湖南省雅礼十六校2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考英语（Word版附答案）

这是一份湖南省雅礼十六校2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考英语（Word版附答案），共12页。
注意事项：
1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡指定位置上．
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑．如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号．回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上．写在本试卷上无效．
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回．
第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转 涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题,每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选 项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读 下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1．Hw will the guests g t the airprt？
A．By car． B．By bus． C．By taxi．
2．Hw lng will the man stay if his wife cmes？
A．4 nights． B．6 nights． C．8 nights．
3．Wh is in charge f the prject？
A．Dan． B．Gary． C．Mary．
4．What des the man say abut the restaurant？
A．The waiters were nisy．
B．The fd was nt his thing．
C．The atmsphere was friendly．
5．What language des Mr．Black speak best？
A．Chinese． B．French． C．Spanish．
第二节（共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独自。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项 中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各 小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6．What will the speakers have t d？
A．Send figures t Mr．Jnes．
B．Draw up the budget fr next year．
C．Organize an advertising campaign n Thursday．
7．What dcs the wman ask the man t d？
A．Wait fr her in his ffice．
B．G t Mr．Jnes' wrkplace．
C．Make a phne call t Mr．Jnes．
听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
8．What is Jhn ding？
A．Ding a fun prject．
B．Emptying the cupbard．
C．Dnating unwanted things．
9．What is “freecycling”？
A．A way f recycling．
B．A kind f ld junk．
C．A travel website．
10．What des Jhn want nw？
A．A grilla arm． B．A micrphne． C．A bicycle．
听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
11．What are the speakers discussing？
A．The man's huse．
B．The effects f glbal warming．
C．The man's jb．
12．What is always nice accrding t the man？
A．He lives by the sea．
B．Animals can get mre fd．
C．Green can be seen all year rund．
13．What culd farmers grw befre？
A．Grass． B．Vegetables． C．Trees．
听第9段材料，回答第14至16题。
14．Where des the man mst prbably wrk？
A．At an airprt． B．At a htel． C．At a travel agency．
15．Which airprt is the best chice fr the wman？
A．Reagan Natinal． B．Dulles． C．Baltimre-Washingtn．
16．Why is the wman ging t Washingtn DC？
A．T visit a friend． B．T meet the man． C．T g sightseeing．
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17．When dcs the speaker usually g t a mvie with friends？
A．On weekends． B．On weekdays． C．On vacatin．
18．Hw dcs the speaker learn abut a mvie？
A．By seeing it himself．
B．By cheeking the film reviews．
C．By talking t his friends．
19．What might the speaker d if the tickets are sld ut？
A．Steal in withut a ticket．
B．G back hme and watch TV．
C．Buy a ticket fr the next shw．
20．What des the speaker like t d while watching a mvie？
A．Eat ppcrn． B．Talk t thers． C．Put his feet up．
阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
When I was a child, my mm liked t make fd fr dinner every nw and then．And I remembered ne night in particular when she made dinner after a lng, hard day at wrk．
On that evening s lng ag, my mm placed a plate f eggs, sausage, and extremely burned tast in frnt f my dad．I remembered waiting t see if anyne nticed．Yet all my dad did was t reach fr his tast, smile at my mm and ask me hw my day was at schl．I didn't remember what I tld him that night, but I did remember watching him smear butter n that tast and eat every bite!
When I gt up frm the table that evening, I remembered hearing my mm aplgize t my dad fr burning the tast．And I wuld never frget what he said, "Baby, I lve burnt tast．"
Later that night, I went t kiss Daddy gdnight and I asked him if he really liked his tast burned．He wrapped me in his arms and said, "Sn, yur mm spent a hard day at wrk tday and she's really tired．And besides, a little burnt tast never hurts anyne!"
