专题49 说明文&记叙文阅读理解-2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清（译林版2020）

这是一份专题49 说明文&记叙文阅读理解-2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清（译林版2020），共28页。
专题49 说明文&记叙文阅读理解-2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清（译林版2020）

一）、说明文
最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题;高科技领域的科研成果;人们比较关心的社会问题;人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。
考生需要做到：
理解语篇主旨要义
理解文中具体信息
根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义
根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理
理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系
理解作者的观点、意图和态度

经典例题：
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。

Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and...it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear in different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D. To link space technology with school education.
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs.
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【解析】
本文为说明文。本文介绍了美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH计划。参与这个计划的高中生制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，这项计划实施结果显示会影响到学生的生活和大学录取。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A项正确。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).可知，HUNCH旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌；结合最后一段中的Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH program的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。故D项正确。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and...it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程师会亲自审核学生们所做的产品。故A项正确。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C选项正确。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screen…If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops…; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B选项正确。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的“When adding two numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。

During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32 Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。

Growing up in Taiwan as the daughter of a calligrapher(书法家)，one of my most treasured memories was my mother showing me the beauty, the shape and the form of Chinese characters. Ever since then, I was attracted by this amazing language.
But to an outsider, it seems to be as impenetrable as the Great Wall of China. Over the past few years, I’ve been wondering whether I can break down this wall, so that anyone who wants to understand and appreciate the beauty of this complex language could do so. I started thinking about how a new, fast method of learning Chinese might be useful.
At the age of five, 1 started to learn how to draw every single stroke(笔划)for each character in the correct order. I learned new characters every day during the next fifteen years. You only need 1 ,000 to understand the basic communication. The top 200 will allow you to read 40 percent of basic literature-enough to read road signs, restaurant menus, to understand the basic idea of the web pages or the newspapers. Today I’m going to start with 8 characters to show you how the method works.
Open your mouth as wide as possible until it’s square. You get a mouth—口. This is a person going for a walk with two legs. Person—人.The shape of the fire is a person with two arms on both sides, as if she was yelling crazily, “Help! I’m on fire!” —火. This is a tree—木.This is a mountain—山.The sun—日. The moon—月.The symbol of the door looks like a pair of car doors---门.These eight characters are the building blocks for you to create lots more characters.
24.What does the underlined word “impenetrable” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Available to learn about. B. Worthwhile to access.
C. Difficult to get across. D. Important to understand.
25.Why did the author try to think of fast ways to learn Chinese?
A. To prove her ability to learn. B. To help her mother with her career.
C. To get better grades in exams. D. To enable more people to enjoy Chinese.
26.With the most frequently used 200 characters people can .
A. read restaurant menus B. understand newspapers well
C. communicate with natives D. enjoy basic literature
27.What will the author probably talk about next?
A. How the eight characters build other characters.
B. What other meanings the eight characters have.
C. Where the eight characters can be used in daily life.
D. Why the eight Chinese characters are formed in this way.
【答案】CDAA
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章作者主要介绍了如何轻松地学习和阅读汉字。
24.词义猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词前半句“But to an outsider,(但对于门外汉来说，)”和后半句“as the Great Wall of China.(像中国的长城)”可知，对于门外汉来说，汉字就跟中国的长城一样高不可攀。所以impenetrable为“不能穿过的”之意。故选C。
25.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Over the past few years, I’ve been wondering whether I can break down this wall, so that anyone who wants to understand and appreciate the beauty of this complex language could do so. (过去几年，我一直思考如何能够攻克这堵墙，让那些要理解和欣赏这复杂语言优雅地方的人可以这样做。)”可知，作者试图想出快速学习中文的方法是为了让更多的人喜欢汉语。故选D。
26.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The top 200 will allow you to read 40 percent of basic literature-enough to read road signs, restaurant menus, to understand the basic idea of the web pages or the newspapers. (认识顶部二百个汉字，让你看明白百分之四十的基本文献——足以读懂路标、餐厅菜单，以了解中文网页的基本想法或报纸内容。)”可知，人们可以用最常用的200个汉字阅读餐厅菜单。故选A。
27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“These eight characters are the building blocks for you to create lots more characters. (这八个汉字是你创造更多汉字的基础。)”可推断，作者在文章下一段会介绍这八个汉字是如何塑造其他汉字的。故选A。

