2022上海十六区高三英语二模汇编 —完形填空（答案解析版）

这是一份2022上海十六区高三英语二模汇编 —完形填空（答案解析版），共66页。试卷主要包含了宝山区， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022上海高三英语二模完形填空汇编

1.宝山区

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Some literary characters capture the imagination of readers. Their adventures, experiences, talents and personalities make them ___41___. Detective Sherlock Holmes is one of these. Author Arthur Conan Doyle created Holmes in 1887 in his works. He was brilliant. Critically, his ability to notice ___42___, assemble them and draw conclusions amazed everyone. He first appeared in the story “A Study in Scarlet”The story also introduced Dr. John Watson and how he came to live with Holmes and be part of his life. Watson observes that many interesting people visit Holmes at various times during the day. Holmes informs Watson he is a “___43___detective”. These people are clients, including ___44___ from Scotland Yard, who seek his help to solve difficult cases.
Watson narrates this first case which involves the murders of two men. The story has two parts. In the first part, Holmes solves the crime and captures the killer. The second part gives the backstory as to why the killer murdered his ___45___. It was a revenge (报复) killing for their part in the death of the murderer’s fiancee.
The Red-headed League is on many people’s lists of their favorite stories ___46___ Sherlock Holmes. In this story, red-headed businessman Jabez Wilson wants Holmes’ help. Several weeks before, Wilson’s young assistant, Vincent Spaulding, had ___47___ him to reply to a newspaper ad. The ad offered ___48___ paid work to a red-headed man. Wilson gets the job and is paid 4 pounds a week for short periods of afternoon work. ___49___ suddenly without notice the job stops. Wilson wants Holmes’s assistance to discover what happened. Holmes ____50____ a description of Spaulding and goes to see him at Wilson’s shop. He notices that the knees of Spaulding’s trousers are ____51____. Then Holmes taps on the pavement ____52____Wilson’s shop. Next he calls a police inspector and the director of the bank that is behind Wilson’s shop. The four men hide in the dark bank vault (金库) and wait. Soon two men, one of whom is Spaulding, ____53____ from a tunnel cut into the vault’s floor and are captured. The two men had ____54____ the Red-headed League to keep Wilson away while they dug the ____55____ to the bank vault.
41. A. imaginable B. intelligible C. powerful D. unforgettable
42. A. criminals B. processes C. details D. expressions
43. A. consulting B. investing C. conducting D. enquiring
44. A. natives B. detectives C. officials D. rivals
45. A. colleges B. partners C. relatives D. victims
46. A. including B. representing C. involving D. praising
47. A. urged B. helped C. warned D. forced
48. A. dearly B. fully C. highly D. earnestly
49. A. Therefore B. Furthermore C. Meanwhile D. Then
50. A. turns to B. asks for C. takes down D. works out
51. A. dirty B. ordinary C. special D. wet
52. A. on top of B. at the back of C. in front of D. in the middle of
53. A. escape B. emerge C. run D. keep
54. A. invented B. organized C. supervised D. commanded
55. A. yard B. wall C. hole D. tunnel
【答案】41. D 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. B 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了令读者印象深刻的文学形象——福尔摩斯。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的冒险、经历、才华和个性都让人难以忘怀。A. imaginable可想象的；B. intelligible明白易懂的；C. powerful强大的；D. unforgettable难以忘怀的。根据第一段“Some literary characters capture the imagination of readers.”可知，一些文学人物让人印象深刻。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：关键的是，他注意到细节，将它们组合起来并得出结论的能力令所有人惊叹。A. criminals罪犯；B. processes过程；C. details细节；D. expressions表达。根据“He was brilliant.”以及空后的“assemble them and draw conclusions amazed everyone.”可知，福尔摩斯善于寻找细节并依据细节得出结论。故选C项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：福尔摩斯告诉华生他是一名咨询侦探。