Yu knw, life is full f imperfect things and imperfect peple．I'm nt the best husekeeper r ck．What I've learned ver the years is that trying t accept faults f each ther and chsing t embrace differences f each ther are the mst imprtant keys t creating a healthy and lasting relatinship．
21. Which f the fllwing is NOT TRUE abut the authr's mm?
A. She was always careless when making tast．
B. Her wrkday culd be lng and hard smetimes．
C. She enjyed making supper fr her family at times．
D. She felt sy after serving the burnt tast t her husband．
22. Which f the fllwing best describes the authr's dad?
A. Prud and crazy．
B. Thughtful and caring．
C. Cautius and kind．
D. Generus and patient．
23. What d we knw frm the last paragraph?
A. Everyne is suppsed t g after perfectin in life．
B. A persn can't be bth a gd husekeeper and a gd ck．
C. Mre tlerance and understanding help peple stay in gd heath．
D. Accepting faults and differences is imprtant fr an impressive relatinship．
B
Emissins Trading Systems－carbn pricing plicy instruments fr carbn emissins reductin-have becme very ppular in recent years. Under a typical ETS, a central authrity allcates emissins permits t enterprises and requires them t submit permits equal t their emissins fr cmpliance at the end f a "cmpliance cycle". Enterprises that are shrt f permits can purchase them frm the permit market, creating a carbn price signal that is crucial t reducing emissins cst-effectively.
Unlike a typical ETS in the develped cuntries that impses a hard emissins cap, the main feature f China's natinal ETS is its permit allcatin rules that guarantee carbn plicy stringency withut intrducing strng adverse shcks t ecnmic grwth. China's natinal ETS is s far a rate-based system-the permit allcatin in each sectr is based n the cmpanies' actual utput levels and a crrespnding "benchmark" (emissins-utput rati) that matches an apprpriate emissins intensity reductin target in that sectr. Fr example, if a plant's emissins intensity exceeds its predetermined benchmark, it will face an allwance deficit and need t buy permits fr cmpliance. Cnversely, a plant with relatively lw emissins intensity can sell surplus permits.
China's natinal ETS has been in peratin fr a year nw. It has made prgress n multiple frnts.
First, the institutinal framewrk has been frmed. The Natinal Measures fr the Administratin f Carbn Emissin Trading (Trial), released in December 2020, has prvided a regulatry basis. It has been supplemented by additinal technical dcuments fr permit registratin, trading, settlement, permit allcatin, and emissins reprting fr the pwer generatin sectr. All these directives have gradually frmed a "1+N emissins trading plicy system".
Secnd, infrastructure fr the system has been established. The Natinal Carbn Emissins Permits Registry in Wuhan (respnsible fr recrding permit hldings, mdificatins, payments, and retirements) and the Natinal Carbn Emissins Exchange in Shanghai (serving as a permit exchange) have been perating smthly.
Lastly, fr the mnitring, reprting, and verificatin f emissins, enterprises have been encuraged t take "n-site" measurements f their cal cnsumptin, significantly imprving the integrity f China's carbn emissins data.
Althugh there have been imprtant milestnes fr China's natinal ETS in its first year, several challenges were als encuntered. There is still n fficial radmap fr future sectral cverage. Trading was very much cncentrated just ahead f the cmpliance date, which reveals a less active market which limits price discvery. Risk cntrl regarding data quality still needs t be imprved, given that sme data manipulatin cases were detected.
A medium- and lng-term develpment radmap is very much needed fr China's ETS. Higher-level legislative supprt t strengthen market supervisin and penalties fr nn-cmpliance are als necessary. With regard t the permit allcatin, China's natinal ETS needs t cntinuusly tighten the benchmarks under a rate-based design and carefully plan a transitin t a mass-based system t intrduce a clear cap fr cvered emissins. Mrever, auctining needs t be intrduced t reduce free permit allcatin and facilitate price discvery. In the next few years, China's natinal ETS is expected t expand frm the pwer sectr t multiple industries and eventually t cver mre than 8,000 cmpanies, whse emissins accunt fr 70 percent f China's energy-related emissins. We are cnfident that a full-fledged natinal ETS can help China achieve its "dual-carbn" gals and lead the develpment f a glbal carbn pricing regime in the near future.
Which f the fllwing statements best describes ETS?
A market prviding stage fr emissins permits trade.
An apprach encuraging alleviatin f carbn emissins.
An implement marking the innvatin f China’s eclgical administratin.
A system cnfining industries’ carbn emissins.
Which f the fllwing statements is TRUE accrding t the article?
