专题39.名词、数词、形容词和副词考点运用---2023届高三英语总复习（通用）

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名词、数词、形容词和副词考点运用

考点一　名词

(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，” she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．
【答案】
1.Germans　2.dollars　3.thieves　4.knives　5.silence　6.minutes'　7.Frenchmen　8.money　9.jewels/jewelry　10.experience
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向
解题规则
1.填名词的单复数
若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。
1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10)
2.有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9)
3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。
4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。
5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8)
2.填名词的所有格
提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6)
1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。
2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s'或es'。
3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加's，如her brotherinlaw's character。
3.派生为名词
作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5)

可数名词考点解析

Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.
1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-es；以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，加-s。
②以-th结尾的名词加-s。
③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。
④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。
⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变-f或-fe为-v，再加-es。
但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。
⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2.名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但woman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3.名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。
⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。
⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。

二．易错点归纳
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅　tooth—teeth牙齿mouse—mice老鼠　man—men男人woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中国人　Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法　series—series系列species—species物种
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen先生　Englishman—Englishmen英国男子　
policeman—policemen男警察　chairwoman—chairwomen女主席　
businessman—businessmen商人　craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German的复数形式为Germans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析　basis—bases基础　crisis—crises危机　thesis—theses论文　medium—media媒介物　phenomenon—phenomena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日　blackboard—blackboards黑板　bookshelf—bookshelves书架　gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms　son-in-law—sons-in-law　looker-on—lookers-on passer-by—passers-by　story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：
grown-up—grown-ups　standby—standbys
3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里at the barber’s (shop)在理发店at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
随堂练习
单句语法填空
1．The team who won the three world (championship) would always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful (activity)．
3．The best solution might be to find the (weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on (passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hollywood (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He goes to the (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
7．—Where did you two have your (stomach) examined?
—At the doctor’s.We were examined by two famous (German)．
8．Since most students are in need of a nap，proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole (morning) hard work.
【答案】1.championships2.activities3.weaknesses4.passers-by5.heroes6.barber’s7.stomachs8.morning’s
不可数名词考点解析

To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。

易错点解析
不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：
fun乐趣
homework作业
bread面包
wealth财富
progress进步
equipment设备
room空间
weather天气
work工作
music音乐
news新闻
meat肉
word消息
traffic交通
luck运气
housework家务
milk牛奶
advice建议
man人类
orange橙汁
knowledge知识
furniture家具
baggage/luggage行李
information信息
单句语法填空
1．Oh，John，what pleasant surprise you gave us!
2．He gave us some (advice) on how to study English.
3．He felt that he needed more (knowledge) about import and export.
【答案】1.a 2.advice3.knowledge
随堂练习
1．Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring
celebration【解析】考查名词。句意为：中国新年是一个标志着冬天结束和春天开始的庆典。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。
2．Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
accuracy【解析】考查名词。句意为：历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语，位于形容词Historical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。
3．Later，they learned to work with the (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.(2020·浙江)
seasons【解析】考查名词复数。句意为：后来，他们学会了顺应季节，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子可知，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。
4．Other American studies showed no (connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019·浙江)
connection/connections【解析】考查名词。句意为：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。根据no可知，要用connect的名词形式，connection表示“联系，关联”，为可数名词，故填connection/ connections。
5.语法填空
In China, the history of people planting and using bamboo can date back to as far as 7,000 years. As early as the Shang dynasty, bamboo was being used in ancient 　1　 (people)daily lives. 　2　 was used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, musical 　3　 (instrument)and even weapons.
The 　4　 (apply) of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling. In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the local people in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigation network in the world, in which bamboo played 　5　 important role. The world’s oldest water pipe was also made of bamboo. During 　6　 Han dynasty, the people in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-metre-deep well with thick bamboo ropes. This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technology that the Americans drilled 　7　 first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
In Chinese culture, bamboo is well-known as one of the “four 　8　 (gentleman)” in plants. To many distinguished 　9　 (man), bamboo is a symbol of goodness and honesty. It is always closely related to people of positive spirits. Bamboo culture contributes to encouraging people to hold on when facing tough 　10　 (situation).
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　
【答案】1.people’s2.It3.instruments 　4.application5.an6.the7.the8.gentlemen9.men10.situations