A. consulting 咨询；商量；B. investing投资；C. conducting实施；D. enquiring询问。根据后文“These people are clients, including ___4___ from Scotland Yard, who seek his help to solve difficult cases.”可知，这些顾客都是来找福尔摩斯寻求帮助解决棘手案件的。故选A项。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些人都是他的客户，其中包括来自伦敦警察厅的侦探，他们寻求他的帮助来解决棘手的案件。A. natives本地人；B. detectives侦探；C. officials 官员；D. rivals对手。根据后文“who seek his help to solve difficult cases.”可知来找福尔摩斯寻求帮助的是一些试图解决棘手案件的侦探。故选B项。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二部分给出了为什么凶手杀害受害者的背景故事。A. colleges同事；B. partners伙伴；C. relatives亲戚；D. victims受害者。根据前文 “Watson narrates this first case which involves the murders of two men.”以及“It was a revenge killing for their part in the death of the murderer’s fiancee.”可知，此处指为什么凶手杀害受害者。故选D项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：红发联盟是许多人最喜欢的和福尔摩斯有关的故事之一。A. including包含；B. representing代表；C. involving涉及；D. praising表扬。根据后文“In this story, red-headed businessman Jabez Wilson wants Holmes’ help.”可知，故事涉及到了福尔摩斯。故选C项。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几个星期前，威尔逊的年轻助手文森特·斯波尔丁敦促他回复报纸上的一则广告。A. urged力劝；B. helped帮助；C. warned警告；D. forced强迫。根据“The two men had ___14___ the Red-headed League to keep Wilson away while they dug the ___15___ to the bank vault.”可知，红发联盟的高薪工作的广告是斯伯丁和同伙发明的，目的就是为了引开威尔逊的注意，所以才极力说服威尔逊去应聘。故选A项。
【48题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：广告给一个红头发的人提供了高薪工作。威尔逊得到了这份工作，每周有4英镑的报酬，下午有短暂的工作时间。”A. dearly深深地；B. fully完全地；C. highly高度地；D. earnestly认真地。根据“4 pounds a week for short periods of afternoon work.”可知，只在下午工作极短的时间就可以每周得到四英镑，所以薪水很高。故选C项。
【49题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后，突然在没有任何通知的情况下工作停止了。 A. Therefore因此；B. Furthermore而且；C. Meanwhile同时；D. Then然后。根据后文“Wilson wants Holmes’s assistance to discover what happened.”可知，威尔逊找到福尔摩斯的助手让他查明工作突然停止的原因，此处在叙述故事的发展过程。故选D项。
【50题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：福尔摩斯要求他描述一下斯波尔丁的样子，然后到威尔逊的店里去见他。A. turns to转到；B. asks for要求；C. takes down写下；D. works out算出。根据“He notices that the knees of Spaulding’s trousers are ___11___ .”可知，福尔摩斯去见了斯波尔丁，所以事先让威尔逊描述他的样子。故选B项。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他注意到斯波尔丁的裤子的膝盖部分很脏。A. dirty脏的；B. ordinary普通的；C. special特殊的；D. wet湿的。根据后文“Soon two men, one of whom is Spaulding, ___13___ from a tunnel cut into the vault’s floor and are captured. The two men had ___14___ the Red-headed League to keep Wilson away while they dug the ___15___ to the bank vault.”可知，斯波尔丁参与挖金库地下通道的工作，所以裤子的膝盖部位是脏的。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：接着，福尔摩斯敲着威尔逊铺子前的人行道。A. on top of在……顶上；B. at the back of在……后面；C. in front of在……前面；D. in the middle of在……中间。根据“Next he calls a police inspector and the director of the bank that is behind Wilson’s shop.”可知，银行就在威尔逊商店的后面，所以人行道应该在威尔逊店铺的前面，故选C项。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：很快，两名男子，其中一个是斯波尓丁，从一条通往金库地板的隧道中出来，并被抓获。A. escape逃跑；B. emerge出现；C. run跑；D. keep保持。根据后文“and are captured.”可知，斯波尔丁和他的同伙一出现就被捕获。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这两个人创立了红发联盟，目的是在挖通往银行的隧道时不让威尔逊靠近。A. invented发明；B. organized组织；C. supervised监督；D. commanded命令。根据“to keep Wilson away while they dug the ___15___ to the bank vault.”可知，斯波尔丁和他的同伙为了不让威尔逊发现他们的罪行，所以就发明了红发联盟的招聘广告，并力劝威尔逊去应聘。所以选A 项。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这两个人创立了红发联盟，目的是在挖通往银行的隧道时不让威尔逊靠近。A.yard院子；B. wall墙；C. hole洞；D. tunnel。根据上文“Soon two men, one of whom is Spaulding, ___13___ from a tunnel cut into the vault’s floor and are captured.”可知，斯波尔丁和他的同伙在挖通往银行的通道。故选D项。

2.崇明区


Artificial intelligence (AI) has amazing potential to change the world, and we’ve only just begun to scratch the surface. As AI matures and people move further away from distinct programming and monitoring of systems, unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause ___41___ harm for individuals and society. This bias might ___42___ input data or even the algorithms (算法) themselves.