The ETS was first raised by China all arund the wrld.
Industries cannt release carbn exceeding the allcated permits under the ETS.
In China the ETS is nly adpted within the pwer sectr fr nw.
The permit allcatin fr each cmpany depends n its prducing capability under the ETS.
Which f the fllwing is NOT an advantage f China’s ETS?
It pssesses mre flexibility as ppsed t western nes.
It shws great resilience befre ecnmic shcks.
It cmplies with the market principles.
It may bring mre incmes t the cmpanies.
What is the best title f this article?
The ETS: Insight And Outlk
B. The ETS: Reduce Carbn Emissins
C. The ETS: A Milestne Of Eclgical Administratin
D. The ETS: Permits Can Be Bught
C
As many ffice wrkers adapt t remte wrk, cities may underg fundamental change if ffices remain under-utilized. Wh will benefit if wrking frm hme becmes the nrm?
Emplyers argue they make cnsiderable savings n real estate when wrkers shift frm ffice t hme wrk. Hwever, these savings result frm passing csts n t wrkers.
Unless emplyees are fully cmpensated, this culd becme a variant f parasitic
（变异的）capitalism, whereby crprate prfits increasingly rely n extracting value frm the public- and nw persnal- realm, rather than n generating new value.
Thugh emplyers are backed by a chrus f remte wrk advcates, thers nte the lneliness, reduced prductivity and inefficiencies f extended remte wrk.
If wrking frm hme becmes permanent, emplyees will have t dedicate part f
their private space t wrk. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and ffice equipment.
It als means having private space dedicated t wrk: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid fr. That depends n many things, but fr purpses f
illustratin, I have run sme estimates fr Mntreal. The exercise is simple but
imprtant, since it brings these csts ut f the realm f speculatin int the realm f
meaningful discussin.
Rugh calculatins shw that the savings made by emplyers when their staff wrks frm hme are f similar value t the cmpensatin wrkers shuld receive fr setting up ffices at hme.
What des this mean fr ffices in cities? One f tw things may happen: Emplyers pass these csts nt emplyees. This wuld be a frm f exprpriatin （侵占）,with emplyees absrbing prductin csts that have traditinally been paid by the emplyer. This represents a cnsiderable transfer f value frm emplyees t emplyers.
When emplyees are prperly cmpensated, emplyers' real estate savings will
be mdest. If savings are mdest, then the many advantages f wrking in ffices-such as lively atmsphere, rapidity f cmmunicatin, team-building and acclimatizatin（适应环境) f new emplyees-will encurage emplyers t shelve the idea f remte wrk and, like Yah in 2013, encurage emplyees t wrk mst f the time frm crprate ffice space.
28. What des the authr say abut wrking frm hme?
A. It will becme the nrm sner r later.
B. It requires emplyees t adapt prmptly.
C. It benefits emplyers at the expense f emplyees.
D. It will frce cities t transfrm their infrastructure.
29. Why d sme peple ppse wrking frm hme?
A. It discurages team spirit.
B. It undermines traditinal values.
C. It invades emplyees ' privacy.
D. It negatively impacts prductivity.
30. Why did the authr run the estimates fr Mntreal?
A. T prvide cnvincing data fr serius discussin.
B. T illustrate the nging change in wrking patterns.
C. T shw the impact f remte wrking n prductivity.
D. T exemplify hw remte wrking affects the ecnmy.
31. What is the authr 's pinin n wrking frm hme?
A. It shuld be avided if pssible.
B. It is nly a temprary measure.
C. It can reduce cmpanies' real estate csts.
D. It may affect emplyees' crprate lyalty.
D
Clrad; a place we usually assciate with snw-capped muntains and green grassy meadws, winter skiing, and kayaking in its clear, mirrr-like lakes. But did yu knw the state is als hme t a 30-square-mile sand dune (沙丘) field?
Nestled n the eastern edge f the San Luis Valley, and beside the Sangre de Crist Muntains, this fantastic landscape features dunes that are up t 750 feet high and are perfect fr hiking, camping, and pht pprtunities.
