2022上海十六区高三英语二模汇编 —阅读C篇（答案解析版）

这是一份2022上海十六区高三英语二模汇编 —阅读C篇（答案解析版），共42页。试卷主要包含了宝山区，崇明区，金山区，静安区等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022上海高三英语二模阅读C篇汇编

1.宝山区
(C)
Learning more efficiently is a matter of time, but not in the way you might think. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, the pioneer of quantitative memory research, you may have a new perspective about it.
The findings
Ebbinghaus is best known for two major findings: the forgetting curve and the learning curve.
The forgetting curve describes how new information fades away. Once you’ve “learned” something new, the fastest drop occurs in just 20 minutes; after a day, the curve levels off.
Within minutes, nearly half of what you’ve “learned” has disappeared.
Or not.
According to Benedict Carey, author of How We Learn, what we learn doesn’t necessarily fade; it just becomes less accessible.
In my case, I hadn’t forgotten a key point. I just didn’t access that information when I needed it.
Working with our memory
Ebbinghaus would have agreed with Carey: He determined that even when we think we’ve forgotten something, some portion of what we learned is still filed away, which makes the process of relearning a lot more efficient.
As Ebbinghaus writes:
Suppose that a poem is relearned by heart. It then becomes evident that, although it seems totally forgotten, it still in a certain sense exists. The second learning requires noticeably less time or noticeably smaller number of repetitions than the first.
That, in a nutshell, is the power of spaced repetition.

The condition is simple. Learn something new, and within a short period of time you’ll forget much of it. Repeat a learning session a day later, and you’ll remember more. Repeat a session two days after that, and you’ll remember even more. The key is to steadily increase the time intervals between relearning sessions.
And forgive yourself for forgetting. Accept that forgetting is actually a key to the process.
Why?
Forgetting is an essential part of learning. Relearning strengthens earlier memories. Relearning creates different context and connections. According to Carey, “‘Some breakdown’ must occur for us to strengthen learning when we revisit the material. Without a little forgetting, you get no benefit from further study. It is what allows learning to build, like an exercised muscle.”
The process of retrieving a memory——especially when you fail——strengthens access. That’s why the best way to study isn’t to reread; the best way to study is to quiz yourself. If you test yourself and answer incorrectly, not only are you more likely to remember the right answer after you look it up, you’ll also remember that you didn’t remember.Forgetting, and therefore repeating information, makes your brain assign that information greater importance.
63. According to Ebbinghaus’ chart, we conclude that ________.
A. the best time to avoid forgetting is the sixth day after learning
B. we usually forget most of what we’ve learned on the sixth day
C. forgetting really exists almost in the whole process of learning
D. what has been learned will be forgotten completely in any case
64. Why does the writer say, “Forgetting is actually a key to the process.”?
A. Because forgetting itself is one of the steps in our learning.
B. Because forgetting can help us benefit from further learning.
C. Because relearning can create new context and materials for us.
D. Because learning memory is just like muscle memory in exercise.
65. What does the word “retrieve” in the last paragraph but one most probably mean?
A. To reappear in the place. B. To consolidate something in time.
C. To memorize something firmly. D. To find and bring back something.
66. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Forget More with Less Repetition B. Learn More with Less Effort
C. Two Amazing Curves in Learning D. Two Different Findings in Forgetting
【答案】63. C 64. A 65. D 66. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过艾宾浩斯的研究结果，主要探讨了怎样更有效地学习。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。根据图标下段落中“Learn something new, and within a short period of time you’ll forget much of it.(学习一些新的东西，很快你就会忘记很多。)”和倒数第二段中“Forgetting is an essential part of learning. (遗忘是学习的重要组成部分。)”及“Without a little forgetting, you get no benefit from further study. It is what allows learning to build, like an exercised muscle. (没有一点遗忘，你就不会从进一步的学习中得到任何好处。这是让学习能够建立起来的东西，就像锻炼的肌肉一样。)”可知，根据艾宾浩斯的图表，得出的结论是：遗忘几乎存在于整个学习过程中。故选C项。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Forgetting is an essential part of learning. (遗忘是学习的重要组成部分。)”及“Without a little forgetting, you get no benefit from further study. It is what allows learning to build, like an exercised muscle. (没有一点遗忘，你就不会从进一步的学习中得到任何好处。这是让学习建立起来的东西，就像锻炼的肌肉一样。)”可知，因为遗忘本身就是我们学习的步骤之一，是学习的重要组成部分，所以作者说“遗忘实际上是这个（即学习）过程的关键”。故选A项。
【65题详解】
词句猜测题。划线词句后文“That’s why the best way to study isn’t to reread; the best way to study is to quiz yourself. (这就是为什么最好的学习方法不是重读；最好的学习方法是自我测试。)”说明最好的学习方法是自我检测，从而推知划线词句“The process of retrieving a memory——especially when you fail——strengthens access. (retrieving记忆的过程——特别是当你失败时——增强获得的机会。)”其中划线词汇应为“检测，搜索，找回”的意思，选项D“找回某些东西”与之意义最为接近。故选D项。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Learning more efficiently is a matter of time, but not in the way you might think. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, the pioneer of quantitative memory research, you may have a new perspective about it.(更有效地学习的确是一个时间问题，但不是你想象的那样。根据定量记忆研究的先驱赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯的说法，你可能会对它有一个新的视角。)”可知，本文通过艾宾浩斯的研究结果，主要探讨了怎样更有效地学习。选项B“用较少的努力获取更多的知识”符合文章主题，适合做标题。故选B项。

2.崇明区


(C)
China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says.
A carbon sink is any area that absorbs more carbon than it releases, such as forests, thereby lowering the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
China is one of the world’s major sources of human-produced carbon dioxide. But it has stated an intention to peak the emissions before 2030 and then to move to carbon neutrality by 2060.
“Achieving China’s net-zero target by 2060 will involve a massive change in energy production and also the growth of sustainable land carbon sinks,” said co-author Prof Yi Liu at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. “The afforestation (植树造林) activities described in our Nature paper will play a role in achieving that target,” he said.
China’s increasing leafiness has been evident for some time. Billions of trees have been planted in recent decades, to tackle desertification and soil loss.
The new study modifies estimates for how much CO2 all these extra trees could be taking up as they grow. The latest analysis examined a host of data sources. These consisted of forestry records, satellite remote-sensing measurements of vegetation greenness, soil water availability, and observations of CO2, again made from space but also from direct sampling of the air at ground level.
The two previously under-appreciated carbon sink areas are centred on China’s southwest, in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces; and its northeast, particularly Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces.
Prof Shaun Quegan from Sheffield University, UK, studies Earth’s carbon balance but was not involved in this research. He said the extent of the northeast sink was not a surprise to him, but the southwest one was. But he cautioned that new forests’ ability to draw down carbon declines with time as the growth rate declines and the systems move towards a more steady state.
Richard Black, director of the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU), a non-profit think-tank working on climate change and energy issues, said, “However, although the forest sink is bigger than thought, no one should mistake this as providing a ‘free pass’ way to reach net zero. For one thing, carbon absorption will be needed to make up for ongoing emissions of all greenhouse gases, not just CO2; for another, the carbon balance of China’s forests may be compromised (折中) by climate change impacts, as we’re seeing now in places such as California, Australia and Russia.”
63. The word “tempering” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “_______”.
A. assessing B. solidifying
C. lessening D. authorizing
64. What can be learned about the new study?
A. It finds that China has stopped its desertification by planting trees.
B. It is based on data from both the ground and the satellites.
C. It warns that China will peak its emissions before 2030.
D. It overlooks the roles that the land carbon sinks play.
65. According to Prof Shaun Quegan and Richard Black, _______.
A. forest sinks absorb less carbon dioxide when they are growing
B. new forests are very likely to guarantee the target of carbon neutrality
C. the southwest sink won’t draw down as much carbon as the northeast one
D. many other factors need to be taken into account when assessing the forest sink
66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Greenhouse Gas Emission Largely Reduced
B. Roles of Carbon Sinks Proved by New Study
C. China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated
D. Climate Impacts Balanced Due to China’s Afforestation
【答案】63. C 64. B 65. D 66. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是中国森林碳汇的规模被低估以及关于中国森林碳汇的新的研究。
【63题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段的“An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated.(一个国际小组已经在该国确定了两个地区，这些地区的新森林吸收二氧化碳的规模被低估了。)”可知，第一段第一句的意思是“中国的植树政策可能在缓和气候影响方面发挥了重要作用”，tempering的意思是“缓和”，和lessening意思相近，故选C。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段的“These consisted of forestry records, satellite remote-sensing measurements of vegetation greenness, soil water availability, and observations of CO2, again made from space but also from direct sampling of the air at ground level.(这些数据包括林业记录、卫星遥感测量植被绿度、土壤水分可利用性以及对二氧化碳的观测，这些数据同样来自太空，但也来自对地面空气的直接采样。)”可知，新的研究是基于来自地面和卫星的数据。故选B。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“For one thing, carbon absorption will be needed to make up for ongoing emissions of all greenhouse gases, not just CO2; for another, the carbon balance of China’s forests may be compromised by climate change impacts, as we’re seeing now in places such as California, Australia and Russia.(首先，需要碳吸收来弥补正在排放的所有温室气体，而不仅仅是二氧化碳；另一方面，中国森林的碳平衡可能会受到气候变化的影响，就像我们现在在加州、澳大利亚和俄罗斯等地看到的那样。)”可知，在评估森林碳汇时，还需要考虑许多其他因素，故选D。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says.(中国的植树政策可能在缓和气候影响方面发挥了重要作用。一个国际小组已经在该国确定了两个地区，这些地区的新森林吸收二氧化碳的规模被低估了。该组织称，这些地区加起来占中国整个土地碳“汇”的35%多一点。)”可知，本文主要讲的是中国森林碳汇的规模被低估以及关于中国森林碳汇的新的研究，因此最好的题目是C选项“China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated(中国森林碳吸收被低估)”，故选C。


