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英语人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Natural disasters导学案
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这是一份英语人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Natural disasters导学案，共23页。
姓名： _________ 班级： ____________
1. T master the basic usages f the restrictive relative clauses.
2. T learn t use the restrictive relative clauses mentined flexibly.
1. T appreciate the functin f the restrictive relative clauses.
2. T write essays using the prper the restrictive relative clauses.
Step1: 语法自主探究
定语从句（一）---关系代词的用法
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫_____________。定语从句通常由______或关系副词引导，说明事物的具体信息，从句位于被修饰词_________。被定语从句修饰的词叫__________, 引导定语从句的词叫_____________，关系词指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当成分。关系词有两种: 关系代词_____________________________和关系副词when, where, why。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为______________和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子_____________的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用_____________隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话，除了that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定语从句关系词的用法相同。
关系代词的用法
一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法：
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准__________（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当______________。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的_________。
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用____________，关系代词主要有wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as。
二．关系代词的基本用法
三．关系代词易错点：
三．易混的关系代词辨析：
（一）that 和 which
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
四．as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ s…as…和such/ s…that…
2. the same…as…和the same…that…
一．名言背诵
1.千里之行,始于足下。
2.谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.自助者天助之。
5.闪光的不都是金子。
二．用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in t thse ________ have mney.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shwn s far in the city.
4. February is the nly mnth ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My sn made ntes f everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ nce taught us maths.
7. Will yu shw me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang?
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend f my elder sister’s.
9.The freigner _____ visited ur class yesterday is frm Canada.
10 Please pass me the bk _____is lying n the table.
11. ---- Class, yu shuld be thankful t thse peple _______ helped and supprted yu.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictinary_______ yu gt yesterday?
----Yes. Nw it's very cnvenient fr me t lk up wrds.
13.--D yu knw the student _______gt an A in the English exam?
---Of curse. She is my deskmate, Li Hng
14. I really like the family pht _____ we tk n my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stries ________ endings are happy.
16.Yuan Lngping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search t develp “sea rice”.
17.The teacher _______I like best ften encurages me t fight fr my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are utging and kind.
19. A kind f shared bike _____is called bluegg is getting mre and mre ppular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Yuyu is the wman _______ used the plant’s special pwer t save millins f lives.
21.His parents wuldn't let him marry anyne _____ family was pr.
22.It is the third time that she has wn the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23.Can yu remember the scientist and his thery _____ we have learned?
24.Until nw, we have raised 50, 000 punds fr the pr children, _____ is quite unexpected.
25. _____ is reprted , the number f smkers has drpped by 17 percent in just ne year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went t his hmetwn and visited the ld huse in ______ he was brn.
27. The man, frm______ I learned the news, is an engineer.
28. — D yu like the weekly talk shw The Readers n CCTV?
— Sure．It’ s a great TV prgram ______ purpse is t bring the habit f reading back int the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating frm cllege, I tk sme time ff t g travelling, turned ut t be a wise decisin.
三．单项选择
1.----Qingda is the mst beautiful city ____ I’ve ever been t.
----S it is. Many internatinal meetings are held there every year.
A. that B. which C. what
2.----Have yu watched the play “In the name f Peple” ?
---It’s the mst ppular play ______ur Party’s trying t struggle against crruptin（腐败）.
A. where; shw B. which ;shw C. that ;shws D. wh ;shws
3.We are talking abut the pian and the pianist ______were in the cncert last night.
A. that B. which C. wh D. whm
4.一CCTV has prduced a TV shw-Chinese Petry Cmpetitin. Have yu seen it?
一Sure. Wu Yishu, 16, _____studies at the High Schl Affiliated t Fudan, is the winner.
A. which B. where C. wh D. whm
5. Accrding t a survey, peple _______ are able t speak tw languages can manage tw things at the same time mre easily.
A. whichB. whm C. whseD. wh
6.She ften parks her car near the huse ______ she can easily get t.
A. where B. whC. which D. what
7.We shuld lk up t thse scientists sent Tianzhu-1 Carg Spaceship t space.
A. which B. wh C. what
8. I’d like t tell yu abut the table manners ________ yu shuld knw when yu visit France.
A. which B. wh C. what D. hw
9.Rald Dahl was a great children’s writer. His dark past helped him paint a picture was different t mst ther writers.