The tallest sand dunes in Nrth America are situated in the diverse landscape f wetlands, frests, muntainus lakes, tundra, and grasslands — prviding a patchwrk f clr. Great Sand Dunes Natinal Park and Preserve is s unusual and unique, in fact, that it is a prtected landscape under the Internatinal Unin fr Cnservatin f Nature.
The fur main cmpnents f the sand dune system are the muntain watershed, the dune field itself, the sand sheet — a flat plt f sand with large grains — and the sabkha — a castal mudflat r sandflat. The dunes were frmed ver tens f thusands f years by sediments (沉积物) frm the surrunding muntains that filled the valley. In additin, as the lakes in the valley retreated, expsed sand was blwn by the winds, resulting in dunes.
The park was riginally labelled a prtected area back in 1932, by President Hver, after fears f gld mining r cncrete manufacturing alarmed residents f the nearby Alamsa and Mnte Vista cities, wh then petitined Cngress asking fr prtectin. The area was eventually upgraded frm a natinal mnument t a natinal park and preserve in 2004.
It cntains a mind-bggling 1.2 cubic miles — r 5 billin cubic meters — f sand. Evidence f human habitatin, hwever, dates back t 11,000 years, with the first histric peples t inhabit the regin being the Suthern Ute Tribes.
Nw, visitrs have numerus activities t enjy — frm sandbarding and sand sledding t fur-wheel driving. But the best adventure cmes at nightfall; the adventurus can backpack ver sand dunes t pitch a tent and enjy the stunning starry night skies when the sun ges dwn. (Althugh backpackers will need a permit and can be required at the visitr’s center.) The park’s elevatin at 8.200ft and rural lcatin makes it a favrite with dark sky stargazers, with park fficials ffering special astrnmy prgrams frm May t September.
Overnighters can bask in the still silence, indulge in this remte, islated regin f the cunty, and be sthed t sleep by the wind whistling thrugh the dunes. If yu want t camp ut, but backcuntry isn’t yur style, Piñn Flats Campgrund is nearby and run by the Natinal Park Service, with 44 sites that are first-cme, first-served, with a further 44 sites that can be reserved.
By day, turists can hike t the summit f Star Dune, the tallest dune in the park, while Crestne Needle, Cleveland Peak, and Munt Herard als ffer challenging elevatin climbs.
And, as the park als ffers special sand wheelchairs (it’s recmmended t reserve ne in advance), everyne can enjy this stunning, nce-in-a-lifetime experience in the sand dunes f Clrad.
32. Dunes came int being due t the fact that ________ .
A. lakes in the valleys were blwn dry due t the climate change in histry
B. human verexplitatin f resurces drained the water in the valley
C. thusands f years f depsits frm muntains filled the valley
D. depsits frm muntains and wind blw n the drained lakes played a cmmn rle
33. The dune area was titled as a reservatin in 1932 because________.
A. President Hver urged peple t have a place fr hiking and camping as a restratin
B. The lcals were deeply cncerned abut the cnsequences f gld mining n the envirnment
C. Residents f the nearby Alamsa and Mnte Vista cities were t bsessed with gld mining
D. President Hver wanted t keep the tallest dunes in the area as a wrld recrd
34. It can be inferred frm the passage that________.
A. the sand field features its dunes that are up t 750 feet high, a recrd in the wrld
B. accrding t the Suthern Ute Tribes, their ancestrs had already inhabited in the sand dune field 11,000 years ag
C. the park’s lcatin and height make it unique fr stargazers t bserve the night skies
D. 88 sites fr camping are available fr turists in sand dunes area, with advanced reservatin required
35 What’s the best title fr this passage?
A. A Fantastic Place fr StargazersB. President Hver’s Decisin
C. Camping n the DunesD. Explitatin n Dunes
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Hw much time d yu spend ding research befre yu make a decisin? There are peple wh g ver every detail exhaustively befre making a chice. 36 Psychlgists call this way f thinking a cgnitive bias, a tendency tward a specific mental mistake.
T study “jumping”, we examined decisin-making patterns amng mre than 600 peple frm the general ppulatin. We fund that jumpers made mre errrs than nn-jumpers n prblems that require thughtful analysis. 37 In a quiz abut US civics, they verestimated the chance that their answers were right significantly mre than ther participants did-even when their answers were wrng.