3.奉贤区
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful magazine cover story “I love My Children, I Hate My Life” is arousing much chatter — nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that bringing up a child is not a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be extremely hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment damage our moods can later be sources of intense content and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive — and newly single — mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation (繁衍), is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are encouraged to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the wide-open baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear celebrities tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It is hard to imagine that many people are stupid enough to want children because it looks so fantastic — most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.
63. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring ________.
A. very temporary delight
B. great enjoyment in progress
C. happiness in one’s memory
D. concern over love and hatred
64. Paragraph 2 is intended to show that ________.
A. celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
B. single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
C. news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
D. having children is highly valued by the public.
65. According to the passage, those childless folks________.
A. are less likely to be satisfied with their life
B. are largely ignored by the media.
C. fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
D. are constantly exposed to criticism.
66. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
B. Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child raising.
C. Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
D. We sometimes neglect the happiness from child raising.
【答案】63. C 64. D 65. D 66. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是抚养孩子和幸福的关系。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense conditionEven though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be extremely hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment damage our moods can later be sources of intense content and delight.”.(Senior建议，我们需要重新定义幸福，而不是认为孩子让父母快乐或痛苦。我们不应该认为幸福是可以用每时每刻的快乐来衡量的，而应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态。尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但Senior写道:“正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后可能会成为我们快乐的来源。)”可知，Jennifer Senior在她的文章中建议抚养孩子可以带来记忆中的幸福，故选C。
【64题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段的“The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.(在杂志封面上，一位迷人的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这并不是本周报摊上唯一一张麦当娜和孩子的照片。此外，还有关于刚当上养母和单身母亲的桑德拉·布洛克的故事，以及常见的“詹妮弗·安妮斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上，每周至少有一位明星妈妈或准妈妈在报摊上微笑。)”可知，本段主要展示的是公众非常重视生孩子。故选D。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the wide-open baby-size holes in their lives(不但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”，显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。)”可知，那些没有孩子的人经常受到批评。故选D。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.(但有趣的是，我们想知道，我们每周看到的无压力、提高幸福感的父母形象，是否在某种微小的、潜意识的方式导致了我们对实际体验的不满，就像我们中有一小部分人希望了解名人的生活方式，可能会让我们看起来有点像他们)”可知，从最后一段可以推断出明星妈妈影响了我们对抚养孩子的态度。故选B。


4.虹口区

People with a rare genetic disorder known as Prader-Willi syndrome never feel full, and this excess hunger can lead to life-threatening obesity (肥胖症). Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) -- which had not previously been linked to hunger -- is key to regulating satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.
This finding is the latest in a series of discoveries revealing that the cerebellum, long thought to be primarily involved in movement harmony, also plays a broad role in cognition, emotion and behavior. “We’ve opened up a whole field of cerebellar control of food intake,” says Albert Chen, a neuroscientist at the Scintillon Institute in California.
The project began with an accidental observation: Chen and his team noticed they could make mice stop eating by activating small pockets of neurons (神经元) in regions known as the anterior deep cerebellar nuclei (aDCN), within the cerebellum. Fascinated, the researchers gathered data using functional MRI to compare brain activity in 14 people who had Prader-Willi syndrome with activity in 14 unaffected people while each testee viewed images of food -- either immediately following a meal or after fasting (禁食) for at least four hours.
New analysis of these scans revealed that activity in the same regions Chen’s group had accurately pointed out in mice, the aDCN, appeared to be significantly disturbed in humans with Prader-Willi syndrome. In healthy individuals, the aDCN were more active in response to food images while fasting than just after a meal, but no such difference was identifiable in participants with the disorder. The result suggested that the aDCN were involved in controlling hunger. Further experiments on mice, conducted by researchers from several different institutions, demonstrated that activating the animals’ aDCN neurons dramatically reduced food intake by weakening how the brain’s pleasure center responds to food.
For years neuroscientists studying appetite focused mainly either on the hypothalamus, a brain area involved in regulating energy balance, or on reward-processing centers such as the nucleus accumbens (伏隔核). But this group has identified a new feeding center in the brain, says Elanor Hinton, a neuroscientist at the University of Bristol in England who was not involved with the study. “I’ve been working in appetite research for the past 15 years or so, and the cerebellum has just not been a target,” Hinton says. “I think this is going to be important both for Prader-Willi syndrome and, much more widely, to address obesity in the general population.”
43. Before the recent study, scientists had assumed that the cerebellum ________.
A. helps control everyday food intake
B. plays a minor role in movement harmony
C. has nothing to do with appetite regulation
D. has a direct link to behavioral development
44. According to the project conducted by the researchers, ________.
A. the healthy testees were more likely to overeat after fasting
B. food images increased the appetite of the testees with Prader-Willi syndrome
C. the aDCN in the healthy testees responded to food images more actively after fasting
D. the aDCN in the testees with Prader-Willi syndrome made no response to food images
45. What does Elanor Hinton imply about future appetite research?
A. It may help in the early diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome.
B. It will have broader implications for the treatment of obesity.
C. The potential feeding center in human brain remains to be discovered.
D. More studies are needed to understand the link between appetite and reward-processing.
46. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. How our brain controls overeating.
B. How the aDCN works up our appetite.
C. How Prader-Willi syndrome can be prevented.
D. How lowering food intake benefits our overall health.
【答案】43. C 44. C 45. B 46. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，揭示了被认为主要参与运动协调的小脑，可以控制食物的摄入。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) -- which had not previously been linked to hunger -- is key to regulating satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.( 研究这一问题的科学家现在发现，被称为小脑的拳头状结构——此前从未与饥饿联系在一起——是调节这种疾病患者饱腹感的关键。)”可知，之前小脑从未和饥饿联系到一起，也就是没有和胃口联系到一起，故推断科学家们之前认为小脑与食欲调节无关。故选C。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“ In healthy individuals, the aDCN were more active in response to food images while fasting than just after a meal, but no such difference was identifiable in participants with the disorder. (在健康个体中，与饭后相比，禁食时aDCN对食物图像的反应更为积极，但在患有这种疾病的参与者中没有发现这种差异。)”可知，健康受试者的aDCN在禁食后对食物图像的反应更积极。故选C。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“I think this is going to be important both for Prader-Willi syndrome and, much more widely, to address obesity in the general population.（我认为这对Prader-Willi综合征以及更广泛地解决普通人群的肥胖问题都很重要。）”可知，这将对肥胖症的治疗产生更广泛的影响。故选B。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) -- which had not previously been linked to hunger -- is key to regulating satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.( 研究这一问题的科学家现在发现，被称为小脑的拳头状结构——此前从未与饥饿联系在一起——是调节这种疾病患者饱腹感的关键。)”及后文内容可知，文章主要讲大脑可以调节饱腹感，从而控制过度饮食。故选A。