考点二　数词

Mister Smith is 60① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However，he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital.Later，two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
①数词的基本形式为基数词。
②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。
③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。
“in one’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。
④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of＋名词复数。
⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如1/3：one third，2/3：two thirds。

易错点解析
1．易错基数词
thirteen十三　fourteen十四　fifteen十五　eighteen十八　nineteen十九　twenty二十　thirty三十　forty四十　fifty五十　ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一　second第二　third第三　fourth第四　fifth第五　eighth第八　ninth第九　eleventh第十一　twelfth第十二
一．单句语法填空
1．Peter got a model ship from his uncle on his (thirteen) birthday.
2．Two (three) of the students in our class have been to Disneyland somewhere.
3．Linda，there are too many mistakes in the (nine) line of your passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his (twenty)．
5．It is reported that the earthquake has left (thousand) of people homeless.
【答案】1.thirteenth2.thirds3.ninth4.twenties5.thousands
二．
1．The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化)．They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
the【解析】考查序数的具体使用。第一应该用序数词，用在句中其前要有定冠词the。
2．He did it one (three) the time it took me.
third【解析】考查分数的表达。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s。此处分子为1，所以用序数词的单数形式，故填third。

考点三　形容词和副词

(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
London is one of the 1.________ (large) cities in the world. Its population is 2.________ (small) than Tokyo or Shanghai, but it is one of the 3.________ (popular) tourist destinations of all. London is probably most famous for its museums, galleries, palaces and other sights, but it also includes a 4.________ (wide) range of peoples, cultures and religions than many other places. People used to say that it was the dirtiest city too, but it is now much 5.________ (clean) than it was. To the surprise of many people, it now has some of the 6.________ (good) restaurants in Europe too. For some people, this makes London the 7.________ (exciting) city in Europe. Unfortunately, London is definitely not the 8.________ (expensive) city in Europe, though a holiday in London is good value for money, considering what there is to see and do there.
【答案】1.largest　2.smaller　3.most popular　4.wider　5.cleaner　6.best　7.most exciting　8.least expensive
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向
解题规则

1.填形容词或副词的比较级
提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。
使用比较级的常见情况：
(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级。(如题2,4,5)
(2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断用比较级。
(3)当空格前有表示程度的词，如a bit, a little, much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等或有still, even等词修饰时，需填比较级。
(4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构。
(5)“否定词＋比较级”可以表达最高级含义。
2.填形容词或副词的最高级
提示词为形容词或副词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，并且句中有比较范围，句意有最高级含义时，要填其最高级形式。
使用最高级的常见情况：
(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”时，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等。(如题6,7,8)
(2)当空格前有the second/third ..., one of ...等词时，需填最高级。(如题1,3)
(3)形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far, almost, nearly等。如：
I am by far the most active member in our group.
我是我们组最活跃的成员。

形容词和副词的基本用法

I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④ in it.
①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。
②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。
③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。
④在感官类或使役动词＋宾语之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。

My mother is reading the novel attentively① now and she is quite① moved by it.Obviously②，she won’t return the book to me soon.
①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。
②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。

难点解析
1．名词、动词变形容词

2．形容词变副词
形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：
(一般直接加)　clear→clearly清楚地　great→greatly很，大大地
(元e去e加)　true→truly真实地
(辅y变i加)　happy→happily高兴地　heavy→heavily沉重地
(-le尾e变y)　terrible→terribly可怕地　gentle→gently轻轻地
(-ll尾只加y)　full→fully完全地　dull→dully迟钝地
(-ic加ally)　basic→basically主要地　scientific→scientifically 合乎科学地
3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法
-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，eye(眼神)，expression(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile on his face.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。
close靠近地　closely密切地，仔细地
hard努力地　hardly几乎不
late晚，迟　lately最近，不久前
most最，极其　mostly通常，主要地
wide指距离宽　widely广泛地
deep指具体深度　deeply深深地，非常，强烈地
high指具体高度　highly高度地，非常
随堂练习
单句语法填空
1．The old people there were talkative and they told us their (person) stories cheerfully.
2．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint)．
3．I’ll never forget the (amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to go there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and (hunger)．
5．I found life in the UK quite (differ) from that in China.
6．The title will be (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
7． (lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
8．I am (terrible) sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you at the appointed time.
【解析】1.personal2.disappointed3.amazing4.hungry5.different6.officially7.Luckily8.terribly
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