A. that B. wh C. / D. whm
10. —What kind f mvies d yu prefer?
—I prefer the mvies ________ me smething t think abut.
A. which give B. that gives C. that gives D. wh gives
11. She is the girl ________ brther is studying abrad .
A. that B. wh C. whse D. whm
12. Everyne ______ is a server knws that custmers always cme first.
A. whm B. what C. wh D. which
13. --Only Yu is a TV prgram __is ppular with mst yung peple.--Yes, it is definitely true.
A. thatB. whseC. whatD. wh
14. Yu are talented yung adults______ full f hpe fr the future.
A. wh; isB. whm; isC. whm; areD. wh; are
15. This is a heartwarming stry abut a by_____ saved his mther's life.
A. which B. wh C. whse D. whm
16. I’ve becme gd friends with several f the students in my schl _______ I met in the English speech cntest last year.
A. wh B. where C. when D. which
17. Many children, parents are wrking in big cities, are taken gd care f in the village．
A. their B. whse C. them D. whm
18. As a child, Jack studied in a village schl, ______ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
19. His mvie wn several awards at the film festival, was beynd his wildest dream.
A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it
20. She is ne f the teachers _________ much teaching experience.
A. wh; has B. wh; have C. whm; has D. whm; have
【答案】
Step1: 语法自主探究
定语从句（一）---关系代词的用法
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫_____________。定语从句通常由______或关系副词引导，说明事物的具体信息，从句位于被修饰词_________。被定语从句修饰的词叫__________, 引导定语从句的词叫_____________，关系词指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当成分。关系词有两种: 关系代词_____________________________和关系副词when, where, why。
定语从句; 关系代词; 之后; 先行词; 关系词; wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为______________和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子_____________的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用_____________隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话，除了that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定语从句关系词的用法相同。
限制性定语从句; 不可缺少; 逗号
关系代词的用法
一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法：
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准__________（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当______________。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的_________。
先行词; 什么成分; 引导词
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用____________，关系代词主要有wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as。
关系代词
二．关系代词的基本用法
三．关系代词易错点：
三．易混的关系代词辨析：
（一）that 和 which
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
四．as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ s…as…和such/ s…that…
2. the same…as…和the same…that…
名言背诵
【答案】：
1.He wh wuld climb the ladder must begin at the bttm.
千里之行,始于足下。
2.He laughs best wh laughs last.
谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.Nthing is t difficult t the man wh will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.Gd helps thse wh help themselves.
自助者天助之。
5.Nt all that glitters is gld.
闪光的不都是金子。
【答案】：
二．1.that/which 2.wh 3.that 4.that 5.that 6.wh/that 7.whse 8.wh/that
9.wh /that 10. which/that 11. wh 12. that/which 13. wh/that 14. that/which 15. whse
16. wh/that 17. wh/whm/that 18. wh/that 19. that/which 20. wh/that 21. whse 22.which 23. that 24. which 25. As 26.which 27. whm 28.whse 29. whse 30. which
三．1-5 ACACD 6-10 CBAAA 11-15 CCADB 16-20 ABAAB
指代
关系代词以及在定语从句中充当的成分
例句
1.人
wh(______、___________)
whm(____________)
that(___________、________________)
The man _____________ is speaking at the meeting is a famus scientist. （作is speaking的主语）
在会上讲话的人是一位著名的科学家。
He _________ des nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man. （作des nt reach的主语）
不到长城非好汉。
This is the famus scientist (_____________) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。
2.物
that(_____、__________)
which(_________、_____________)
He finally wrked ut the prblem ______________ puzzled him fr a lng time. （作puzzled的主语）
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。
The fish (______________) we bught yesterday were nt fresh. （作bught的宾语）
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。
3.人的；
物的
whse(_____________)
They rushed ver t help the man ____________ car brke dwn. （whse car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。
There is a muntain ______________ tp is always cvered with snw.( whse tp=the muntain’s tp，作定语，修饰tp)
有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。
4.句子
（在非限制性定语从句中）
which(__________、___________)
as(___________________、_____________)
The weather turned ut very gd, ____________ was mre than we culd expect. （which指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作was的主语）
天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。
______________ everyne knws , China is a beautiful cuntry with a lng histry . （As指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家”，作knws 的宾语）
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作_________时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man wh /that wants t see yu?( 作wants的主语不可省略)
他就是那个想见你的人吗？
Hangzhu is a beautiful city(___________)I always want t visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。
Hangzhu ,_____________ I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。
2.从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的引导词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
判断正误
The bk that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（）
The bk that I read yesterday is very interesting.（）
This is the wman wh I met her last time.（）
This is the wman wh I met last time. （）
3.关系代词和代词的误用
定语从句的引导词要用关系代词，而不能用一般代词。
判断正误
This is the by he tld me a stry yesterday. （）
This is the by wh tld me a stry yesterday. （）
This is the by his father is ur headmaster. （）
This is the by whse father is ur headmaster. （）
4.what不引导定语从句
定语从句中有关系代词that和which ，而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。
All that we need is a supply f il. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all)
What we need is a supply f il. (what引导主语从句)
我们需要的是石油供应。
5.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词wh/ whm，指代“物”，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, _____ tried t make a cmeback, attracted lts f attentin. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。
Beijing, ____________is the capital f China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。
He has becme a dctr, _________ he wanted t be.