The ruins of a Maya city have been discovered in Guatemala with the help of the remote sensing technique LiDAR. This lost city envelops sites like Tikal, Holmul, and Witzna, but shows that these famous areas are a small part of this lost urban network.
Hidden under the jungles of the Maya Biosphere Reserve site, more than 60,000 human-made features — homes, canals, highways, and more — have been identified in aerial(从飞机上的)images collected by some international researchers headed by the PAGUNAM Foundation, a Maya cultural and natural heritage organization. Those have experts rethinking the outlines and complexity of the Maya Empire.
These ancient peoples obviously created these imaginative cultures based on their known relics (遗迹), but the new research has suggested that the size of this lost society is far beyond what experts imagined. The findings will be explored in a one-hour documentary called “Lost Treasures of the Maya Snake Kings”, to be broadcast on the National Geographic Channel.
This breakthrough was possible thanks to LiDAR sensors, which can survey lands in 3D by bouncing pulses off the ground from unmanned air vehicles and others. LiDAR is exceptionally useful for detecting archeological(考古的)sites, as it gets through jungles and other features that hold up exploration on the ground. The technique has made many discoveries become a reality in recent years. For instance, major finds at Angkor, Cambodia and Caracol, Belize can explain what it did. The final goal is to survey Guatemala’s lowlands with it.
“There are entire cities we didn’t know about now showing up in the survey data,” Francisco Estrada-Belli, one of the lead archeologists on the project, said in Nat Geo’s coming documentary. “There are 20,000 square kilometres more to be explored and there are going to be hundreds of cities about the mysterious people who built this urban network there that we don’t know about, and we will push back the frontiers with the technology,” he added.
32.What does the underlined word “Those”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Jungles. B. Human-made features.
C. Researchers. D. Aerial images.
33.What does the author want to convey in paragraph 4?
A. The working principle of LiDAR sensors. B. The process of researching Maya civilization.
C. Great importance of Guatemalans lowlands. D. LiDAR’s contribution to discovering the relics.
34.Which words can best describe the lost Maya city?
A. Small and hidden. B. Famous and high-tech.
C. Vast and complex. D. Fully-explored and imaginative.
35. What will the archeologists do next?
A. Continue to explore the unknown. B. Upgrade the LiDAR technology.
C. Study the documentary carefully. D. Build a massive urban network,
【答案】BDCA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在遥感技术激光雷达的帮助下，在危地马拉发现了一座玛雅城市的废墟，新的研究表明这个失落的社会的规模远远超出了专家的想象，还有2万平方公里的土地有待探索。
32.词义猜测题。根据第二段中Hidden under the jungles of the Maya Biosphere Reserve site, more than 60,000 human-made features — homes, canals, highways, and more — have been identified in aerial (从飞机上的)images collected by some international researchers headed by the PAGUNAM Foundation, a Maya cultural and natural heritage organization. 隐藏在玛雅生物圈保护区的丛林之下，由帕格纳姆基金会(一个玛雅文化和自然遗产组织)领导的一些国际研究人员收集的航拍图像中发现了6万多处人类活动场所——房屋、运河、公路等。可知，代词those指的是人造景观，包括房屋、运河、公路等，故Those指Human-made features。故选B项。
33.主旨大意题。根据第四段中This breakthrough was possible thanks to LiDAR sensors, which can survey lands in 3D by bouncing pulses off the ground from unmanned air vehicles and others. …The technique has made many discoveries become a reality in recent years. 这一突破之所以成为可能，是因为激光雷达传感器，它可以通过无人机和其他设备发射的脉冲从地面反弹，以3D方式测量地面……近年来，这项技术的许多发现已成为现实。可知，本段主要介绍了LiDAR技术在发现遗址方面起到的重大作用，旨在突出这一技术的贡献和重要性。故选D项。
34.推理判断题。根据第一段中This lost city envelops sites like Tikal, Holmul, and Witzna, but shows that these famous areas are a small part of this lost urban network. 这个失落的城市包围着像蒂卡尔、霍尔木尔和威茨纳这样的地方，但也表明这些著名的地区只是这个失落的城市网格的一小部分；第三段中but the new research has suggested that the size of this lost society is far beyond what experts imagined. 但新的研究表明，这个失落的社会的规模远远超出了专家的想象；以及最后一段中There are 20,000 square kilometres more to be explored and there are going to be hundreds of cities about the mysterious people who built this urban network there that we don’t know about还有2万平方公里的土地有待探索，将会有数百个城市的神秘人在那里建立了我们不知道的城市网络。可判断，玛雅城是广袤的；根据第二段中Those have experts rethinking the outlines and complexity of the Maya Empire.这些让专家们重新思考玛雅帝国的轮廓和复杂性。可判断出，玛雅城是复杂的。因此，玛雅城是广袤和复杂的。故选C项。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中There are 20,000 square kilometres more to be explored and there are going to be hundreds of cities about the mysterious people who built this urban network there that we don’t know about, and we will push lack the frontiers with the technology. 还有2万平方公里的土地有待探索，将会有数百个城市的神秘人在那里建立了我们不知道的城市网格，我们将利用这一技术把它推广到新的领域。由此判断出，这些考古学家们将继续利用这一技术开拓新的领域，探索未知的地方。故选A项。