All too often, data sets are incomplete and the sample represented in the data set does not ___43___ the population that the AI model is making predictions about — this is known as coverage bias. Some other types of bias related to input data include sampling bias, where data is not collected randomly from the target group, and participation bias, where users from certain groups ___44___ surveys at different rates than users from other groups. Still, another more challenging bias to identify is confirmation bias that occurs when a decision maker or analyst has a strong ___45___ belief or experience that affects their ability to consider alternatives. This could lead one to more strongly ___46___ data that confirms a preexisting belief.
Bias resulting from AI algorithms themselves, or algorithmic bias, is equally ___47___. One example of algorithmic bias is implicit bias or unconscious bias, where data scientists ___48___ make associations or assumptions based on their mental models and memories that affect data modeling decisions. Implicit bias can ___49___ how data is collected and classified, or how systems are designed and developed. As machines learn, their conclusions and decisions affect people. Ethical (道德的) AI must understand these impacts and create governance and testing methods to ____50____ mistakes and inaccuracies.
To create ethical AI, companies need to put the ____51____ of the individual at the center of data innovation. This means thinking about ____52____ rights as human rights and developing a comprehensive approach to data, including how we use AI.
Having ____53____ data practices for AI means having good AI governance. This governance not only focuses on data and analytics but also understands the impacts of any given analysis and makes sure it’s ____54____ and accurate. Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency (透明性).
None of this will be easy, but true innovation never is. By coming together and working on the problem of bias now, before it becomes a(n) ____55____ force, businesses can help bring out the best AI has to offer the world.
41. A. theoretical B. psychological C. disproportionate D. unintended
42. A. arise from B. contribute to C. take over D. make up
43. A. inspire B. match C. protect D. restrict
44. A. quit B. administer C. compare D. analyze
45. A. distinct B. predictable C. original D. widespread
46. A. restore B. imply C. miss D. favor
47. A. embarrassing B. dangerous C. relevant D. ridiculous
48. A. intentionally B. temporarily C. automatically D. appropriately
49. A. influence B. help C. attract D. predict
50. A. admit B. define C. address D. publicize
51. A. belongings B. expressions C. characteristics D. needs
52. A. civil B. digital C. legal D. natural
53. A. frequent B. responsible C. peculiar D. graceful
54. A. fair B. quick C. appealing D. adequate
55. A. leading B. innovative C. cultural D. destructive
【答案】41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. C 46. D 47. B 48. C 49. A 50. C 51. D 52. B 53. B 54. A 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在发展人工智能中可能会出现的各种偏见。
【41题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着人工智能的成熟，人们越来越远离对系统的独特编程和监控，未知的偏见可能会让决策持续很长时间，对个人和社会造成意想不到的伤害。A. theoretical理论上的；B. psychological心理的；C. disproportionate不成比例的；D. unintended非计划的。根据前文“ unidentified bias might make decisions continue for a long time”可推断未知的偏见可能引起意想不到的伤害。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种偏见可能来自输入数据，甚至是算法本身。A. arise from产生于；B. contribute to贡献；C. take over接管；D. make up和解。根据前文“ unidentified bias might make decisions continue for a long time”以及后文“input data or even the algorithms (算法) themselves.”可知，上文提到未知的偏见，本句应该是讨论偏见可能产生的原因。故选A项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常情况下，数据集是不完整的，数据集中所代表的样本与人工智能模型所预测的人群不匹配——这被称为覆盖偏见。A. inspire激励；B. match相配；C. protect保护；D. restrict妨碍。根据后文“this is known as coverage bias”可知是有偏差的，可推断数据是不匹配的才产生偏差。故选B项。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：与输入数据相关的其他一些类型的偏见包括抽样偏见，其中数据不是随机从目标群体收集的，以及参与偏见，其中某些群体的用户退出调查的比例不同于其他群体的用户。A. quit退出；B. administer管理；C. compare比较；D. analyze分析。根据后文“at different rates than users from other groups”可知和其他组的比率不同，可推知有人退出了调查，导致比率不同。