他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。
6.介词+which/whm
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whm，而不用wh。介词不提前时，用that/which, wh /whm都可以。
I have the bk abut ____________ yu are talking.
= I have the bk (that/ which) yu are talking abut.
我有你现在谈论的那本书。
The man with _____________ I talked just nw is frm Beijing University.
= The man( wh / whm/that) I talked with just nw is frm Beijing University.
刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。
7.whse+n.
= the+n
+f which
=f which
+the+n.
whse+n.可与the+n +f which
互换，而且f which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the rm _________ windw faces suth.( whse windw=the rm’s windw)
I live in the rm the windw f _________/ f which the windw faces suth.( the windw f which= the windw f the rm)
我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (nly/very)ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a gd student ____________ likes t help thers.
他是一个乐于助人的好学生。
They are gd students _____________ like t help thers.
他们是乐于助人的好学生。
He is ne f the students __________________ praised.
他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。
He is the ne/ the nly ne f the students ________________ praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。
1.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nthing, all, any, much, many, sme, few, little, nne等或当先行词被n, sme, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
T get the jb started, all that I need is yur permissin.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can d fr yu?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questins that were asked by the reprters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the nly, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That’s the nly thing that we can d nw.目前我们只能这样了。
This is the very pen that I am lking fr. 这正是我找的钢笔。
He still lives in the same huse that we visited ten years ag. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This was ne f the mst interesting bks______________ were sld in this bk stre.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing ________________ shuld be dne is t get sme fd.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I’m ging t talk abut the cuntries and peple _________________I have visited.
我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the T-shirt_____________ fits me mst?
那件体恤衫最适合我？
2.用which，不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
Ftball, ____________ is an interesting game, is played all ver the wrld.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the rm in __________ my father lived last year.
= This is the rm (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
______________is knwn t us all, the earth turns arund the sun.
The earth, __________ is knwn t us all, turns arund the sun.
The earth turns arund the sun, ___________is knwn t us all.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike wn the first prize, _______ was expected.
正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。
Mike wn the first prize, __________ was nt expected.
迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, s, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。
比较：
I have never read the bk that yu have talked abut. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。
I have never read such an interesting bk as yu have talked abut.
= I have never read s/ as interesting a bk as yu have talked abut.
我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。
As we knw, she is a gd teacher.
我们都知道她是一个好老师。
Lily, as we expected, wn the first prize in the cmpetitin yesterday.
像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。
①such/s…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等）
②such/s…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stne __________n ne can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stne _____________ n ne can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bught the same watch _____________ yu have.
我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch ______________ I lst.