5黄埔区

At first glance, the image that flashed on the computer screen looked like an ordinary road map. Then John Richardson, acting manager of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), began tapping at his keyboard. With one click he got a close-up view of New York, divided not along town or county lines but along sectors of airspace. With another click on the key he eliminated hundreds of tiny black dots showing the location of low-flying aircraft and private jets. What remained on the screen were larger, winged symbols representing commercial airliners. With a few more key taps he color-coded the jetliners according to their airport destination.
To computer fans at ease with the graphic interpretation of Max Headroom, the FAA demonstration might seem simple. But to air-traffic professionals gathered in the agency’s sixth-floor “ war room, ” it represented a technological breakthrough. Before last week, FAA radar data showing the location of planes flying over the U.S. could be shown only dot on computer screens at one or more of the airline agency’s 20 regional control centers. Now, all that information has been combined and displayed on a single screen, giving the nation’s air-traffic controllers a unique view of overhead traffic patterns as they unfold from coast to coast. Exclaimed Richardson, with pride: “ It’s unbelievable! ”
Last week’s display — more evolutionary than revolutionary — involved the conveying of data on aircraft position, altitude (海拔), speed and identification from each of the regional air-traffic control centers to the FAA’s Washington headquarters. There the information is combined into a manageable whole by an assembly of Apollo work-stations and displayed through custom-designed software on as many as three dozen screens. The objective of the system is to provide centralized management of traffic problems as they may build up at any of the country’s 12,500 airports. Cost of the new computer operation so far: about $2 million. The FAA’s final goal, though, is a multibillion-dollar air-traffic control system so highly automated that it can monitor flights and direct pilots with little or no human disturbance.
Such a system is far in the future, but the new linkup may have arrived just in time. A badly overburdened U.S. air-traffic system has pushed control tower errors to record levels. Midair close calls added 215 in the previous three months of 1987, while errors by overtaxed air controllers jumped 18%. The safety crisis urged the chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board to recommend the FAA take “ immediate action ” to reduce air traffic at key airports before the expected summer air-travel crush. FAA officials say that with their new control system they will be able to meet those recommendations without reducing the number of flights entering or leaving the critical barriers. Also supervisors can monitor with greater precision specific sections of airspace that are becoming dangerously overcrowded. Traffic jams can then be relieved or prevented by shifting the altitude of some flights or rerouting others to avoid jammed areas.
63. What can be concluded about the FAA demonstration?
A. It can present a close-up view of the New York Metropolitan area along town or county lines.
B. It makes it easy to highlight the location of low-flying private aircrafts by tiny black dots.
C. It can show the remaining larger, winged symbols that represent commercial airliners.
D. It makes it complicated to color-code the jetliners according to their airport destination.
64. What’s the purpose of the new air-traffic control system?
A. To show the technology breakthrough of airline agencies.
B. To manage air traffic problems in a concentrated way.
C. To inspect the overall situation in 20 regional control centers.
D. To train the operators to control air traffic more efficiently.
65. Why is it high time to operate the new air-traffic control system?
A. The heavily burdened system has driven control tower errors to record levels.
B. Control tower errors increased by over 18% in the first three months of 1987.
C. Midair close calls increased at least 215 in the previous three months of 1987.
D. It’s impossible for supervisors to shift the altitude of some flights or reroute others.
66. Which of the following is TRUE about their new air-traffic control system?
A. It can operate flights and direct pilots with little or no human disturbance.
B. It recommends reducing flights entering or leaving the critical barriers.
C. It enables supervisors to monitor specific sections of airspace more precisely.
D. It avoids most air traffic jams by changing the altitude of all flights at ease.
【答案】63. C 64. B 65. A 66. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是美国联邦航空管理局的一个新的监控空中交通的系统。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“With another click on the key he eliminated hundreds of tiny black dots showing the location of low-flying aircraft and private jets. What remained on the screen were larger, winged symbols representing commercial airliners.(通过再次点击这个键，他消除了数百个显示低空飞行的飞机和私人飞机位置的小黑点。留在屏幕上的是更大的带翼符号，代表商业客机。)”可知，关于FAA的演示我们可以得出的结论是它可以显示剩余的更大的，有翼的标志，代表商业飞机。故选C。
【64题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“The objective of the system is to provide centralized management of traffic problems as they may build up at any of the country’s 12,500 airports.(该系统的目标是集中管理全国12500个机场中任何一个可能出现的交通问题。)”可知，新的空中交通管制系统的目的是集中管理航空交通问题。故选B。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Midair close calls added 215 in the previous three months of 1987, while errors by overtaxed air controllers jumped 18%. The safety crisis urged the chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board to recommend the FAA take “ immediate action ” to reduce air traffic at key airports before the expected summer air-travel crush.(在1987年的前三个月里，空中险些发生的事故增加了215起，而超负荷空中管制员的失误增加了18%。这次安全危机敦促美国国家运输安全委员会主席建议美国联邦航空管理局在预计的夏季航空交通拥堵之前“立即采取行动”，减少关键机场的空中交通。)”可知，现在正是实施新的空中交通管制系统的时候，因为沉重的系统负担使得控制塔的错误达到了创纪录的水平。故选A。
【66题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Also supervisors can monitor with greater precision specific sections of airspace that are becoming dangerously overcrowded.(此外，监管者还可以更精确地监控某些特定区域，这些区域正变得危险地过于拥挤。)”可知，新的空中交通管制系统可以使监管人员能够更精确地监控特定区域的空域。故选C。

6.嘉定区
When structural engineer Peter James arrived at the Bent Pyramid, his task was to secure the structure’s remaining “coat” — its smooth external envelope. But why was it collapsing in the first place?
The foundation seemed completely stable. The current theory — that “the missing coat was removed by local opportunist thieves” — didn’t inspire confidence: That could explain the destruction at the lower levels, but the damage extended far up the pyramid and “in an apparently random manner, with no signs of hollow from temporary scaffolding (脚手架) or of any cutting of the blocks to aid removal,” James writes in a structural engineering trade publication. The damage just did not look like the result of thieves. Rather, as James puts it, it “appears to be caused by a giant whose hand has swept across the face of the pyramid with enormous energy, sucking out the facing and leaving the rough empty sockets (底座).”
So, what was causing the collapse? James presents a new explanation: thermal movement — that is to say the expansion and contraction of the limestone (石灰石) with temperature changes — has ground down the rocks and shifted their positions. During the day, the temperature rises to 40°C across the face of the outer cover, then at night cools to 3⁰C because of the lack of cover and exposure to the winds. This gives an average daily temperature shift of 37°C. The photographs of the Bent Pyramid show how thermal expansion has caused the blocks to move to the edges, where they have separated.
He estimates that the motion can amount to 1¼ inches per 328 feet. As the stones move, dust and sand would fall from the stones and fill in the spaces between them. The spaces into which they could contract at night would shrink, and over time they would be pushed out of position. “Multiply this endless movement by the number of days that the pyramid has been built and you have the reason why all the outer cover has moved to the extremities and then fallen off,” James writes. “It may then have been picked up by opportunists and removed from the site.”
The Bent Pyramid is one of the best preserved and, as a result, it provides a unique opportunity for studying how the collapse is happening. James theorizes that the reason the Bent Pyramid keeps its cover, while the Red Pyramid and the Great Pyramid “have virtually none” is that, ironically, the Bent Pyramid had worse construction to begin with. As the Egyptians became more skilled, and developed more accurate construction techniques, the space between the stones disappeared, and the structures were less able to absorb the expansion and contraction of the limestone. The other, more perfect pyramids may have developed external cracks rather quickly, and, James assumes, may be why eventually the Egyptians moved their burial grounds to the Valley of the Kings. The pyramids’ perfection became their imperfection.
63. According to the passage, what happened to the Bent Pyramid?
A. Its structure was fixed by James. B. Its coat was stolen by local thieves.
C. The foundation was strengthened. D. Parts of its outer covering fell apart.
64. The word “thermal” in paragraph 3 most probably means ________.
A. lasting for a limited time B. affecting the structure of something
C. relating to or caused by heat D. relating to the weather in an area
65. By “The pyramids’ perfection became their imperfection”, the author means ________.
A. the more skilled Egyptians neglected the space between the stones
B. the precise construction prevented thermal movement in the pyramids
C. the Egyptians moved their graves because the pyramids were too perfect
D. the Bent Pyramid was preserved with accurate techniques while others were not
66. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. a new theory about the collapse of a pyramid
B. the Bent Pyramid that is one of the best preserved
C. an engineer who secures the structure of pyramids
D. a comparison between the Bent Pyramid and other pyramids
【答案】63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Peter James关于金字塔部分外壳崩塌的新理论。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“When structural engineer Peter James arrived at the Bent Pyramid, his task was to secure the structure’s remaining “coat”—its smooth external envelope. But why was it collapsing in the first place?”（当结构工程师Peter James到达弯曲的金字塔时，他的任务是固定结构剩余的“外衣”——光滑的外部封套。但为什么它一开始就脱落了呢？）可知，弯曲金字塔的部分外壳脱落了。故选D。
【64题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“thermal movement—that is to say the expansion and contraction of the limestone (石灰石) with temperature changes—has ground down the rocks and shifted their positions”（thermal运动，也就是说石灰石随着温度变化而膨胀和收缩，使岩石下沉并改变了位置）可知，破折号的内容是对“thermal movement”的具体解释。此运动地根据温度的变化而引起的，故可推知，“thermal”是与热有关或由热引起的。故选C。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As the Egyptians became more skilled, and developed more accurate construction techniques, the space between the stones disappeared, and the structures were less able to absorb the expansion and contraction of the limestone. The other, more perfect pyramids may have developed external cracks rather quickly, and, James assumes, may be why eventually the Egyptians moved their burial grounds to the Valley of the Kings.”（随着埃及人越来越熟练，并发展出更精确的施工技术，石头之间的空间消失了，结构也无法吸收石灰石的膨胀和收缩。另一座更完美的金字塔可能很快就形成了外部裂缝，James认为，这可能就是为什么埃及人最终将墓地搬到了帝王谷。）可知，精确的构造阻止了金字塔内的热运动。故选B。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“So, what was causing the collapse? James presents a new explanation: thermal movement—that is to say the expansion and contraction of the limestone with temperature changes—has ground down the rocks and shifted their positions.”（那么，是什么导致了崩塌呢？James提出了一种新的解释：热运动，也就是说石灰石随着温度变化而膨胀和收缩，使岩石下沉并改变了位置。）可知，文章主要介绍了James提出的关于金字塔倒塌的新理论。故选A。