With the world’s attention on vaccines (疫苗), now feels like a good moment to sing the praises of an often forgotten contribution to their development. Three hundred years ago this month, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu got her daughter inoculated (接种) against smallpox, making her child the first person in the West to be protected in this way. Without Montagu’s willingness to adopt a practice she had learned from other cultures, the introduction of vaccines around 80 years later would never have taken place.
Montagu first witnessed inoculation when she accompanied her husband to Turkey in 1717. Inoculation had started in Asia, probably in China, as early as the 10th century AD. Montagu observed how older women in Turkey took a tiny amount of pus（脓）from a person with smallpox. They then used needles to make cuts on people’s wrists and ankles and added the pus to their bloodstream. This helped people gain immunity from future infection.
Like other visitors to the country, Montagu took steps to ensure that her son was inoculated in Turkey. This worked well, but she knew that trying it in England would be far more challenging. Inoculation performed by unlicensed amateurs would threaten doctors’ professional standing and potentially rob them of valuable income. Churchmen also disagree with the practice, as they saw it as going against nature.
Back in England, Montagu observed the increased severity of smallpox infections. Eventually, in April 1721, she decided to use the Turkish practice to have her daughter inoculated, because she believed that the rewards would outweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed following the inoculation, Montagu allowed doctors to examine her daughter.
Doctors in Britain gradually accepted the practice. About so years later, a pioneering physician found smallpox vaccines to destroy smallpox completely. As early as last century, academics argued that Montagu was no more than an enthusiastic amateur. In truth, she made a vital scientific contribution towards finding the cure for smallpox.
24. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The origin of smallpox inoculation.
B. Montagu’s first access to inoculation.
C. The benefits from smallpox inoculation.
D. Turkish women’s invention of inoculation.
25. Montagu found it difficult to try inoculation in England because ________.
A. it was against human nature B. it might harm doctors’ interests
C. it was beyond doctors’ abilities D. it might shake churchmen’s belief
26. What led doctors in Britain to accept inoculation?
A. The increased severity of smallpox infections.
B. A physician’s discovery of smallpox vaccines.
C. The result of Montagu’s daughter’s inoculation.
D. Montagu’s focus on its rewards rather than its risks.
27. What might be the best title of the test?
A. An unsung hero B. No limit to creation
C. Development of vaccines D. A historic medical innovation
【答案】24. B 25. B 26. C 27. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了早期疫苗引入的历史。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Montagu first witnessed inoculation when she accompanied her husband to Turkey in 1717.（1717年，蒙塔古第一次目睹了疫苗接种，当时她陪丈夫去了土耳其。）”可知，第二段说的是她在土耳其第一次看到了有人接种的行为，也就是第一次接触到这种情况。故选B。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Inoculation performed by unlicensed amateurs would threaten doctors’ professional standing and potentially rob them of valuable income.（由无执照的业余医师进行接种会威胁到医生的职业地位，并有可能剥夺他们宝贵的收入。）”可知，Montagu发现在英国接种疫苗很困难，因为它可能会损害医生的利益。故选B。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Eventually, in April 1721, she decided to use the Turkish practice to have her daughter inoculated, because she believed that the rewards would outweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed following the inoculation, Montagu allowed doctors to examine her daughter.（最终，在1721年4月，她决定使用土耳其的方法让她的女儿接种疫苗，因为她相信回报会大于风险。在接种疫苗后的一段安全时间过后，Montagu允许医生为她的女儿进行检查。）”可知，Montagu的女儿接种的结果使英国的医生们接受了接种。故选C。
【27题详解】
标题判断题。这篇文章围绕的是M这个人将接种疫苗引进当地的过程，期间还将女儿作为实验对象，可见她对医学事业的奉献精神。B谈创造，偏离主题；C讲疫苗本身的发展，不全面；D讲历史性的医学创新，不符合主旨。故选A。