故选A项。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，另一个更具挑战性的偏见是确认偏见，它发生在决策者或分析师有一个强大的原始信念或经验，影响他们考虑替代方案的能力。A. distinct不同的；B. predictable可预测的；C. original原来的；D. widespread普遍的。根据后文“This could lead one to more strongly 　 　data that confirms a preexisting belief.”可知这可能会导致一个已经存在的信念，可推知本句应该是有强大的原始信念。故选C项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可能会导致一个人更倾向于确认一个已经存在的信念的数据。A. restore修复；B. imply意味着；C. miss错过；D. favor喜爱。根据前文“Still, another more challenging bias to identify is confirmation bias that occurs when a decision maker or analyst has a strong 　　belief or experience that affects their ability to consider alternatives.” 可知决策者或分析师一个强大的原始信念，会使他们倾向于最喜爱的数据。故选D项。
【47题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能算法本身产生的偏见，或算法偏见，同样危险。A. embarrassing令人尴尬的；B. dangerous危险的；C. relevant相关的；D. ridiculous荒唐的。根据前文“unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause 　　　　 harm for individuals and society”可知，偏见会引起伤害，这是危险的。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：算法偏见的一个例子是内隐偏见或无意识偏见，数据科学家根据影响数据建模决策的心理模型和记忆无意识地做出关联或假设。A. intentionally有意地；B. temporarily暂时；C. automatically无意识地；D. appropriately适当地。根据前文“One example of algorithmic bias is implicit bias or unconscious bias”可知后文是在解释unconscious bias，所以应该是科学家无意识地关联和假设。故选C项。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：内隐偏见会影响数据收集和分类的方式，也会影响系统的设计和开发。A. influence影响；B. help帮助；C. attract吸引；D. predict预测。根据后文“As machines learn, their conclusions and decisions affect people.”可知算法本身的偏见是会产生影响的。故选A项。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有道德的人工智能必须了解这些影响，并创建治理和测试方法，以解决错误和不准确性。A. admit承认；B. define定义；C. address设法解决；D. publicize宣传。根据前文“Ethical AI must understand these impacts and create governance and testing methods”可根据句意推知，应是找到方法解决错误。故选C项。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了创造合乎道德的人工智能，公司需要把个人的需求放在数据创新的中心。A. belongings财物；B. expressions表情；C. characteristics特征；D. needs需要。根据后文“This means thinking about 　　　rights as human rights and developing a comprehensive approach to data, including how we use AI.”可知需要考虑到我们怎么使用AI，所以应该把个人需要放在数据创新的中心。故选D项。
【52题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着要将数字权利视为人权，并开发一种全面的数据方法，包括我们如何使用人工智能。A. civil公民的；B. digital数字的；C. legal合法的；D. natural自然的。根据前文“To create ethical AI”可知，此处讲的是AI，所以应该是将数字权利视为人权。故选B项。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为AI提供负责任的数据实践意味着拥有良好的AI治理。A. frequent频繁的；B. responsible负责的；C. peculiar特有的；D. graceful优雅的。根据后文“Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency”可知良好的人工智能治理包括数据责任，所以应该是负责任的数据。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种治理不仅关注数据和分析，还了解任何给定分析的影响，并确保其公平和准确。A. fair公平的；B. quick快的；C. appealing吸引人的；D. adequate充足的。根据后文“Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency”可知良好的人工智能治理包括对透明度的承诺，所以应该是公平的。故选A项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在偏见成为破坏性力量之前，通过团结起来，现在就着手解决这个问题，企业可以帮助发掘出人工智能为世界提供的最好的东西。A. leading主要的；B. innovative革新的；C. cultural文化的；D. destructive破坏(或毁灭)性的。根据前文“unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause 　　　　 harm for individuals and society”可知偏见对人和社会都有害，所以是成为破坏性的力量。故选D项。

3.奉贤区

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults do at least 150 minutes of moderate to higher-intensity physical activity each week, and it should be in ____41____ of at least 10 minutes each for substantial health benefits, which has led many to ____42____ about the inefficacy of brief activities. Why people take two minutes going up the stairs if more than 10 minutes is ____43____ to make it worthwhile for health?
But now a study suggests something else: go ahead, take the stairs! Every minute ____44____ toward reaching the 150-minute goal, whether it’s part of a 10-minute period of activity or not. The purpose of the study conducted at the University of Utah was to see if moderate to vigorous physical activity in less than 10-minute episodes was ____45____ to weight outcomes. The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, found that each minute spent ____46____ in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity — be it walking the dog, vacuuming, or taking the stairs — was associated with lower BMI and lower weight.