这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）
指代
关系代词以及在定语从句中充当的成分
例句
1.人
wh(主语、宾语)
whm(宾语)
that(主语、宾语)
The man wh/that is speaking at the meeting is a famus scientist. （作is speaking的主语）
在会上讲话的人是一位著名的科学家。
He wh/that des nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man. （作des nt reach的主语）
不到长城非好汉。
This is the famus scientist (wh/whm/that) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。
2.物
that(主语、宾语)
which(主语、宾语)
He finally wrked ut the prblem which/ that puzzled him fr a lng time. （作puzzled的主语）
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。
The fish (that/which) we bught yesterday were nt fresh. （作bught的宾语）
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。
3.人的；
物的
whse(定语)
They rushed ver t help the man whse car brke dwn. （whse car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。
There is a muntain whse tp is always cvered with snw.( whse tp=the muntain’s tp，作定语，修饰tp)
有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。
4.句子
（在非限制性定语从句中）
which(主语、宾语)
as(主语、宾语)
The weather turned ut very gd, which was mre than we culd expect. （which指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作was的主语）
天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。
As everyne knws , China is a beautiful cuntry with a lng histry . （As指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家”，作knws 的宾语）
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man wh /that wants t see yu?( 作wants的主语不可省略)
他就是那个想见你的人吗？
Hangzhu is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want t visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。
Hangzhu ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。
2.从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的引导词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
The bk that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×）
The bk that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√）
我昨天读的那本书很有趣。
This is the wman wh I met her last time.（×）
This is the wman wh I met last time. （√）
这就是我上次遇见的妇女。
3.关系代词和代词的误用
定语从句的引导词要用关系代词，而不能用一般代词。
This is the by he tld me a stry yesterday. （×）
This is the by wh tld me a stry yesterday. （√）
这就是昨天给我讲故事的男孩。
This is the by his father is ur headmaster. （×）
This is the by whse father is ur headmaster. （√）
这就是这个男孩，他的爸爸是我们的校长。
4.what不引导定语从句
定语从句中有关系代词that和which ，而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。
All that we need is a supply f il. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all)
What we need is a supply f il. (what引导主语从句)
我们需要的是石油供应。
5.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词wh/ whm，指代“物”，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, wh tried t make a cmeback, attracted lts f attentin. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。
Beijing, which is the capital f China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。
He has becme a dctr, which he wanted t be.
他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。
6.介词+which/whm
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whm，而不用wh。介词不提前时，用that/which, wh /whm都可以。
I have the bk abut which yu are talking.
= I have the bk (that/ which) yu are talking abut.
我有你现在谈论的那本书。
The man with whm I talked just nw is frm Beijing University.
= The man( wh / whm/that) I talked with just nw is frm Beijing University.
刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。
7.whse+n.
= the+n
+f which
=f which
+the+n.
whse+n.可与the+n +f which
互换，而且f which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the rm whse windw faces suth.( whse windw=the rm’s windw)
I live in the rm the windw f which / f which the windw faces suth.( the windw f which= the windw f the rm)
我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (nly/very)ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a gd student wh likes t help thers.
他是一个乐于助人的好学生。
They are gd students wh like t help thers.
他们是乐于助人的好学生。
He is ne f the students wh were praised.
他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。
He is the ne/ the nly ne f the students wh was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。
1.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nthing, all, any, much, many, sme, few, little, nne等或当先行词被n, sme, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
T get the jb started, all that I need is yur permissin.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can d fr yu?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questins that were asked by the reprters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the nly, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That’s the nly thing that we can d nw.目前我们只能这样了。
This is the very pen that I am lking fr. 这正是我找的钢笔。
He still lives in the same huse that we visited ten years ag. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This was ne f the mst interesting bks that were sld in this bk stre.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that shuld be dne is t get sme fd.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I’m ging t talk abut the cuntries and peple that I have visited.
我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the T-shirt that fits me mst?
那件体恤衫最适合我？
2.用which，不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
Ftball, which is an interesting game, is played all ver the wrld.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the rm in which my father lived last year.
= This is the rm (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
As is knwn t us all, the earth turns arund the sun.
The earth, as is knwn t us all, turns arund the sun.
The earth turns arund the sun, as /which is knwn t us all.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike wn the first prize, as was expected.
正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。
Mike wn the first prize, which was nt expected.
迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, s, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。
比较：
I have never read the bk that yu have talked abut. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。
I have never read such an interesting bk as yu have talked abut.
= I have never read s/ as interesting a bk as yu have talked abut.
我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。
As we knw, she is a gd teacher.
我们都知道她是一个好老师。
Lily, as we expected, wn the first prize in the cmpetitin yesterday.
像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。
①such/s…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等）
②such/s…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stne as n ne can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stne that n ne can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bught the same watch as yu have.