二）、记叙文
高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。
记叙文写作特点：
记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。
就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓“一篇之妙，在于落句”。

记叙文命题特点：
常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。
经典例题：
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. “I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner,” she laughed. “He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’ “Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
24. What should Titterton be able to do to be a page turner?
A. Read music. B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.
26. What does Titterton need to practise?
A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the “nodding”.
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.
27. Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband “the worse page turner”?
A He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.
【答案】24. A 26. B 27. D
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了为钢琴演奏者做翻页工作的Robert Titterton和他的工作情况。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.(我不是受过训练的音乐家，但我学会了识谱，这样我就可以在Maria的表演中帮助她)”可知，Titterton因为识谱，所以可以在Maria的钢琴表演中为她翻页。故选A项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.(无声的舞台交流是关键，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格来表示翻页，他们需要和翻页者进行练习)”可知，Titterton需要和钢琴演奏者练习识别他们的“点头”示意来翻页。故选B项。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’(他对音乐很感兴趣，感受着每一个音符，所以我不得不说：“翻页，翻页！”)”可知，Ms Raspopova的丈夫因为对音乐感兴趣，所以帮她翻页的时候总是沉浸在音乐中而忘掉自己的工作，她不得不去提醒。故选D项。

I don’t remember the exact date I met Marty for the first time. Like a lot of people who want to get through a checkout line, I found my thoughts on speed, nothing more. The line I was standing in wasn’t moving as quickly as I wanted, and I glanced toward the cashier, who was busy receiving money from customers.
He was an old man in his sixties. I thought, well, it probably took him a little longer to get the jobs done. For the next few minutes I watched him. He greeted every customer before he began scanning the goods they were purchasing. Sure, his words were the usual, “How’s it going?” But he did something different—he actually listened to people. Then he would respond to what they had said and talk with them briefly.
I thought it was strange, but I guessed I had grown accustomed to people asking me how I was doing simply out of a conversation without thinking. Usually, after a while, you don’t give any thought to the question and just say something back quietly.
This old cashier seemed sincere about wanting to know how people were feeling. Meanwhile, the high-tech cash register rang up their purchases and he announced what they owed. When customers handed money to him, he pushed the appropriate keys, the cash drawer popped open, and he counted out their change.
Then magic happened.
He placed the change in his left hand, walked around the counter to the customers, and extended his right hand in an act of friendship. As their hands met, the old cashier looked the customers in the eyes. “I want to thank you for shopping here today,” he told them. “You have a great day. Bye-bye.” The looks on the faces of the customers were priceless.
Now it was my turn. I glanced down at the name tag on his red waistcoat, the kind experienced Wal-Mart cashier wore. It read, “Marty.”
Marty told me how much I owed and I handed him some money. The next thing I knew he was standing beside me, offering his right hand and holding my change in his left hand. His kind eyes locked onto mine. Smiling, and with a firm handshake...
1. While the author stood in the checkout line, she felt ______.
A. comfortable
B. enthusiastic
C. impatient
D. embarrassed
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据 “checkout lines” 可定位至原文第一段，根据 “The line I was standing in wasn’t moving as quickly as I wanted” 可得知作者的不耐烦。故选C。
2. In the opinion of the author, people tended to ______.
A. remain calm while having a talk
B. talk about unimportant topics
C. develop a mindless conversation
D. face communication problems
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据题干中 “In the opinion of the author”，结合题文一致的特点，可以帮助我们将该题定位至第三段，“I thought it was strange, but I guessed I had grown accustomed to people asking me how I was doing simply out of a conversation without thinking.”。故选C。
3. The author thought Marty special because ______.
A. he spent as much time as possible serving customers
B. he was patient with all the questions from customers