8.金山区

There’s nothing quite like the rush of recognition that comes from seeing a familiar face. Scientists have found it very difficult to explain how we identify well-known faces — or how that process differs from the way we perceive unfamiliar ones.
They have long known that the brain contains a network of areas that respond selectively to faces as opposed to other kinds of objects like feet, cars, smartphones. They also knew that humans process familiar and unfamiliar faces very differently. For example, we excel at recognizing pictures of familiar faces even when they are shot in poor light or at odd angles. But we struggle to recognize even slightly altered images of the same face when it is unfamiliar to us: two pictures of a stranger we’ve never seen before, for instance, shown from different perspectives or in dim light.
Now researchers at The Rockefeller University have begun to unravel the mystery of how the brain recognizes familiar faces. They turned to macaques (猕猴), close evolutionary cousins whose face processing networks are better understood and more easily studied than our own.
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (磁共振成像), Landi and Freiwald measured the animals’ brain activity as they responded to pictures of other monkeys’ faces. Those faces fell into three categories: personally familiar ones belonging to monkeys that the macaques had lived with for years; visually familiar ones whose pictures they had seen hundreds of times; and totally unfamiliar ones. For comparison’s sake, they also showed the monkeys pictures of personally familiar, visually familiar, and unfamiliar objects.
The researchers expected the macaque face processing network to respond in much the same way to the first two types of faces. But instead, the entire system showed more activity in response to the long-time personally familiar faces. Faces that were only visually familiar, meanwhile, caused a reduction of activity in some areas.
“The whole network somehow distinguishes personally familiar faces from visually familiar faces,” says Landi.
Even more surprisingly, the faces of animals whom the macaques had known for years caused the activation of two previously unknown face-selective areas.
One is located in a region of the brain associated with so-called declarative memory, which consists of facts and events that can be consciously recalled. The other area lies in a region associated with social knowledge, such as information about individuals and their position within a social class — “a specific form of memory,” Freiwald says, “that is highly developed in primates (灵长类动物), and certainly in humans.”
63. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true?
A. The network of areas in the brain can respond equally to faces and to other objects.
B. We can hardly identify the picture of people with makeup even if we know them well.
C. People are better at recognizing pictures of familiar faces than those of unfamiliar ones.
D. Pictures of familiar faces are hard to be recognized if they are taken in the dim light.
64. The word “unravel” (paragraph 3) means “________”.
A. begin to fail or collapse
B. investigate something complicated
C. undo something to make it separated
D. unwind something wrapped around another object
65. Which of the following statements is true according to the researchers’ findings?
A. You store some social knowledge in your declarative memory.
B. Your friends’ faces reduce the activity in some parts of the brain.
C. A passer-by’s face can activate two face-selective areas in your brain.
D. Your brain responds differently to your parents’ faces and to pop stars’ faces.
66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. What face recognition is
B. How the brain recognizes familiar faces
C. What methods scientists use in the research
D. How people understand face processing network
【答案】63. C 64. B 65. D 66. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了大脑是如何识别面孔的。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, we excel at recognizing pictures of familiar faces even when they are shot in poor light or at odd angles.(例如，我们擅长识别熟悉的面孔，即使它们是在光线不好或角度奇怪的情况下拍摄的)”可知，人们更善于识别熟悉面孔的照片，而不是陌生面孔的照片。故选C。
【64题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线单词下文“They turned to macaques (猕猴), close evolutionary cousins whose face processing networks are better understood and more easily studied than our own.(他们转而研究猕猴，猕猴是进化上的近亲，它们的面部处理网络比我们自己的更容易理解和研究。)”可知，研究人员研究猕猴，这是在试图揭开大脑如何识别熟悉面孔的这个谜团。由此可知，划线单词unravel为“揭开”之意，与B项“investigate something complicated(调查一些复杂的事情)”意思一样。故选B。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“The researchers expected the macaque face processing network to respond in much the same way to the first two types of faces. But instead, the entire system showed more activity in response to the long-time personally familiar faces. Faces that were only visually familiar, meanwhile, caused a reduction of activity in some areas.(研究人员预计猕猴的面部处理网络对前两种类型的脸的反应大致相同。但相反，整个系统对长期熟悉的面孔表现出了更多的反应。与此同时，只在视觉上熟悉的面孔导致某些区域的活动减少。)”可知，大脑对不同的人有不同的反应，故选D。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“There’s nothing quite like the rush of recognition that comes from seeing a familiar face. Scientists have found it very difficult to explain how we identify well-known faces — or how that process differs from the way we perceive unfamiliar ones.(没有什么比看到一张熟悉的脸而产生的识别感更强烈的了。科学家们发现，很难解释我们是如何识别熟悉的面孔的，或者这个过程与我们感知不熟悉面孔的方式有何不同。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍的是大脑如何识别熟悉的面孔。所以“How the brain recognizes familiar faces(大脑如何识别熟悉的面孔)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。

9.静安区

It’s difficult to think about how to spend money, and deciding money value in the future is almost impossible to many people. That’s because it is hard for us to consider the opportunity costs of objects we purchase.
A study was conducted with people who wanted to purchase a car to determine their ability to assess the opportunity cost of that purchase. When asked “If you buy this car today, what will you not be able to do in the future as a result?”, the majority said, “If I buy this SUV today, I will not be able to buy a sports car tomorrow.” Nobody said that he would not be able to buy 300 lunches at a restaurant because they were, though unconsciously, restricted within the car field, not even attempting to think of an item from another field.
The nature of modern spending makes things even harder by making money less concrete. If I give you $1,000 in an envelope each week, you will see in the shop that what you’re buying comes at the expense of other things of the same price. After all, you have the real experience because you have to hand out the real money note if you want to get the object. But with credit cards and loans, financial mechanisms have become increasingly unclear, making it more difficult for people to compare the value of spending now with the value of money in the future as they are allowed to pay for the purchases later.
Irrelevant influences and considerations, such as a person’s present emotions or preferences, can influence how much worth someone places on an object too.
In a study, Professor Dan Ariely and his team asked participants to determine the value of objects like wine, chocolates and electronics.
“We first told them to consider whether they would pay the amount equivalent to the last two digits of their social security numbers,” he says. “We found a significant relation between the amount they were willing to pay and these digits.”
For instance, someone whose social security number (SSN) ends in 25 valued the objects much lower than someone with the last two digits of 78. For no logical reasons, the test subjects leaned toward the most recent number they had access to when valuing the items. Even with full information about the objects, some people had no logical point of reference for the value of the objects. Instead, they used their own irrelevant experiences as references.
43. According to the passage, the opportunity cost in consumption field refers to ______.
A. the cost to pay for various opportunities
B. what a person is willing to give up if he buys a specific item
C. the opportunities to invest in costly items
D. the comparison of prices of the same item from different sources
44. In the test, when buying cars, most people won’t think of the alternative 300 meals because ______.
A. they won’t have trouble in paying for meals
B. 300 meals are not equal to the car in value
C. they can’t compare money values across categories
D. they personally prefer the car to food
45. Purchase through credit cards makes it harder for people to recognize money value because ______.
A. items paid by credit cards are cheaper than paid by cash
B. it’s easier for people to save money through credit cards
C. people have to pay an interest when buying through credit cards.
D. delay in payment may confuse people’s judgement of money value.
46. Why were many of Dan Ariely’s test participants willing to pay the same amount as the last two digits of their social security numbers?
A. Because they were not good at predicting values and counting numbers.
B. Because they made predictions with most convenient hints available.
C. Because they believed that their SSN digits were very valuable.
D. Because they tended to consult others and copy peers’ choices.
【答案】43. B 44. C 45. D 46. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述一项分析主要讲述了人们很难考虑购买物品的机会成本。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“A study was conducted with people who wanted to purchase a car to determine their ability to assess the opportunity cost of that purchase. When asked 'If you buy this car today, what will you not be able to do in the future as a result?', the majority said, 'If I buy this SUV today, I will not be able to buy a sports car tomorrow.'(对那些想要购买汽车的人进行了一项研究，以确定他们评估购买机会成本的能力。当被问到“如果你今天买了这辆车，结果将来你不能做什么?”，大多数人说：“如果我今天买了这辆SUV，明天我就买不到跑车了。”)”可推断，根据文章内容所谓的消费领域的机会成本指的是，当一个人购买了一样东西之后，他愿意放弃的是什么。故选B。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Nobody said that he would not be able to buy 300 lunches at a restaurant because they were, though unconsciously, restricted within the car field, not even attempting to think of an item from another field.(没有人说他不能在一家餐馆买300份午餐，因为他们，虽然是无意识地，被限制在汽车领域内，甚至没有试图去想另一个领域的东西。)”可知，在测试中，在购买汽车时，大多数人不会想到替代的300餐，是因为他们不会跨类别比较金钱的价值。故选C。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But with credit cards and loans, financial mechanisms have become increasingly unclear, making it more difficult for people to compare the value of spending now with the value of money in the future as they are allowed to pay for the purchases later.(但随着信用卡和贷款的出现，金融机制变得越来越不明确，这使得人们更难以将现在的消费价值与未来的货币价值进行比较，因为他们可以在以后支付购买费用。)”可知，通过信用卡购买使人们更难认识钱的价值是因为延迟付款可能会混淆人们对货币价值的判断。故选D。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“For no logical reasons, the test subjects leaned toward the most recent number they had access to when valuing the items.(毫无逻辑的，测试对象在评估物品价值时更倾向于他们最近得到的数字。)”可知，人们是根据自己最近得到的数字进行预测评估，也就是他们会选择最便捷的方式。故选B。