S what is behind "jumping"? Psychlgical researchers cmmnly distinguish between tw pathways f thught: autmatic system, which reflects ideas that cme t the mind easily, spntaneusly and withut effrt, and cntrlled system including cnscius and effrtful reasning. Jumpers and nn- jumpers are equally influenced by autmatic thughts._ 38
It is the cntrlled system that helps peple cunter balance mental biases intrduced by the autmatic system. As a result, jumpers were mre likely t accept the cnclusin made at first blush withut further questining. A lack f cntrlled thinking is als mre bradly cnnected t their prblematic beliefs and faulty reasning.
39 A methd called metacgnitive training can be used t target their biases, which can help peple think mre deliberatively. In this training, participants are cnfrnted with their wn biases. They can learn abut the missteps and ther ways f thinking thrugh the prblem at hand. It helps t chip away at participants’ vercnfidence.
In everyday life, the questin f whether we shuld think things thrugh r instead g with ur gut is a frequent and imprtant ne, 40 Smetimes the mst imprtant decisin we make can be t take sme mre time befre making a chice.
A. Happily, there may be sme hpe fr jumpers.
B. Als, jumpers had prblems with vercnfidence.
C. But a fair number f individuals are quick t jump t cnclusins.
D. It is certainly pssible fr them t verthink things t take a decisin.
E. We plan t cntinue the wrk t trace ther prblems intrduced by jumping
F. The jumpers, hwever, did nt engage in cntrlled reasning t the same degree as nn-jumpers.
G. Recent studies shw that even gathering just a little bit mre evidence may help us avid a majr mistake.
第三部分 语言运用（共两节, 满分30分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题1分, 满分15分）
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
It is cmmnly believed that the great English 41 and pet William Shakespeare was brn in Stratfrd-n-Avn n April 23, 1564. But it is impssible t knw the_42_day n which he was brn.
Church recrds shw he was baptized (施洗礼）n April 26, and three days
was a(an) 43 amunt f time t wait befre baptizing a newly brn baby. Shakespeare's date f death is _44_ knwn, hwever: it was April 23, 1616. He was 52 and had retired t Stratfrd three years befre.
Althugh few plays have been perfrmed r analyzed as 45 as the
38 plays Shakespeare wrte, there are few surviving 46 abut his life. This _47____ f bigraphical infrmatin is due primarily t his scial _48___; he was nt a 49 , but the sn f a leather trader.
Shakespeare 50__ attended the grammar schl in Stratfrd, where he wuld have studied Latin and read __51___ literature. He did nt g t university and at age 18 married Anne Hathaway, wh was eight years his _52__. They had fur children, including the twins, Hamnet and Judith. Nthing is knwn f the perid between the birth f the twins and Shakespeare's _53___ as a dramatist in Lndn in the early 1590s.
In a millin wrds written ver 20 years, he _54___ the full range f human emtins
and cnflicts with a _55___ that remains sharp tday. As his great cntemprary the pet and dramatist Ben Jnsn said, "He was nt f an age, but fr all time."
A. writerB. artist C. dramatistD. actr
A. realB. exactC. certainD. right
A. custmaryB. fixedC. traditinalD. permanent
A. cnclusivelyB. finallyC. actuallyD. rarely
A. vividlyB. extensivelyC. dramaticallyD. intensively
A. factsB. prvesC. hintsD. details
A. barenessB. scarcityC. amuntD. abundance
A. rankB. wealthC. evaluatinD. reputatin
A. lrdB. businessmanC. celebrityD. nble
A. indeedB. prbablyC. surelyD. truly
A. classicalB. cmedicC. tragicD. ancient
A. wifeB. junirC. senirD. sister
A. ambitinB. develpmentC. shiftD. emergence
A. capturedB. pssessedC. grippedD. clenched
A. levelB. penC. precisinD. methd
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分, 满分15分）
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Tw things I did may have caused peple 56_________(think) that smething is wrng with me. The first was when my wife asked me t have the sitting-rm clck 57 _____ (repair). I drve int the market place f ur little twn and, clck under arm, entered a shp. Only it was the meat shp. 58______ my thughts far away, I std staring int the shp-keeper’s eyes. I 59____________(be) his custmer fr a lng time and the gd man smiled at me.
