分词          基本含义cost                cost             cost     价值为，花费；使付出cut                cut                cut       切；割；剪；砍；削hurt                hurt             hurt     使受伤痛；刺痛；伤害let                let                let             允许，让put                put              put           放，摆；装入read                read             read           阅读，朗诵shut                shut             shut   关上，封闭；紧闭；合拢upset            upset            upset            使人不舒服bet                bet                 bet           确信，打赌hit                hit                hit               击中set                 set                 set               放置