10.闵行区
Search engines have changed the way we use the Internet, putting vast sources of information just a few clicks away. But Harvard professor of psychology Line Daniel Wegner’s recent research proves that websites and the Internet are changing much more than technology itself. They are changing the way our memories function. Wegner’s latest study shows that when people have access to search engines, they remember fewer facts and less information because they know they can rely on “search” as a readily available shortcut.
Wegner believes the new findings show that the Internet has become part of a transactive memory source, a method by which our brains divide information. Transactive memory exists in many forms, as when a husband relies on his wife to remember a relative’s birthday. You don’t have to remember everything in the world yourself. You just have to remember who knows it. Now computers and technology are becoming virtual extensions of our memory.
Wegner conducted several experiments to demonstrate the phenomenon, using various forms of memory recall to test reliance on computers. In one experiment, participants demonstrated that they were more likely to think of computer terms like “Yahoo” or “Google” after being asked a set of difficult trivia questions. In another experiment, participants typed some statements into a computer and they were told the statements would be saved in specific folders. Next, they were asked to recall the statements. Finally, they were given cues to the wording and asked to name the folders where the statements were stored. The participants proved better able to recall the folder locations than the statements themselves.
Wegner admits that questions remain about whether dependence on computers will affect memories negatively: “Nobody knows now what the effects of these tools are on logical thinking.” Students who have trouble remembering distinct facts, for example, may struggle to employ those facts in critical thinking. But he believes that the situation overall is beneficial, comparing dependence on computers to dependence on a mechanical hand or other prosthetic device.
And even though we may not be using our memories to recall distinct facts, we are still using them to consider where the facts are located and how to access them. “We still have to remember things,” Wegner explains. “We’re just remembering a different range of things.” He believes his study will lead to further research into understanding computer dependence, and looks forward to tracing the extent of human interdependence with the computer world — pinpointing the “movable dividing line between us and our computers in cyber networks.”
63. Which of the following statements can be the best idea of the passage?
A. Relying on technology has weakened our critical thinking.
B. People heavily depend on computer for storing information.
C. Human’s capacity for memory is much weaker than it was before.
D. Computers and technology are reshaping the functions of our brain.
64. The example of remembering a relative’s birthday (in the 2nd paragraph) is used to ________.
A. show that people who are closely related tend to have shared memories
B. demonstrate how people initially developed external sources of memory
C. illustrate the concept of a transactive memory source using a familiar situation
D. emphasize the effectiveness and accuracy of transactive memory sources
65. From the experiment we know that when asked to provide facts that are not familiar to them, people tend to ________.
A. think of specific information sources B. type into computer and remember them
C. recall them from their deep memories D. link the unfamiliar facts to their experiences
66. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The more we rely on computer, the weaker our memory becomes.
B. Reliance on computers does not necessarily reduce human memory.
C. Computers have helped people to understand the memory system better.
D. Researches should be done to reveal the side effect of computer dependence.
【答案】63. D 64. C 65. A 66. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了计算机和技术正在重塑我们大脑的功能，介绍了研究开展的过程以及意义。
【63题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Search engines have changed the way we use the Internet, putting vast sources of information just a few clicks away. But Harvard professor of psychology Line Daniel Wegner’s recent research proves that websites and the Internet are changing much more than technology itself. They are changing the way our memories function.(搜索引擎已经改变了我们使用互联网的方式，只需点击几下鼠标就可以获得大量的信息。但哈佛大学心理学教授Line Daniel Wegner最近的研究证明，网站和互联网的改变远远不止技术本身)”结合文章主要说明了计算机和技术正在重塑我们大脑的功能，介绍了研究开展的过程以及意义。可知，D选项“计算机和技术正在重塑我们大脑的功能”最符合文章大意。故选D。
【64题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“Wegner believes the new findings show that the Internet has become part of a transactive memory source, a method by which our brains divide information. Transactive memory exists in many forms, as when a husband relies on his wife to remember a relative’s birthday.(韦格纳认为，这些新发现表明，互联网已经成为交互记忆来源的一部分，这是我们的大脑划分信息的一种方法。交互记忆以多种形式存在，比如丈夫依靠妻子来记住亲戚的生日)”可推知，记住一个亲戚的生日的例子是用一个熟悉的情况来说明交互内存源的概念。故选C。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“In one experiment, participants demonstrated that they were more likely to think of computer terms like “Yahoo” or “Google” after being asked a set of difficult trivia questions. In another experiment, participants typed some statements into a computer and they were told the statements would be saved in specific folders. Next, they were asked to recall the statements. Finally, they were given cues to the wording and asked to name the folders where the statements were stored. The participants proved better able to recall the folder locations than the statements themselves.(在一项实验中，参与者在被问及一组困难的琐事问题后，表明他们更有可能想到诸如“雅虎”或“谷歌”这样的计算机术语。在另一个实验中，参与者在电脑中输入一些语句，并被告知这些语句将被保存在特定的文件夹中。接下来，他们被要求回忆这些陈述。最后，他们会得到措辞的提示，并被要求命名存放语句的文件夹。实验证明，参与者回忆文件夹位置的能力比回忆语句本身的能力强)”可知，从实验中我们知道，当被要求提供他们不熟悉的事实时，人们倾向于想到特定的信息源。故选A。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中““We still have to remember things,” Wegner explains. “We’re just remembering a different range of things.” He believes his study will lead to further research into understanding computer dependence, and looks forward to tracing the extent of human interdependence with the computer world — pinpointing the “movable dividing line between us and our computers in cyber networks.”(“我们仍然需要记住一些事情，”Wegner解释道。“我们只是记住了一系列不同的事情。”他相信他的研究将引导人们进一步了解计算机依赖，并期待追踪人类与计算机世界的相互依赖程度——确定“在网络网络中我们与计算机之间的可移动分界线”。)”可推知，对计算机的依赖并不一定会减少人类的记忆。故选B。


11.浦东新区

If you know someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD), you’re aware of how quickly they can step up from mild annoyance to outbursts of anger. However, Sonya Varma, a professor from York University, wondered, do people with BPD have problems in all aspects of this process? Could they have an as-yet-undiscovered set of emotional strengths?
According to new research by Varma and her colleagues, emotion regulation involves both the internal reactions of the body and the conscious efforts people make to label those bodily feelings. This labeling process, they maintain, could make all the difference when it comes to settling back down and putting the mind back at rest.
To tease apart these features of emotion regulation, Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an “emotion induction (引导)” treatment. Participants read a story that was intended to cause a negative emotion such as a hit-and-run car accident or the death of your dog. The sample included 29 participants with diagnosed BPD who were age- and sex-matched with healthy controls, and they ranged in age from 18 to 60. To examine the effect of labeling, Varma asked their participants to type their current emotional states into a computer, choosing from a set they saw on the screen. They could use the same word multiple times if they wished.
If indeed people with BPD have difficulty labeling their emotions, then this fault should have been reflected in their ability to return to baseline (起点) after the negative emotion induction. However, the findings surprisingly ran counter to the research team’s expectations: People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions. Although using a wider range of words following the emotion induction helped to bring about greater physiological control for all participants, there were no differences between groups in this effect.
Given its role in helping restore physiological peace, it appears that regardless of whether someone has BPD or not, it can be beneficial to learn to label your emotions. When you’re starting down the pathway of experiencing a negative emotion, you can benefit by applying an accurate label to that emotion as opposed to holding it back or calling it something else. This can potentially prevent engagement in destructive behaviors that may function to downregulate emotion such as self-harm.
To sum up, this new information about BPD can offer hope that at least one key element of the emotion regulation process appears to function effectively. Building on this strength could very well provide a new and unexplored pathway for their satisfaction.
63. According to paragraph 1 and 2, people with BPD _________.
A. may be good at labeling bodily feelings
B. may lose their temper easily and suddenly
C. encounter problems in every aspect of their life
D. have emotional strengths like emotion regulation
64. The underlined phrase “tease apart” (Para 3, Line 1) is closest in meaning to _________.
A. identify B. combine C. emphasize D. dominate
65. What can be inferred from Varma’s experiment?
A. Negative emotions affect the ability to reflect.
B. Healthy controls excel at regulating their mental state.
C. Rich expressions contribute to psychological stability.
D. People with BPD met the research team’s expectations.
66. What is the passage mainly about?
A. A new pathway of regulating emotions.
B. A method of consciously labeling emotions.
C. An unexpected strength of people with BPD.
D. An involuntary reaction to people with BPD.
【答案】63. B 64. A 65. C 66. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述患有边缘性人格障碍的人令人意想不到的一个优势。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“If you know someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD), you’re aware of how quickly they can step up from mild annoyance to outbursts of anger.(如果你认识一个患有边缘性人格障碍（BPD）的人，你会意识到他们从轻微的烦恼到爆发愤怒的速度有多快)”可知，患有BPD的人可能容易突然发脾气。故选B项。
【64题详解】
短语猜测题。结合划线部分后“Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an ‘emotion induction (引导)’ treatment(Varma设计了一个实验情境，让参与者接受‘情绪引导’治疗)”及下一段中提到的试验结果“People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions.(BPD患者表达情绪的消极程度，情绪的强度，甚至他们用来描述自己情绪的词汇，都与对照组的参与者相同)”可推知，Varma的试验目的是梳理情绪调节的特征，tease apart意为“梳理，确认”，故选A项。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Although using a wider range of words following the emotion induction helped to bring about greater physiological control for all participants, there were no differences between groups in this effect.(尽管在情绪引导之后使用更广泛的词汇有助于所有参与者获得更强的生理控制能力，但在这种效果上，各组之间没有差异)”可知，丰富的表达有助于心理稳定。故选C项。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合倒数第二段首句“Given its role in helping restore physiological peace, it appears that regardless of whether someone has BPD or not, it can be beneficial to learn to label your emotions.(考虑到BPD在帮助恢复生理平静方面的作用，似乎不管一个人是否患有BPD，学会给自己的情绪贴上标签都是有益的)”及最后一段中“To sum up, this new information about BPD can offer hope that at least one key element of the emotion regulation process appears to function effectively. Building on this strength could very well provide a new and unexplored pathway for their satisfaction.(综上所述，BPD的新信息可以提供希望，情绪调节过程中至少有一个关键因素有效发挥作用。建立在这一优势的基础上，可以很好地为他们的满意度提供一条新的、未被探索的途径)”可知，文章主要讲述患有边缘性人格障碍的人令人意想不到的一个优势。故选C项。