我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch that I lst.
这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）
姓名： _________ 班级： ____________
1. T master the basic usages f the restrictive relative clauses.
2. T learn t use the restrictive relative clauses mentined flexibly.
1. T appreciate the functin f the restrictive relative clauses.
2. T write essays using the prper the restrictive relative clauses.
Step1: 语法自主探究
定语从句（一）---关系代词的用法
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫_____________。定语从句通常由______或关系副词引导，说明事物的具体信息，从句位于被修饰词_________。被定语从句修饰的词叫__________, 引导定语从句的词叫_____________，关系词指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当成分。关系词有两种: 关系代词_____________________________和关系副词when, where, why。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为______________和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子_____________的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用_____________隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话，除了that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定语从句关系词的用法相同。
关系代词的用法
一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法：
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准__________（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当______________。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的_________。
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用____________，关系代词主要有wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as。
二．关系代词的基本用法
三．关系代词易错点：
三．易混的关系代词辨析：
（一）that 和 which
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
四．as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ s…as…和such/ s…that…
2. the same…as…和the same…that…
一．名言背诵
1.千里之行,始于足下。
2.谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.自助者天助之。
5.闪光的不都是金子。
二．用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in t thse ________ have mney.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shwn s far in the city.
4. February is the nly mnth ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My sn made ntes f everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ nce taught us maths.
7. Will yu shw me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang?
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend f my elder sister’s.
9.The freigner _____ visited ur class yesterday is frm Canada.
10 Please pass me the bk _____is lying n the table.
11. ---- Class, yu shuld be thankful t thse peple _______ helped and supprted yu.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictinary_______ yu gt yesterday?
----Yes. Nw it's very cnvenient fr me t lk up wrds.
13.--D yu knw the student _______gt an A in the English exam?
---Of curse. She is my deskmate, Li Hng
14. I really like the family pht _____ we tk n my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stries ________ endings are happy.
16.Yuan Lngping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search t develp “sea rice”.
17.The teacher _______I like best ften encurages me t fight fr my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are utging and kind.
19. A kind f shared bike _____is called bluegg is getting mre and mre ppular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Yuyu is the wman _______ used the plant’s special pwer t save millins f lives.
21.His parents wuldn't let him marry anyne _____ family was pr.
22.It is the third time that she has wn the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23.Can yu remember the scientist and his thery _____ we have learned?
24.Until nw, we have raised 50, 000 punds fr the pr children, _____ is quite unexpected.
25. _____ is reprted , the number f smkers has drpped by 17 percent in just ne year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went t his hmetwn and visited the ld huse in ______ he was brn.
27. The man, frm______ I learned the news, is an engineer.
28. — D yu like the weekly talk shw The Readers n CCTV?
— Sure．It’ s a great TV prgram ______ purpse is t bring the habit f reading back int the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating frm cllege, I tk sme time ff t g travelling, turned ut t be a wise decisin.
三．单项选择
1.----Qingda is the mst beautiful city ____ I’ve ever been t.
----S it is. Many internatinal meetings are held there every year.
A. that B. which C. what
2.----Have yu watched the play “In the name f Peple” ?
---It’s the mst ppular play ______ur Party’s trying t struggle against crruptin（腐败）.
A. where; shw B. which ;shw C. that ;shws D. wh ;shws
3.We are talking abut the pian and the pianist ______were in the cncert last night.
A. that B. which C. wh D. whm
4.一CCTV has prduced a TV shw-Chinese Petry Cmpetitin. Have yu seen it?
一Sure. Wu Yishu, 16, _____studies at the High Schl Affiliated t Fudan, is the winner.
A. which B. where C. wh D. whm
5. Accrding t a survey, peple _______ are able t speak tw languages can manage tw things at the same time mre easily.
A. whichB. whm C. whseD. wh
6.She ften parks her car near the huse ______ she can easily get t.
A. where B. whC. which D. what
7.We shuld lk up t thse scientists sent Tianzhu-1 Carg Spaceship t space.
A. which B. wh C. what
8. I’d like t tell yu abut the table manners ________ yu shuld knw when yu visit France.
A. which B. wh C. what D. hw
9.Rald Dahl was a great children’s writer. His dark past helped him paint a picture was different t mst ther writers.