This went n fr several very lng secnds befre I realized where I was. There is n dubt that I shuld have calmly bught a pund f meat, 60__________ I merely ndded briefly and left.
The ther man in my twn wh prbably thinks I am mad is Mr. Smith. Sme years ag he was manager f Mead’s Shp, and he and I knew each ther quite well. One day he 61__________(stand) in the drway f his shp when I passed. My brain was n sme distant prblem and my eyes stared int space.
“Hell, Mr. Herrit.” I heard his vice. I turned a blank gaze n him- I just had n idea 62________ he was thugh his face was familiar. Then I saw 63_________ wrd “MEAD” in ft-high letters abve the shp windw.
“GOOD mrning, Mead, “I cried heartily and cntinued my way .I had gne nly a few steps befre I realized that my greeting had been 64__________(plite). I turned back and said t him again, “Gd mrning, Mister mead.”
It was nly when I has turned the crner f the street that I realized, t late, 65___________ his name was Tny and the time was late afternn.
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
阅读下面的名言，并结合你的生活经验写一篇文章，体现你的感悟与思考。
Curage is what it takes t stand up and speak; curage is als what it takes t sit dwn and listen.
----Winstn Churchill
注意：
1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.文中不得出现真实个人信息。
第二节（满分25分）
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要写作。
Americans clearly lve their museums．One f the mst famus, New Yrk's Metrplitan Museum f Art （the Met），saw a recrd 6．5 millin visitrs in 2015．But recrd attendance desn't necessarily translate int recrd revenue（收入）。Last mnth．the Met said it was trying t erase a US$10 millin budget deficit（赤字）。Meanwhile, ne f its rivals, the Museum f Mdern Art（MMA），was abundant in cash, but nly abut three millin peple stpped by in 2015．Why d sme museums flurish while thers flunder？My research leads me t believe there are three reasns: fashin, billinaires and demgraphics．
First, underlying the Met's financial challenges is the prblem with the acquisitins plicy．Recent directrs f the Met did nt add much t the museum's mdern cllectin．The argument was that museums such as the MMA were already prviding such wrks in their cllectins and that the acquisitin f cntemprary art by living artists was prblematic and risky．Hwever, given the fact that museum-gers increasingly favr cntemprary art, the revenue f the Met will likely fall if it isn't able t keep up with the tastes f the custmers．And by the time it might recgnize this, it's already t late t d much abut it because the csts t acquire the in-demand art is sky-high．This leads t a secnd critical issue-the changing distributin f incme and its effects n museum finance and peratin．
We are living in a bm perid fr cntemprary art．The number f auctins（拍卖）and art fairs has grwn enrmusly t accmmdate this grwing market．In a wrld with abut 1,800 billinaires, it nly takes a relative few t drive high-end art prices t astrnmical levels．Wrks by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1．2 billin in sales in recent years．The saring prices mean museums simply can't keep up and must usually depend n dnatins t assemble the best wrks, r they're priced ut．Mrever, billinaires themselves are increasingly setting up their wn private museums, further distancing the ability f public museums t get the gd stuff．
A third interrelated prblem is that demgraphic issues have put pressure n the revenue side．
Unemplyment, early retirements and the aging f the ppulatin in the US have cntributed t increased attendance at museums．Yu might think it's a gd thing, but mre traffic means higher csts, and when thse additinal visitrs dn't result in mre revenue, prfitability ges dwn．This is because f the lngstanding mvement tward making museums "free" by having individuals, gvernment r businesses "spnsr" the cst．But when that supprt gets reduced by budget csts r anther reasn, museums must either cver the cst themselves r lse patrns by suddenly charging fees．There is evidence that attendance rises when ecnmic grwth slws, but that's als when thse "spnsrs" are mre likely t begin t disappear．
Museums will certainly cntinue t exist and prvide us with invaluable insights int ur culture．But they must exist under ecnmic principles, and it'd be wise fr their administratrs t cnsider the ecnmics in their calculatins．
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