12.青浦区

When Carolyn Kurle first visited Alaska’s Hawadax Island, then known as Rat Island, she immediately noticed the silence. “When you’re on an island that’s never had rats, it’s just like birds everywhere — it’s really loud,” she says. “So when you get to an island that does have rats, you really notice because it’s cacophony versus quiet.”
Nowadays Hawadax is once again a noisy place. Roughly a decade after a successful effort to rid the island of its predatory rodents (捕食性啮齿动物), a mass of seabirds has returned. And the benefits have extended across the island’s entire seashore ecosystem, which is again full of diverse life. These findings, published in Scientific Reports, show that certain ecosystems can recover with surprising speed if given the chance.
“This study is an example of something positive that can happen when we humans take action to clean up after ourselves,” says Kurle, who is lead author of the study and a conservation ecologist at the University of California, San Diego. “It also highlights how everything is interlinked, especially in coastal systems.”
The greedy rodents colonized Hawadax after a Japanese shipwreck in the 1780s, and they quickly wiped out seabird communities. Kurle’s first findings, published in 2008, showed that the rats affected not just birds but the entire food chain – all the way down to algae (藻类). Without birds to eat seashore invertebrates (无脊椎动物), populations of snails and other species feeding on plants exploded and consumed much of the marine kelp (巨藻), which provides crucial habitat for other organisms. “Certain invasive species can have impacts beyond those that are most obvious,” Kurle says.
Those early findings inspired the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in partnership with The Nature Conservancy and Island Conservation, to wipe out the rats by dropping poison on Hawadax. Kurle and her colleagues secured funding to survey the island 5 and 11 years after taking the action. They found that its ecosystem had steadily recovered and now resembles that of other Aleutian Islands that were never invaded by rats, with significantly fewer marine invertebrates and much more kelp cover.
“Very few rat-eradication projects have focused on the impact on marine ecosystems, so the Hawadax Island case is really noteworthy,” says University of Tennessee, Knoxville, ecologist Daniel Simberloff, who was not involved in the study. “This is a very cool, elegant result from an academic ecology standpoint and, of course, is important in terms of conservation.”
63. What does “cacophony” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A. Silent night. B. Messy beach.
C. Limited space. D. Disagreeable sounds.
64. According to paragraph 4, which of the following can be important for small animals or plants?
A. Greedy rodents. B. Marine kelp.
C. Seashore invertebrates. D. Invasive species.
65. The efforts made in the “Hawadax Island Case” include the following EXCEPT________.
A. setting traps and catching rats
B. raising money for follow-up study
C. joining hands with conservation groups
D. comparing Hawadax with other rat-free islands
66. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Birds and rats cannot co-exist.
B. Rats are invasive species that must be rooted out.
C. Ecosystem is too delicate to restore itself once disturbed.
D. Removing invaders on land can benefit marine populations.
【答案】63. D 64. B 65. A 66. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是哈瓦达克斯的掠食性啮齿类动物消失大约十年后，大批海鸟又回来了，老鼠不仅影响鸟类，而且影响整个食物链——一直到藻类。
【63题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段的“When you’re on an island that’s never had rats, it’s just like birds everywhere — it’s really loud(当你在一个没有老鼠的岛上时，它就像到处都是鸟一样——真的很吵。)”，“she immediately noticed the silence(她立即注意到那里一片寂静)”和“So when you get to an island that does have rats, you really notice(所以当你到达一个有老鼠的岛屿时，你真的会注意到)”，“versus quiet(与安静相对)”可知，当你在一个有老鼠的地方，会有吵人的声音，因此cacophony的意思是“讨厌的声音”，和D选项意思相近，故选D。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的“Without birds to eat seashore invertebrates , populations of snails and other species feeding on plants exploded and consumed much of the marine kelp , which provides crucial habitat for other organisms.(没有了捕食海岸无脊椎动物的鸟类，以植物为食的蜗牛和其他物种的数量激增，并消耗了大量的海洋海藻，而海洋海藻为其他生物提供了至关重要的栖息地。)”可知，海洋海藻对小动物或植物是重要的，故选B。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Those early findings inspired the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in partnership with The Nature Conservancy and Island Conservation, to wipe out the rats by dropping poison on Hawadax. Kurle and her colleagues secured funding to survey the island 5 and 11 years after taking the action. They found that its ecosystem had steadily recovered and now resembles that of other Aleutian Islands that were never invaded by rats, with significantly fewer marine invertebrates and much more kelp cover.(这些早期发现启发了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局，他们与自然保护协会和岛屿保护协会合作，通过向哈瓦达克斯投下毒药来消灭老鼠。库尔勒和她的同事们在采取行动5年和11年之后获得了调查这座岛屿的资金。他们发现它的生态系统已经稳步恢复，现在与其他从未被老鼠入侵的阿留申群岛相似，海洋无脊椎动物明显更少，海带覆盖面积更大。)”可知，“Hawadax Island Case”的努力不包括设置陷阱和抓老鼠，故选A。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Nowadays Hawadax is once again a noisy place. Roughly a decade after a successful effort to rid the island of its predatory rodents , a mass of seabirds has returned. And the benefits have extended across the island’s entire seashore ecosystem, which is again full of diverse life.(如今，哈瓦达克斯再次成为一个嘈杂的地方。在成功消灭岛上的掠食性啮齿类动物大约十年后，大批海鸟又回来了。这种好处已经延伸到岛上的整个海岸生态系统，这里再次充满了各种各样的生物。)”和“Kurle’s first findings, published in 2008, showed that the rats affected not just birds but the entire food chain – all the way down to algae.(库尔在2008年发表的第一个发现显示，老鼠不仅影响鸟类，而且影响整个食物链——一直到藻类)”可知，本文主要讲的是哈瓦达克斯的掠食性啮齿类动物消失大约十年后，大批海鸟又回来了，老鼠不仅影响鸟类，而且影响整个食物链——一直到藻类，也就是说“清除陆地上的入侵者可以使海洋种群受益。”，故选D。

13.松江区

During the most isolating worldwide pandemic in a century, it’s time to take a closer look at what may result in loneliness.
As a group, humans develop being around others, but how much and what kind of contact each person needs to feel part of a community varies among individuals as well as over one person’s stage of life. “A common belief is that the loneliest people are those who are alone; actually, it’s important to separate the two,” said Dr. Perissinotto, a professor of medicine at the University of California. “Kids with their families can be lonely because they can’t see the friends at school; people who are not physically isolated can feel lonely because the community doesn’t welcome them in; and older adults can experience loneliness through retirement or death of a loved one.” What leads to loneliness is much deeper than being alone.
With the pandemic exacerbating loneliness issues, an increasing number of health professionals are concerned about the mental and physical health risks associated with the feeling — like depression and early death, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That’s why, experts say, it’s also time to look more closely at what we can do about loneliness.
“When it comes to fighting loneliness, the key is not looking at circumstances and assuming what feelings should be associated with it, but actually asking yourself if you are lonely,” Perissinotto said. “If your solitude (独处) is a choice and you have people who can support you if you need help, there is no saying you can’t live a happy life.” And just as solitude doesn’t necessarily equal loneliness, interaction doesn’t mean fulfilment for everyone, according to Hawkley, a principal research scientist at the University of Chicago. “People can be around others and feel lonely anyway or they can be pretty much single souls and not be lonely,” Hawkley pointed out.
Hawkley divides connections into three primary types and holds that loneliness can stem from the sensing of a lack of any of them. “The first type happens when someone like a spouse is so close to you that part of your identity becomes closely connected with his or hers. Then there is the second type, which you establish with your close friends, as well as the third type — those interactions that make you feel part of a community.”
It is suggested that one identify what kind of loss of connection his loneliness is coming from and then evaluate the quality of his various relationships. Identifying the kind of connection that one is longing for and the quality of the relationships he already has are important first steps, but where one goes from there depends entirely on his specific context.
63. According to the passage, Perissinotto probably agrees that ________.
A. people who live alone are much more likely to feel lonely
B. asking someone if he’s lonely doesn’t help fight loneliness
C. those choosing to be alone do not necessarily feel unhappy
D. death of loved ones is the main cause of people’s loneliness
64 The word exacerbating in paragraph 3 most probably means ________.
A. worsening B. exploring C. confusing D. addressing
65. What can we conclude from the last two paragraphs?
A. There’re no obvious connections among three different types of loneliness.
B. Hawkley holds that people lacking one of the three connections feel lonely.
C. Recognizing one’s missing connection is helpful in dealing with loneliness.
D. The quality of one’s relationships is not so important as his specific context.
66. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Differences between being alone and lonely.
B. Causes of loneliness and ways to deal with it.
C. Effects of a pandemic on people’s way of keeping connected.
D. Reasons for people’s loneliness and importance of fighting it.
【答案】63. C 64. A 65. C 66. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述在流行病期间导致孤独的原因以及解决方式。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中Perissinotto所说的 “If your solitude (独处) is a choice and you have people who can support you if you need help, there is no saying you can’t live a happy life.”（如果你选择独处，且你有可以支持你的朋友，那么没有人会说你不能过上幸福的生活。）可知，那些选择独处的人并不一定感到不快乐。故选C。
【64题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“With the pandemic exacerbating loneliness issues, an increasing number of health professionals are concerned about the mental and physical health risks associated with the feeling—like depression and early death”（随着这种流行病exacerbating了孤独问题，越来越多的卫生专业人员担心与抑郁和早逝相关的心理和身体健康风险）可推断，流行病使得孤独问题更加严重，才引起了越来越多专家的关注。故“exacerbating”指“加剧”，与“worsening”同义。故选A。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“It is suggested that one identify what kind of loss of connection his loneliness is coming from and then evaluate the quality of his various relationships. Identifying the kind of connection that one is longing for and the quality of the relationships he already has are important first steps, but where one goes from there depends entirely on his specific context.”（有人建议，一个人应该确定自己的孤独感是从什么样的联系缺失中产生的，然后评估自己各种关系的质量。确定一个人所渴望的关系类型和他已经拥有的关系的质量是重要的第一步，但这完全取决于他所处的特定环境。）可知，此段主要描写要确定自己因为缺乏哪种关系而导致孤独。因此，从最后两段可知，确定自己缺乏哪一种关系能够更好地应对孤独。故选C。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“During the most isolating worldwide pandemic in a century, it’s time to take a closer look at what may result in loneliness.”（在一个世纪以来世界范围内最孤立的流行病期间，是时候仔细看看什么可能导致孤独了。）以及上一题的解析可知，文章主要讲述导致孤独的原因以及应对方式。故选B。