“The idea here is, you can do a minute at a time and that’s not a problem,” Jessie Fan, lead author of the new paper and a family and consumer studies professor at the University of Utah, told Today.
For the women who participated in the study, each minute spent in higher-intensity activity was associated with a 0.7 drop in body mass index (BMI). For a 5'4" woman, that means a ____47____ of nearly half a pound, which may not sound like much, but that’s just for one minute. Little by little, they add up.
The authors concluded that the current 10-minute ____48____ guideline was based on health benefits other than weight outcomes and that their findings showed that for weight gain ____49____, accumulated higher-intensity physical activity bouts of less than 10 minutes are quite ____50____, supporting the message that “every minute counts.”
When it comes to your brain, it also rings true. An April 2019 study in Jama Network Open looked at how exercise affected the brain, and even short bursts ____51____ 22% greater brain volume.
“Our study results don’t ____52____ moderate or vigorous physical activity as being important for healthy ageing. We are just adding to the science, ____53____ that light-intensity physical activity might be important too, especially for the brain,” Dr. Nicole Spartarno, first author of the study from Boston University said.
“I think it’s easier for people to ____54____ that message,” Fan says. “Otherwise, if they don’t have a block of time they might be ____55____, and they don’t do anything.”
41. A. figures B. bursts C. turns D. cheers
42. A. wonder B. suppose C. believe D. wish
43. A. alerted B. subjected C. required D. committed
44. A. refers B. impresses C. reveals D. matters
45. A. opposed B. related C. switched D. exposed
46. A. devoting B. adapting C. exposing D. engaging
47. A. loss B. gain C. accumulation D. push
48. A. possibility B. activity C. capacity D. responsibility
49. A. damaging B. protection C. prevention D. hurting
50. A. infectious B. comfortable C. harmful D. beneficial
51. A. resulted in B. arose from C. came out D. gave in
52. A. exaggerate B. discount C. describe D. regard
53. A. addressing B. referring C. suggesting D. mentioning
54. A. process B. select C. store D. ignore
55. A. deprived B. disappointed C. depressed D. discouraged
【答案】41. B 42. A 43. C 44. D 45. B 46. D 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。美国卫生与公众服务部建议成年人每周至少进行150分钟的中强度至高强度的体育活动，并且每次应该有至少10分钟的爆发性运动，以获得实质性的健康益处，这导致许多人疑惑短暂体能活是无效的，因此可能放弃运动。犹他大学进行的一项研究表明，目前的10分钟运动指南是基于健康益处而不是体重结果，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发也是非常有效的，每分钟的运动都很重要。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国卫生与公众服务部建议成年人每周至少进行150分钟的中强度至高强度的体育活动，并且每次应该有至少10分钟的爆发性运动，以获得实质性的健康益处，这导致许多人疑惑短暂体能活是无效的。A. figures 数字；B. bursts爆发；C. turns转动；D. cheers欢呼。根据下文“When it comes to your brain, it also rings true. An April 2019 study in Jama Network Open looked at how exercise affected the brain, and even short bursts 　　11　　　 22% greater brain volume. (2019年4月发表在《Jama Network Open》上的一项研究研究了运动如何影响大脑，即使是短暂的爆发也能使脑容量增加22%。)”可知，bursts为复现词，意为“爆发”。故选B项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国卫生与公众服务部建议成年人每周至少进行150分钟的中度至高强度的身体活动，并且每次应该有至少10分钟的爆发性运动，以获得实质性的健康益处，这导致许多人疑惑短暂体能活是无效的。A. wonder 琢磨，疑惑；B. suppose 假设；C. believe 相信；D. wish 愿望。根据下文“Why people take two minutes going up the stairs if more than 10 minutes is 　　3　　 to make it worthwhile for health? (如果爬楼梯这项运动需要花10多分钟时间才有助于健康，为什么人们花两分钟上楼梯？)”可知，对于“人们花两分钟上楼梯”这个短暂的体能运动，人们对其效果产生了质疑？此处考查动词短语wonder about，意为“对……感到奇怪；对……感到疑惑”。故选A项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果爬楼梯这项运动需要花10多分钟时间才有助于健康，为什么人们花两分钟上楼梯？