A. that B. wh C. / D. whm
10. —What kind f mvies d yu prefer?
—I prefer the mvies ________ me smething t think abut.
A. which give B. that gives C. that gives D. wh gives
11. She is the girl ________ brther is studying abrad .
A. that B. wh C. whse D. whm
12. Everyne ______ is a server knws that custmers always cme first.
A. whm B. what C. wh D. which
13. --Only Yu is a TV prgram __is ppular with mst yung peple.--Yes, it is definitely true.
A. thatB. whseC. whatD. wh
14. Yu are talented yung adults______ full f hpe fr the future.
A. wh; isB. whm; isC. whm; areD. wh; are
15. This is a heartwarming stry abut a by_____ saved his mther's life.
A. which B. wh C. whse D. whm
16. I’ve becme gd friends with several f the students in my schl _______ I met in the English speech cntest last year.
A. wh B. where C. when D. which
17. Many children, parents are wrking in big cities, are taken gd care f in the village．
A. their B. whse C. them D. whm
18. As a child, Jack studied in a village schl, ______ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
19. His mvie wn several awards at the film festival, was beynd his wildest dream.
A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it
20. She is ne f the teachers _________ much teaching experience.
A. wh; has B. wh; have C. whm; has D. whm; have
【答案】
Step1: 语法自主探究
定语从句（一）---关系代词的用法
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫_____________。定语从句通常由______或关系副词引导，说明事物的具体信息，从句位于被修饰词_________。被定语从句修饰的词叫__________, 引导定语从句的词叫_____________，关系词指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当成分。关系词有两种: 关系代词_____________________________和关系副词when, where, why。
定语从句; 关系代词; 之后; 先行词; 关系词; wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为______________和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子_____________的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用_____________隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话，除了that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定语从句关系词的用法相同。
限制性定语从句; 不可缺少; 逗号
关系代词的用法
一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法：
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准__________（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当______________。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的_________。
先行词; 什么成分; 引导词
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用____________，关系代词主要有wh, whm ,whse, that, which, as。
关系代词
二．关系代词的基本用法
三．关系代词易错点：
三．易混的关系代词辨析：
（一）that 和 which
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
四．as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ s…as…和such/ s…that…
2. the same…as…和the same…that…
名言背诵
【答案】：
1.He wh wuld climb the ladder must begin at the bttm.
千里之行,始于足下。
2.He laughs best wh laughs last.
谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.Nthing is t difficult t the man wh will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.Gd helps thse wh help themselves.
自助者天助之。
5.Nt all that glitters is gld.
闪光的不都是金子。
【答案】：
二．1.that/which 2.wh 3.that 4.that 5.that 6.wh/that 7.whse 8.wh/that
9.wh /that 10. which/that 11. wh 12. that/which 13. wh/that 14. that/which 15. whse
16. wh/that 17. wh/whm/that 18. wh/that 19. that/which 20. wh/that 21. whse 22.which 23. that 24. which 25. As 26.which 27. whm 28.whse 29. whse 30. which
三．1-5 ACACD 6-10 CBAAA 11-15 CCADB 16-20 ABAAB
指代
关系代词以及在定语从句中充当的成分
例句
1.人
wh(______、___________)
whm(____________)
that(___________、________________)
The man _____________ is speaking at the meeting is a famus scientist. （作is speaking的主语）
在会上讲话的人是一位著名的科学家。
He _________ des nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man. （作des nt reach的主语）
不到长城非好汉。
This is the famus scientist (_____________) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。
2.物
that(_____、__________)
which(_________、_____________)
He finally wrked ut the prblem ______________ puzzled him fr a lng time. （作puzzled的主语）
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。
The fish (______________) we bught yesterday were nt fresh. （作bught的宾语）
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。
3.人的；
物的
whse(_____________)
They rushed ver t help the man ____________ car brke dwn. （whse car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。
There is a muntain ______________ tp is always cvered with snw.( whse tp=the muntain’s tp，作定语，修饰tp)
有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。
4.句子
（在非限制性定语从句中）
which(__________、___________)
as(___________________、_____________)
The weather turned ut very gd, ____________ was mre than we culd expect. （which指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作was的主语）
天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。
______________ everyne knws , China is a beautiful cuntry with a lng histry . （As指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家”，作knws 的宾语）
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作_________时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man wh /that wants t see yu?( 作wants的主语不可省略)
他就是那个想见你的人吗？
Hangzhu is a beautiful city(___________)I always want t visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。
Hangzhu ,_____________ I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。
2.从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的引导词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
判断正误
The bk that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（）
The bk that I read yesterday is very interesting.（）
This is the wman wh I met her last time.（）
This is the wman wh I met last time. （）
3.关系代词和代词的误用
定语从句的引导词要用关系代词，而不能用一般代词。
判断正误
This is the by he tld me a stry yesterday. （）
This is the by wh tld me a stry yesterday. （）
This is the by his father is ur headmaster. （）
This is the by whse father is ur headmaster. （）
4.what不引导定语从句
定语从句中有关系代词that和which ，而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。
All that we need is a supply f il. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all)
What we need is a supply f il. (what引导主语从句)
我们需要的是石油供应。
5.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词wh/ whm，指代“物”，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, _____ tried t make a cmeback, attracted lts f attentin. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。
Beijing, ____________is the capital f China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。
He has becme a dctr, _________ he wanted t be.