14.徐汇区
Throughout human history, the sun has been worshipped as a symbol of life and power. The ancient Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Hittites, Persians, Aztecs, and Incas held annual celebrations, performed rituals, and made sacrifices to sun gods and goddesses.
The sun is the most abundant source of energy in the solar system. Every day, 173,000 terawatts of energy — 100,000 times more energy than humans use — strike the earth in the form of sunlight. Sunlight consists of visible light; ultraviolet light, which is responsible for the production of Vitamin D in our skin; and infrared radiation, which heats the air, water, and ground, and constitutes nearly 50 percent of the total solar radiation reaching the earth. Without the sun, life on Earth would not exist. One would think that all that free, available energy would have been harnessed long ago, but only in recent decades have people taken a serious interest in the sun as a source of alternative renewable energy.
So far, the world has relied on wood, oil, coal, and natural gas to produce energy for heating, lighting, transportation, and manufacturing. Since the 1950s, world consumption has been increasing persistently. In the year 2000, 80 percent of commercial energy was generated from the combustion of fossil fuels, and every day, 50 million barrels of oil are reined (支配) and converted to gasoline and other fuels. In addition to the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels, the consequences of high consumption rates are pollution and global warming.
Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have been causing global temperatures to rise, with the greatest increase occurring in the last decade. In the 1990s, global CO2 emissions rose by 1.3 percent per year. Between 2000 and 2006, annual CO2 emissions increased to 3.3 percent, and since then they have been accelerating. To meet the 50–60 percent increase in energy demand by 2030, as predicted by the International Energy Agency, and to prevent the disastrous effects of global warming, people have been looking to the sun.
The most practical form of solar energy is passive solar energy which occurs when natural light floods in through windows or is absorbed by stone or concrete walls. In 1956, the world’s first commercial solar building was constructed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, by engineers Frank Bridgers and Don Paxton. Considered ahead of its time, architect Francis Stanley’s design provided for large sloping south-facing windows to capture infrared radiation, following the same principles used by the ancient Romans to heat their bathhouses. Passive solar energy is now being incorporated into environmentally friendly building designs, which include double or triple glazed windows and insulated walls and ceilings to trap heat, Trombe walls painted black to maximize the absorption of infrared radiation, and mirrors or fiber optics to enhance natural lighting.
The most recognizable solar technology, photovoltaic (PV) cells, convert direct sunlight into electricity. Developed in 1941, the modern silicon PV cell, or solar cell, is a wafer (晶片) made of two layers of crystalline silicon, a semiconducting material derived from sand or quartz. When sunlight strikes a PV cell’s surface, electrons are knocked out of place, creating an electrical current. Solar cells are joined together to form units, which are combined into panels sandwiched between sheets of glass within an aluminum frame. PV panels, which work best in direct sunlight, can be mounted on tracking devices to follow the sun’s movement. Solar panels are assembled into solar arrays; the larger the array, the greater the energy output.
63. According to the second paragraph, we may learn that ________.
A. The sun gives out 173,000 terawatts of energy into space.
B. The sunlight is composed of visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared radiation and invisible light.
C. One might think that all this free, usable energy of sunlight has long been used.
D. Even decades ago people thought energy of sunlight renewable.
64. How long has the world been in high speed of burning fossil fuel for energy?
A. For half a century. B. For nearly sixty years.
C. For over 70 years. D. For more than a century.
65. What principle can be applied to meet the increasing energy demand according to the passage?
A. Commercial Solar Building Principle. B. Passive Solar Energy Principle.
C. Large Sloping South-facing Windows Principle. D. Black Wall Principle.
66. What’s the working principle of silicon wafer in obtaining solar energy?
A. Deriving semiconducting material from sand or quartz.
B. Tracking the sun’s movement.
C. Assembling as many solar panels as possible for more energy.
D. Knocking electrons out of place by means of the strikes of sunlight.
【答案】63. C 64. C 65. B 66. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。为了防止全球变暖带来的灾难性影响，以及对能源需求的增长，现代人们对太阳作为一种可替代可再生能源的来源产生了浓厚的兴趣。本文介绍了太阳能最实用的形式——被动式太阳能，以及最知名的太阳能技术——光伏电池。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“One would think that all that free, available energy would have been harnessed long ago, but only in recent decades have people taken a serious interest in the sun as a source of alternative renewable energy. (人们可能会认为，所有这些免费的、可用的能源在很久以前就已经被利用了，但直到最近几十年，人们才对太阳作为一种可替代可再生能源的来源产生了浓厚的兴趣。)”可知，人们可能会认为，所有这些免费的、可用的阳光能量早已被利用。故选C项。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“So far, the world has relied on wood, oil, coal, and natural gas to produce energy for heating, lighting, transportation, and manufacturing. Since the 1950s, world consumption has been increasing persistently. In the year 2000, 80 percent of commercial energy was generated from the combustion of fossil fuels, ... (到目前为止，世界依靠木材、石油、煤炭和天然气来生产用于取暖、照明、运输和制造业的能源。 20世纪50年代以来，世界消费持续增长。2000年，80%的商业能源来自化石燃料的燃烧，……)”可知，fossil fuels((煤、石油、天燃气等矿物燃料)自 20世纪50年代以来被高速消耗，至今应有70多年了。故选C项。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第四句“Passive solar energy is now being incorporated into environmentally friendly building designs, which include double or triple glazed windows and insulated walls and ceilings to trap heat, Trombe walls painted black to maximize the absorption of infrared radiation, and mirrors or fiber optics to enhance natural lighting. (被动式太阳能现在正被纳入环保建筑设计中，其中包括双层或三层玻璃窗和隔热墙和天花板以捕获热量，Trombe墙涂成黑色以最大限度地吸收红外辐射，以及镜子或光纤以增强自然采光)”可知，为了满足日益增长的能源需求，可以采取Passive solar energy原理。故选B项。
【66题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句开始“Developed in 1941, the modern silicon PV cell, or solar cell, is a wafer (晶片) made of two layers of crystalline silicon, a semiconducting material derived from sand or quartz. When sunlight strikes a PV cell’s surface, electrons are knocked out of place, creating an electrical current. (研发于1941年的现代硅光伏电池，或称太阳能电池，是由两层晶体硅制成的晶片，这是一种从沙子或石英中提取的半导体材料。当阳光照射到光伏电池的表面时，电子会被击出位置，产生电流)”可知，硅晶片获取太阳能的工作原理是：通过太阳光的照射使晶片中的电子偏离位置。故选D项。