C. he showed particular interest in customers’ personal life
D. he expressed his sincerity while giving back the change
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。根据文章第四段的信息，“This old cashier seemed sincere about wanting to know how people were feeling...”，可得知，主要是因为这位年老收银员真诚服务的态度，让作者感受到了不一样，故选D。
4. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Marty was a talkative man.
B. Marty cared a lot about what he did.
C. The author failed to get along well with others.
D. The author was dissatisfied with such a waste of time.
【答案】B
【解析】细节推断题。文章主要借由自己曾经排队的一次经历，被那位年老的收银员的真诚服务态度所感动的故事。因此可以排除A和D。C选项与文意不符,所以不选。故选B。

Dream in Heart
On the first day of school our professor introduced a new classmate — a wrinkled little old lady — to us. Her name was Rose, and she was eighty-seven years old.
After class Rose and I walked to the Student Union Building and shared a chocolate milk-shake. She told me she always dreamed of having a college education and now she was getting one. We became instant friends. Every day for the following months, we would leave class together and talk nonstop. I was always attracted, listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.
Rose became famous and easily made friends wherever she went. She tended to be highly motivated, responsible, and deeply involved in class participation. In spare time she had someone hang out or go to bars with. She even participated in some form of athletic activity. She said that extra-curricular activities can form a vital part of her experience, creating unique chances for friendship and learning.
At the end of the term we invited Rose to speak at our football meal. A little embarrassed, she leaned into the microphone and simply said. “I’m sorry I’m so nervous.” As we laughed, she cleared her throat and began, “We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up. If you’re nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year, you will turn twenty. If I’m eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year, I will turn eighty-eight. Anybody can grow older. It’s non-optional but that doesn’t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding the chance in change. In this way the elderly don’t have regrets for what they did, but rather for things they did not do.” Rose concluded her speech by courageously singing “The Rose”. She challenged us to study the words of the song and lived them out in daily lives.
At the year’s end Rose finished the college degree she had begun all those years ago. One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep. Over two thousand college students attended her funeral in honor of the wonderful woman who taught by example that it’s never too late to be all you can possibly be.
1. Why does the author compare Rose to “time machine” in Paragraph 2?
A. To stress her old age and knowledge of life.
B. To describe the close friendship between them.
C. To show that she always enjoyed her active life.
D. To explain why she took on a challenge in college.
【答案】A
【解析】细节题。定位到原文第二段句末，根据文章 “time machine” 后的 “as she shared her wisdom and experience with me”老人和我分享她的智慧和人生经历，可知这个比喻强调老人的年龄和人生知识；“时光机器”从中文也可以品味出来。故选A。
2. Rose was invited to speak at the football meal most probably because ______.
A. she was a great football fan
B. she was the smartest student
C. she tried hard to achieve her dream
D. she became more educated than the others
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。从文章第四段 “If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year, you will turn twenty” 这些内容说明要努力，以及第二段中 “She told me she always dreamt of having a college education and now she was getting one.” 她一直梦想上大学，虽然今年87了，但是她现在实现了。故选C。
3. We can learn that Rose agreed with the idea that ______.
A. growing older means growing up
B. it takes talent and ability to grow up
C. receiving high education helps to be courageous
D. one grows older at the same time when he grows up
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。根据文章第四段 “There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up”，排A和D；C属于无中生有；根据文章第四段 “Anybody can grow older. It’s non-optional but that doesn’t take any talent or ability”，可知成功需要天赋和能力。故选B。
4. The passage is intended to ______.
A. provide an example for the elderly
B. discuss how to grow up quickly
C. tell the importance of attending college
D. inspire the readers to live up to lives
【答案】D
【解析】主旨题。根据文章最后一句中“it’s never too late to be all you can possibly be.”可知是在激励读者。故选D。