他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。
6.介词+which/whm
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whm，而不用wh。介词不提前时，用that/which, wh /whm都可以。
I have the bk abut ____________ yu are talking.
= I have the bk (that/ which) yu are talking abut.
我有你现在谈论的那本书。
The man with _____________ I talked just nw is frm Beijing University.
= The man( wh / whm/that) I talked with just nw is frm Beijing University.
刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。
7.whse+n.
= the+n
+f which
=f which
+the+n.
whse+n.可与the+n +f which
互换，而且f which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the rm _________ windw faces suth.( whse windw=the rm’s windw)
I live in the rm the windw f _________/ f which the windw faces suth.( the windw f which= the windw f the rm)
我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (nly/very)ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a gd student ____________ likes t help thers.
他是一个乐于助人的好学生。
They are gd students _____________ like t help thers.
他们是乐于助人的好学生。
He is ne f the students __________________ praised.
他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。
He is the ne/ the nly ne f the students ________________ praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。
1.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nthing, all, any, much, many, sme, few, little, nne等或当先行词被n, sme, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
T get the jb started, all that I need is yur permissin.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can d fr yu?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questins that were asked by the reprters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the nly, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That’s the nly thing that we can d nw.目前我们只能这样了。
This is the very pen that I am lking fr. 这正是我找的钢笔。
He still lives in the same huse that we visited ten years ag. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This was ne f the mst interesting bks______________ were sld in this bk stre.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing ________________ shuld be dne is t get sme fd.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I’m ging t talk abut the cuntries and peple _________________I have visited.
我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the T-shirt_____________ fits me mst?
那件体恤衫最适合我？
2.用which，不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
Ftball, ____________ is an interesting game, is played all ver the wrld.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the rm in __________ my father lived last year.
= This is the rm (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
______________is knwn t us all, the earth turns arund the sun.
The earth, __________ is knwn t us all, turns arund the sun.
The earth turns arund the sun, ___________is knwn t us all.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike wn the first prize, _______ was expected.
正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。
Mike wn the first prize, __________ was nt expected.
迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, s, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。
比较：
I have never read the bk that yu have talked abut. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。
I have never read such an interesting bk as yu have talked abut.
= I have never read s/ as interesting a bk as yu have talked abut.
我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。
As we knw, she is a gd teacher.
我们都知道她是一个好老师。
Lily, as we expected, wn the first prize in the cmpetitin yesterday.
像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。
①such/s…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等）
②such/s…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stne __________n ne can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stne _____________ n ne can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bught the same watch _____________ yu have.
我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch ______________ I lst.