In my family，my mother is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mother，and becoming fatter and fatter④.He is quite worried because the fatter⑤ he is，the more likely⑤ he is to be ill.
①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est，以e结尾直接加-r或-est；一元一辅结尾注意双写结尾辅音，多音节词前面加more或the most。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。

重难点解析
1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common，handsome，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-ow，-er结尾的词。
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
good/well—better—best　bad/ill—worse—worst　many/much—more—most
little—less—least　old—older/elder—oldest/eldest
far—farther—farthest(指具体空间上)　far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加-er和-est。
easy—easier—easiest　happy—happier—happiest　early—earlier—earliest
5．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
No man is better than you in the world.人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a more interesting novel.这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
一．单句语法填空
1．The (much) we do for those in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Road safety has aroused (wide) attention of the public than before.
3．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and became the (big) of all operas in China.
4．Mr Green isn’t as strict a teacher Mr White.
5．I have never met a (kind) teacher than Mrs Smith before.
6．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times (fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
7．This restaurant wasn’t half as (good) as that one we went to.
8．When you study the local map，you’ll find this town is twice size of that one.
【解析】1.more2.wider3.biggest4.as 5.kinder6.faster7.good8.the
随堂练习
1． The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so the familiar near side.
than【解析】考查介词。根据空前的比较级more可知，此处是将the far side of the moon和the familiar near side进行比较。故填than。
2． One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their (fine) work，so that he could choose the best.
finest【解析】考查最高级。结合句意及后文的choose the best可知，此处应用形容词最高级。故填finest。
3．In the 18th and 19th centuries， (wealth) people travelled and collected plants，historical objects and works of art.
wealthy【解析】考查形容词。此处修饰名词people，应使用形容词作定语。故填wealthy。
4．As the small boat moved (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
gently【解析】考查副词。此处修饰动词moved，应用副词gently作状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
5．It’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and (meaning) college experience.
meaningful【解析】考查形容词。这里与前面的healthy并列，修饰后面的名词college experience，故此处也要用形容词。故填meaningful。
二．语法填空
一
A 13-year study of early childhood 　1　 (develop) made by Harvard University has shown that,by the age of three,most children have the big potential to understand about 1,000 words—most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.
　2　 (addition),the research has shown that while every child was born with a 　3　 (nature) curiosity, it can decline 　4　 (great) during the second and third years of life.Researchers say that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life,and during the first three years children learn the 　5　 (base) skills they will use in all their 　6　 (late) learning both at home and at school.
It is 　7　 (general) acknowledged that young people from 　8　 (poor)socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. As a result of the research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child’s life,a pilot(试验性的)programme that focused on parents as the child’s first teachers started in the US.As the programme shows, working with the family, rather than bypassing(绕开) the parents, is the most 　9　 (effect)way of helping children get off to the 　10　 (good) possible start in life.
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　
【答案】1.development2.Additionally3.natural4.greatly5.basic6.later7.generally8.poorer9.effective10.best
二
　1　 (color) fruits and vegetables are good for our health.Their 　2　 (nature) colors help protect our bodies from disease.Think about the colors of fruits and vegetables—the red of tomatoes,the orange of carrots,the green of apples and the purple of grapes.
You can enjoy eating fruits and vegetables of all colors—green,yellow,blue,purple and white.Each color is 　3　 (importance) to our health.These colors work together to protect our bodies.Scientists have studied 　4　 (they) and discovered the good of the fruits and vegetables.The list below shows some benefits of some colors in fruits and vegetables:
●Red gives us a 　5　 (health) heart.It can 　6　 (possible) reduce the risk of heart disease.Red helps improve our memory.
●Yellow is good 　7　 our eyes.
●White can reduce cholesterol(胆固醇).
●Green is 　8　 (help) to our eyes.It also gives us strong bones and 　9　 (tooth).
●Blue helps us keep a good memory as we grow old.It also helps fight heart disease.
So, when you are buying or eating fruits and vegetables,remember to try 　10　 (differ) colors of them.
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　
【答案】1.Colorful2.natural3.important4.them5.healthy6.possibly7.for8.helpful9.teeth10.different