She Walked Through Fire
On Thanksgiving Weekend, the Heffelmire family gathered for a meal at their home. After dinner, the family went down to the finished basement to relax except Charlotte’s father, Eric, who was in the garage to fix his truck.
Around 8 pm, Charlotte decided to check on her dad. She walked through the Kitchen. When she opened the said door to the garage, black smoke rose up into the kitchen. She could barely make out her father lying on his back, trapped under the truck. He’d removed the front passenger-side tyre and raised the truck on a jack (千斤顶).The truck had slipped off the jack , and now the whole weight of the wheel was on his chest and shoulders.
Charlotte ran to the front of the truck and struggled to lift it. Eric was still conscious, and he yelled, “You got it! One more try!” She tried again and was able to tip the truck backward just enough for her to pull her dad by the shirt with both hands from under the truck.
She dragged him across the garage and 20 feet down the driveway. Then she ran back to the garage, which had burst into flames, “I was afraid the car was going to explode,” says Charlotte, so she climbed into truck, which faced forward, turned the key, and pressed the gas pedal (油门). The car solely rolled out, the metal wheel scratching loudly against the concrete.
Safely on the driveway, Charlotte stopped the truck and ran back to the basement. “There’s a fire! Everybody get out!” she yelled as she picked up her three-month-old niece and ran out. Outside, she handed the baby to her mom, and then ran around to the burning garage. She picked up a garden (水管) and sprayed the fire while calling 911.
A few minutes later, firefighters and an ambulance arrived. Charlotte was treated for second-degree burns on both her feet and face. Her dad had injuries on his chest and shoulders, as well as minor burns on his face. The garage and the house were damaged but the family survived.
The Heffelmires are staying in an apartment while their house is rebuilt. “Charlotte is a remarkable kid,” says her dad. Charlotte, however, simply says, “I was saving my family and my house. I wasn’t going to let my dad die.”
1. Eric got trapped because ______.
A. the kitchen was on fire
B. the wheel fell off the truck
C. the front tyre was removed
D. the truck slipped off the jack
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。根据题干中关键词Eric got trapped可知，此题定位在文章第二段最后一句“The truck had slipped off the jack , and now the whole weight of the wheel was on his chest and shoulders.”由此可知，Eric之所以被困住是因为皮卡车从千斤顶上划过。故选D。
2. Which of the following is the correct order of the events?
a. Charlotte called the firefighters.
b. Charlotte saved Eric from under the truck.
c. Charlotte drove the truck out of the garage.
d. Charlotte warned the family to leave the house
A. b c a d B. a b d c C. a c b d D. b c d a
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。考查文章顺序，根据文章二到六段可知，Charlotte先是救出了Eric，然后把车开出车库，接下来提醒地下室中的家人有危险，最后打电话找了消防队。排列顺序可知D为正确选项。故选D。
3. As a result of the fire, ______.
A. the truck exploded
B. the house was not fit to live in
C. the three-month-old baby was injured
D. Charlotte was burned on her chest and shoulders
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。根据文章最后一段“The garage and the house were damaged but the family survived.”及该句之前的两句“Charlotte was treated for second-degree burns on both her feet and face. Her dad had injuries on his chest and shoulders, as well as minor burns on his face.”可得知，房子被毁，无法居住。而皮卡车没有爆炸，Eric的胸部和肩膀受伤，综合以上，本题B选项正确。故选B。