A. alerted 使警觉；B. subjected 使经受；C. required 要求；D. committed 投入。根据下文“The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, found that each minute spent 　　6　　　 in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity — be it walking the dog, vacuuming, or taking the stairs — was associated with lower BMI and lower weight. (这项发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的研究发现，从事某种中强度到高强度的体育活动的每一分钟——遛狗、吸尘或走楼梯——都与较低的BMI和较低的体重有关。)”可知，爬楼梯属于中强度到高强度的体育活动；上文“and it should be in 　　　 of at least 10 minutes each for substantial health benefits, (并且每次应该有至少10分钟的爆发性运动，以获得实质性的健康益处)”可知，爬楼梯这种强度的运动，“需要（required）”进行10多分钟才有效果，有助于健康。故选C项。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：对达成150分钟的目标来说，每一分钟都很重要，无论它是否是属于那个10分钟（爆发运动）时间的一部分。A. refers 提及；B. impresses 留下深刻印象；C. reveals 揭示；D. matters 要紧，有关系。根据下文“The authors concluded that the current 10-minute 　　　　 guideline was based on health benefits other than weight outcomes and that their findings showed that for weight gain 　　　　　, accumulated higher-intensity physical activity bouts of less than 10 minutes are quite 　　　　　, supporting the message that ‘every minute counts’. (作者的结论是，目前的10分钟运动指南是基于健康益处而不是体重结果，他们的研究结果表明，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了“每分钟都很重要”的观点)”，此句中的every minute counts，此句为复现句。故选D项。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项在犹他大学进行的研究的目的是看看在少于10分钟的时间内进行中强度到高强度的体育活动是否与体重结果相关。A. opposed 反对；B. related 相关；C. switched 开关；D. exposed 暴露。根据下一句“The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, found that each minute spent 　　　　 in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity — be it walking the dog, vacuuming, or taking the stairs — was associated with lower BMI and lower weight. (这项发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的研究发现，从事某种中强度到高强度的体育活动的每一分钟——遛狗、吸尘或走楼梯——都与较低的BMI和较低的体重有关。)”，其中的was associated with，与be related to意思相近。故选B项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的研究发现，从事某种中强度到高强度的体育活动的每一分钟——遛狗、吸尘或走楼梯——都与较低的BMI和较低的体重有关。A. devoting奉献；B. adapting适应；C. exposing揭露；D. engaging参与。根据空后“ in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity”，应用engaging，动词短语engage in...，意为“从事，参加”，其他三项应与to连用。故选D项。
【47题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于身高5英尺4英寸的女性来说，这意味着减掉了近半磅，听起来可能不多，但这只是一分钟。A. loss 损失，减少；B. gain 获得；C. accumulation 累积；D. push 推动。根据上文“The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, found that each minute spent 　 in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity — be it walking the dog, vacuuming, or taking the stairs — was associated with lower BMI and lower weight. (这项发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的研究发现，从事某种中强度到高强度的体育活动的每一分钟——遛狗、吸尘或走楼梯——都与较低的BMI和较低的体重有关。)”中的lower weight可知，运动有减体重效果，loss符合语境。故选A项。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：作者得出结论：现行的10分钟运动指南是基于健康益处而不是体重结果，他们的研究结果表明，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了“每分钟都很重要”的观点。A. possibility 可能性；B. activity 活动；C. capacity 能力；D. responsibility 责任。根据上文“The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults do at least 150 minutes of moderate to higher-intensity physical activity each week, and it should be in 　　　　 of at least 10 minutes each for substantial health benefits,... (美国卫生与公众服务部建议成年人每周至少进行150分钟的中强度至高强度的体育活动，并且每次应该有至少10分钟的爆发性运动，以获得实质性的健康益处)”可知，文章提及的10分钟时间是指“体育活动（activity）”时间，故选B项。
【49题详解】