这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）
指代
关系代词以及在定语从句中充当的成分
例句
1.人
wh(主语、宾语)
whm(宾语)
that(主语、宾语)
The man wh/that is speaking at the meeting is a famus scientist. （作is speaking的主语）
在会上讲话的人是一位著名的科学家。
He wh/that des nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man. （作des nt reach的主语）
不到长城非好汉。
This is the famus scientist (wh/whm/that) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。
2.物
that(主语、宾语)
which(主语、宾语)
He finally wrked ut the prblem which/ that puzzled him fr a lng time. （作puzzled的主语）
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。
The fish (that/which) we bught yesterday were nt fresh. （作bught的宾语）
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。
3.人的；
物的
whse(定语)
They rushed ver t help the man whse car brke dwn. （whse car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。
There is a muntain whse tp is always cvered with snw.( whse tp=the muntain’s tp，作定语，修饰tp)
有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。
4.句子
（在非限制性定语从句中）
which(主语、宾语)
as(主语、宾语)
The weather turned ut very gd, which was mre than we culd expect. （which指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作was的主语）
天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。
As everyne knws , China is a beautiful cuntry with a lng histry . （As指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家”，作knws 的宾语）
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man wh /that wants t see yu?( 作wants的主语不可省略)
他就是那个想见你的人吗？
Hangzhu is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want t visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。
Hangzhu ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。
2.从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的引导词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
The bk that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×）
The bk that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√）
我昨天读的那本书很有趣。
This is the wman wh I met her last time.（×）
This is the wman wh I met last time. （√）
这就是我上次遇见的妇女。
3.关系代词和代词的误用
定语从句的引导词要用关系代词，而不能用一般代词。
This is the by he tld me a stry yesterday. （×）
This is the by wh tld me a stry yesterday. （√）
这就是昨天给我讲故事的男孩。
This is the by his father is ur headmaster. （×）
This is the by whse father is ur headmaster. （√）
这就是这个男孩，他的爸爸是我们的校长。
4.what不引导定语从句
定语从句中有关系代词that和which ，而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。
All that we need is a supply f il. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all)
What we need is a supply f il. (what引导主语从句)
我们需要的是石油供应。
5.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词wh/ whm，指代“物”，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, wh tried t make a cmeback, attracted lts f attentin. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。
Beijing, which is the capital f China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。
He has becme a dctr, which he wanted t be.
他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。
6.介词+which/whm
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whm，而不用wh。介词不提前时，用that/which, wh /whm都可以。
I have the bk abut which yu are talking.
= I have the bk (that/ which) yu are talking abut.
我有你现在谈论的那本书。
The man with whm I talked just nw is frm Beijing University.
= The man( wh / whm/that) I talked with just nw is frm Beijing University.
刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。
7.whse+n.
= the+n
+f which
=f which
+the+n.
whse+n.可与the+n +f which
互换，而且f which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the rm whse windw faces suth.( whse windw=the rm’s windw)
I live in the rm the windw f which / f which the windw faces suth.( the windw f which= the windw f the rm)
我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (nly/very)ne f +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a gd student wh likes t help thers.
他是一个乐于助人的好学生。
They are gd students wh like t help thers.
他们是乐于助人的好学生。
He is ne f the students wh were praised.
他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。
He is the ne/ the nly ne f the students wh was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。
1.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nthing, all, any, much, many, sme, few, little, nne等或当先行词被n, sme, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
T get the jb started, all that I need is yur permissin.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can d fr yu?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questins that were asked by the reprters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the nly, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That’s the nly thing that we can d nw.目前我们只能这样了。
This is the very pen that I am lking fr. 这正是我找的钢笔。
He still lives in the same huse that we visited ten years ag. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This was ne f the mst interesting bks that were sld in this bk stre.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that shuld be dne is t get sme fd.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I’m ging t talk abut the cuntries and peple that I have visited.
我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the T-shirt that fits me mst?
那件体恤衫最适合我？
2.用which，不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
Ftball, which is an interesting game, is played all ver the wrld.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the rm in which my father lived last year.
= This is the rm (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
As is knwn t us all, the earth turns arund the sun.
The earth, as is knwn t us all, turns arund the sun.
The earth turns arund the sun, as /which is knwn t us all.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike wn the first prize, as was expected.
正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。
Mike wn the first prize, which was nt expected.
迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, s, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。
比较：
I have never read the bk that yu have talked abut. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。
I have never read such an interesting bk as yu have talked abut.
= I have never read s/ as interesting a bk as yu have talked abut.
我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。
As we knw, she is a gd teacher.
我们都知道她是一个好老师。
Lily, as we expected, wn the first prize in the cmpetitin yesterday.
像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。
①such/s…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等）
②such/s…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stne as n ne can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stne that n ne can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bught the same watch as yu have.
我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch that I lst.
这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）
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