Finding a New Spring
A tradesman was leading a caravan（商队）to another country to sell his goods. Along the way they came to the edge of a severe hot-sand desert. They learnt that during the daytime the sun heats up the fine sand until it’s as hot as charcoal, so no one can walk on it — not even bullocks（小公牛）or camels! So the caravan leader hired a desert guide, one who could follow the stars, so they could travel only at night when the sand cools down. They began the dangerous night-time journey across the desert. A couple of nights later, after eating their evening meal, and waiting for the sand to cool, they started out again.
Later that night, the desert guide, who was driving the first cart, saw from the stars that they were getting close to the other side of the desert. He had also overeaten, so that when he relaxed, he fell asleep. Then the bullocks who, of course, couldn’t tell directions by reading the stars, gradually turned to the side and went in a big wide circle until they ended up at the same place they had started from! By then it was morning, and the people realized they were back at the same spot. They lost heart and began to cry about their condition. Since the desert crossing was supposed to be over by now, they had no more water and were afraid they would die of thirst. They even began to blame the caravan leader and the desert guide.
However, the leader himself didn’t lose courage. He began walking back and forth, trying to think out a plan. Remaining alert, out of the corner of his eye, he noticed a small clump of grass. He thought, “Without water, no plant could live in this desert.” So he asked his fellow travelers to dig up the ground on that very spot. They dug and dug, and after a while they got down to a large stone. He got down into the hole, put his ear to the stone, and heard the sound of flowing water.
A spring was found. All the people were overjoyed. They drank and bathed and washed the animals and cooked their food and ate. Before they left, they raised a high flag so that other travelers could see the new spring in the middle of the hot-sand desert. Then they traveled on safely to the end of their journey.
1. Why did the tradesman and his caravan have to travel during the night?
A. To use less water while crossing the desert.
B. It was too hot to walk on the desert in the daytime.
C. They might be able to find the spring in the quiet night.
D. The guide could find a short way by following the stars.
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。从文章第一段“They learnt that during the daytime the sun heats up the fine sand until it`s as hot as charcoal, so no one can walk on it(—— not even bullocks or camels! )So the caravan leader hired a desert guide, (one who could follow the stars,) so they could travel only at night (when the sand cools down)”他们（商人）了解到白天太阳把细沙加热到跟焦炭一样烫，所以他们可以只在晚上赶路；可知商人要晚上赶路是因为白天沙漠太烫脚。故选B。
2. Why did the group feel so desperate when they were back to the starting point?
A. They were in danger of dying of thirst.
B. They were running out of food.
C. Their guide had lost the way.
D. Their leader had lost heart.
【答案】A
【解析】细节题。从文章第二段倒数第二句“They lost heart and began to cry about their condition. Since the desert crossing was supposed to be over by now, they had no more water and were afraid they would die of thirst.”这队商人丧失信心并开始为他们的情况哭了起来，因为（按照预期）到现在为止跨越沙漠应该已经结束（但是并没有），他们没有更多的水，担心会死于口渴。可知这队商人如此的绝望（丧失信心）是因为：他们转回了原地，出不去沙漠又没有水，要渴死；B，他们没有食物，原文没提到；C，他们的向导迷路了，向导打瞌睡醒了之后，是知道怎么走出去的，但是水不够撑那么多天。故选A。
3. What is the moral of the story?
A. Never give up too easily.
B. Don’t mind what others think of you.
C. Don’t forget sorrow follows extreme joy.
D. Never refuse to offer help when you are needed.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨题。本文讲的故事是一个商队跨越沙漠，眼见快到达沙漠的另一头，向导打瞌睡导致转回了原点，而水不够了。正当大家都在心灰意冷感觉要渴死于沙漠时，领队没有丧失信心踱来踱去想主意,正好发现了一丛草，于是灵机一动想到此地有泉水，最后绝地逢生；所以要告诫我们的除了“行百里者半九十，越是到最后越是不能大意”之外，更重要的是“不要轻易放弃”。故选A。