15.杨浦区

Parents, teachers and caregivers have long suspected the magic of storytelling to calm kids. Researchers have now quantified the biological and emotional benefits of a well-told tale.
“We know that narrative has the power to transport us to another world,” says Guilherme Brockington from Brazil’s Federal University. “Earlier research suggested that stories help children process and regulate their emotions — but this was mostly conducted in a laboratory, with subjects answering questions while lying inside functional MRI machines. There are few studies on biological and psychological effects of storytelling in a more commonplace hospital setting.”
So investigators working in several Brazilian hospitals split a total of 81 patients aged 4 to 11 into two groups, matching them with storytellers who had a decade of hospital experience. In one group, the storyteller led each child in playing a riddle game. In the other, youngsters chose books and listened as the storyteller read them aloud. Before and after these sessions, the researchers took spit samples from each child, then asked them to report their pain levels and conducted a free-association word quiz.
Children in both groups benefited measurably from the interactions; they showed lower levels of cortisol — the stress-related hormone and higher levels of oxytocin, which is often described as a feel-good hormone. Yet kids in the storytelling group benefited significantly more: their cortisol levels were a quarter of those in the riddle group, and their oxytocin levels were nearly twice as high. Those who heard stories also reported pain levels dropping almost twice as much as those in the riddle group, and they used more positive words to describe their hospital stay.
The study demonstrates that playing games or simply interacting with someone can relax kids and improve their outlook but that hearing stories has an especially dramatic effect. The researchers “really tried to control the social interaction component of the storyteller, which I think was the key,” says Raymond Mar, a psychologist at York University who was not involved in the new research.
Next, the investigators plan to study how long these effects last, along with storytelling’s potential benefits to kids with particular illnesses such as cancer. For now Brockington says the results indicate storytelling is a low-cost and extremely efficient way to help improve health outcomes in a variety of settings. Mar agrees. “It’s very promising and scalable,” he says, “and possibly generalizable.”
63. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The effects of story-telling on children.
B. The limitations of the earlier research.
C. The methods used in earlier studies.
D. The major breakthroughs achieved so far.
64. The underlined word “scalable” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _________.
A. accessible B. comparable C. adjustable D. readable
65. Which of the following is TRUE about the study conducted in Brazilian hospitals?
A. It measured participants’ blood levels.
B. It divided subjects into groups of 81.
C. It quantified the benefits of story-telling.
D. It compared impact of two types of story-telling.
66. The conclusion drawn from the study is that ________.
A. listening to stories reduces pain and stress in hospitalized kids
B. interacting with others improves sick kids’ mental sharpness
C. story telling has potential benefits for kids with cancers
D. riddle guessing is as effective as storytelling in helping sick kids
【答案】63. B 64. A 65. C 66. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员现在已经量化了一个讲得好的故事在生理和情感上的好处。
【63题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Earlier research suggested that stories help children process and regulate their emotions — but this was mostly conducted in a laboratory, with subjects answering questions while lying inside functional MRI machines. There are few studies on biological and psychological effects of storytelling in a more commonplace hospital setting.(早些时候的研究表明，故事有助于儿童处理和调节他们的情绪——但这主要是在实验室中进行的，受试者躺在功能性核磁共振成像仪里回答问题。很少有关于在更常见的医院环境中讲故事对生物和心理影响的研究。)”可知，第二段主要讲的是早期研究的局限性。故选B。
【64题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“the results indicate storytelling is a low-cost and extremely efficient way to help improve health outcomes in a variety of settings(研究结果表明，讲故事是一种低成本且极其有效的方法，可以帮助改善各种环境下的健康状况)”可知，这种方法是可行的，可使用的，scalable和accessible(可使用的)意思相近，故选A。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的“Children in both groups benefited measurably from the interactions; they showed lower levels of cortisol — the stress-related hormone and higher levels of oxytocin, which is often described as a feel-good hormone. Yet kids in the storytelling group benefited significantly more: their cortisol levels were a quarter of those in the riddle group, and their oxytocin levels were nearly twice as high.(两组儿童都从互动中获益；他们的皮质醇（一种与压力相关的激素）水平较低，而催产素（一种常被描述为让人感觉良好的激素）水平较高。然而，讲故事组的孩子明显受益更多：他们的皮质醇水平是谜语组的四分之一，催产素水平几乎是谜语组的两倍。)”可知，巴西医院进行的研究量化了讲故事的好处。故选C。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Those who heard stories also reported pain levels dropping almost twice as much as those in the riddle group, and they used more positive words to describe their hospital stay.(那些听故事的人报告的疼痛水平下降幅度几乎是听谜语的人的两倍，而且他们使用了更积极的词汇来描述他们的住院情况。)”和倒数第二段的“The study demonstrates that playing games or simply interacting with someone can relax kids and improve their outlook but that hearing stories has an especially dramatic effect.(该研究表明，玩游戏或与人互动可以让孩子放松，改善他们的人生观，但听故事的效果尤其显著。)”可知，这项研究得出的结论是听故事可以减轻住院儿童的痛苦和压力，故选A。

16.长宁区
The “reading wars,” one of the most confusing and disabling conflicts in the history of education, went on heatedly in the 1980s and then peace came. Advocates of phonics (learning by being taught the sound of each letter group) seemed to defeat advocates of whole language (learning by using cues like context and being exposed to much good literature).
Recent events suggest the conflict of complicated concepts is far from over. Teachers parents and experts appear to agree that phonics is crucial, but what is going on in classrooms is not in agreement with what research studies say is required, which has aroused a national debate over the meaning of the word “phonics.”
Lucy M. Calkins a professor at Columbia University’s Teachers College and a much-respected expert on how to teach reading, has drawn attention with an eight-page essay. Here is part of her argument: “The important thing is to teach kids that they needn’t freeze when they come to a hard word, nor skip past it. The important thing is to teach them that they have resources to draw upon, and to use those resources to develop endurance.”
To Calkins’s critics, it is cruel and wasteful to encourage 6-year-olds to look for clues if they don’t immediately know the correct sounds. They should work on decoding — knowing the pronunciation of every letter group — until they master it, say the critics, backed by much research.
Calkins’s approach “is a slow, unreliable way to read words and an inefficient way to develop word recognition skill,” Mark S. Seidenberg, a psychologist at the University of Wisconsin, said in a blog post. “Dr. Calkins treats word recognition as a reasoning problem — like solving a puzzle. She is committed to the educational principle that children learn best by discovering how systems work rather than being told.”
Many others share his view. “Children should learn to decode — i.e., go from print on the page to words in the mind — not by clever guesswork and inference, but by learning to decode,” Daniel Willingham, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, told me. He said the inferences Calkins applauds are “cognitively (认知地) demanding, and readers don’t have much endurance for it. … It disturbs the flow of what you’re reading, and doing a lot of it gets frustrating.”
Yet a recent survey found that only 22 percent of 670 early-reading teachers are using the approach of phonics and what they mean by phonics is often no more than marking up a worksheet
Both sides agree that children need to acquire the vocabulary and background information that gives meaning to words. But first, they have to pronounce them correctly to connect the words they have learned to speak.
Calkins said in her essay: “Much of what the phonics people are saying is praiseworthy,” but it would be a mistake to teach phonics “at the expense of reading and writing.”
The two sides appear to agree with her on that.
43. Critics of phonics hold the opinion that ________.
A. children should be taught to use context
B. teaching phonics is both boring and useless
C. kids acquire vocabulary in hearing letter groups
D. pronunciation has nothing to do with meaning of words
44. Which of the following statements is Mark S. Seidenberg most likely to agree with?
A. Tell me and I will forget; show me and I will remember.
B. Skilled reading is fast and automatic but not deliberative.
C. Word recognition skill should be developed in problem reasoning.
D. Learning to make reasonable inferences is also a way of decoding.
45. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. phonics approach has been proved to be successful
B. children don’t shy away from difficulties in reading
C. the two reading approaches might integrate with each other
D. reading and writing are much more important than phonics
46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. An everlasting reading war among critics
B. From print on the page to words in the mind
C. A battle restarts between phonics, whole language
D. Decoding and inferring confuse early-reading teachers
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. C 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讨论了自然拼读法和整体语言法之间的一场战争。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Advocates of phonics (learning by being taught the sound of each letter group) seemed to defeat advocates of whole language (learning by using cues like context and being exposed to much good literature).”（自然拼读法的倡导者——通过学习每个字母组的发音来学习，似乎击败了整体语言法的倡议者——通过使用上下文等线索来学习，并接触许多好的文学作品）可知，反对自然拼读的人们认为要通过语境来来学习。故选A。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段Mark S. Seidenberg所说的话“Calkins’s approach “is a slow, unreliable way to read words and an inefficient way to develop word recognition skill,” ”（Calkins的方法“是一种缓慢、不可靠的读词方式，也是一种发展单词识别技能的低效方式”。）以及“Dr. Calkins treats word recognition as a reasoning problem—like solving a puzzle.”（Calkins博士将单词识别视为一个推理问题，就像解决一个难题一样。）可推知，Mark S. Seidenberg会倾向于同意熟练的阅读是快速和自动的，而不是深思熟虑的。故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Both sides agree that children need to acquire the vocabulary and background information that gives meaning to words. But first, they have to pronounce them correctly to connect the words they have learned to speak.”（双方都同意，孩子们需要掌握赋予单词意义的词汇和背景信息。但首先，他们必须正确发音，以便将所学单词连接起来。）以及倒数第二段“Calkins said in her essay: “Much of what the phonics people are saying is praiseworthy,” but it would be a mistake to teach phonics “at the expense of reading and writing.””（Calkins在她的文章中说：“人们所说的很多语音知识都是值得称赞的”，但“以阅读和写作为代价”教授语音知识将是一个错误）和最后一段“双方似乎都同意她的观点。”可推知，这两种阅读方法可以相互融合。故选C。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Advocates of phonics (learning by being taught the sound of each letter group) seemed to defeat advocates of whole language (learning by using cues like context and being exposed to much good literature).”（自然拼读法的倡导者——通过学习每个字母组的发音来学习，似乎击败了整体语言法的倡议者——通过使用上下文等线索来学习，并接触许多好的文学作品）和第二段“Teachers, parents and experts appear to agree that phonics is crucial, but what is going on in classrooms is not in agreement with what research studies say is required, which has aroused a national debate over the meaning of the word “phonics.””（教师、家长和专家似乎都同意语音至关重要，但课堂上发生的事情与研究报告所说的不一致，这引发了全国范围内对“语音”一词含义的争论）可知，本文是有关自然拼读法和整体语言法之间的讨论。故选C。