考查动词和名词词义辨析。句意：作者的结论是，目前的10分钟运动指南是基于健康益处而不是体重结果，他们的研究结果表明，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了“每分钟都很重要”的观点。A. damaging 伤害；B. protection 保护；C. prevention 预防；D. hurting 使疼痛。根据句中的weight outcomes，以及上文“The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, found that each minute spent 　　　 in some kind of moderate to vigorous physical activity — be it walking the dog, vacuuming, or taking the stairs — was associated with lower BMI and lower weight. (这项发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的研究发现，从事某种中强度到高强度的体育活动的每一分钟——遛狗、吸尘或走楼梯——都与较低的BMI和较低的体重有关。)”可知，研究关注的一个问题是：10分钟高强度运动与较低的体重有无关系，即能否减肥，退一步说，能否有“预防（prevention）”体重增加的功效。故选C项。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作者的结论是，目前的10分钟运动指南是基于健康益处而不是体重结果，他们的研究结果表明，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了“每分钟都很重要”的观点。A. infectious 感染性；B. comfortable 舒适的； C. harmful 有害的；D. beneficial 有益的。根据后半句“supporting the message that ‘every minute counts.’”可知，每分钟都重要，说明高强度运动哪怕不满10分钟，也能对人“受益的（beneficial）”。故选D项。
【51题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：2019年4月发表在《Jama Network Open》上的一项研究研究了运动如何影响大脑，即使是短暂的爆发也能使脑容量增加22%。A. resulted in 导致；B. arose from 由……引起；C. came out 出来；D. gave in 屈服。根据上文“accumulated higher-intensity physical activity bouts of less than 10 minutes are quite 　　　　, supporting the message that “every minute counts. (累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了‘每分钟都很重要’的观点。)”可知，短暂的爆发式的运动还有益于大脑，能“导致（resulted in）”脑容量的增加。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究结果并没有低估中强度或高强度的体育活动对健康老龄的重要性。A. exaggerate 夸大；B. discount 认为……不重要，低估；C. describe 描述；D. regard 尊重。根据有一句“We are just adding to the science, 　　　　 that light-intensity physical activity might be important too, especially for the brain（我们正要（把它）加到这科学知识中，这表明轻度的体育活动可能也很重要，尤其是对大脑。)”可知，研究者发现轻度的体育活动“也很重要（important too）”，表明研究者认为中强度或高强度的体育活动跟轻度的体育活动的重要性是同等的，没有“低估（discount）”后两者。故选B项。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究的第一作者，波士顿大学的Nicole Spartarno博士说:“我们正要（把它）加到这科学知识中，这表明轻度的体育活动可能也很重要，尤其是对大脑。”A. addressing 解决；B. referring 提及；C. suggesting 表明；D. mentioning 提及。根据句中的“are just adding to the science”，研究者要把这次研究的发现加入到现行的运动科学中，这足以“表明（suggesting）”轻度体育活动对健康的重要性。故选C项。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：范说:“我认为人们更容易处理那个信息。……”A. process 审阅，处理；B. select 选择； C. store 存储；D. ignore 忽略。根据上句“which has led many to 　　　 about the inefficacy of brief activities.（这导致许多人疑惑短暂体能活动是无效的)”，“their findings showed that for weight gain　　　, accumulated higher-intensity physical activity bouts of less than 10 minutes are quite 　　　　, supporting the message that ‘every minute counts.’ (他们的研究结果表明，要预防体重增加，累计的少于10分钟的高强度运动爆发非常有效，这支持了‘每分钟都很重要’的观点。)”，下文“Otherwise, if they don’t have a block of time they might be 　　　, and they don’t do anything. (否则，如果他们没有一块时间（去锻炼），他们可能会感到心灰意冷，就什么运动都不做了。)”可知，人们会对他们的研究结果进行“处理（process）”分析，并以此来决定自己要不要锻炼。故选A项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：否则，如果他们没有一块时间（去锻炼），他们可能会感到心灰意冷，就什么都不做了。A. deprived 丧失的；B. disappointed 失望的；C. depressed 抑郁的；D. discouraged 心灰意冷的。当权威部门只强调10分钟以上的中强度和高强度的体育运动有益健康时，而不告知大家其实少于10分钟的高强度锻炼也有益，每一分钟的锻炼都很重要，人们会因为自己无法抽出10分钟以上的时间段做锻炼，因“心灰意冷的（discouraged）”而放弃任何锻炼。故选D项。

4.虹口区

“Be present.” This is the slogan of mindfulness meditation and a supposed key to self-awareness and acceptance. In any type of mindfulness exercise, the goal is to perform routine activities with a ____21____ sense of attention.
Although mindfulness has its advantages, psychological research has also revealed that in some circumstances it’s important to be ____22____. That is, as we develop skill in complex tasks, we can perform them with increasing facility until attention seems to be ____23____. Everyday examples range from riding a bike to chopping cucumbers to brushing your teeth.
Forming this state of “automaticity” are mental processes that can be executed without paying attention to them. These processes proceed without conscious ____24____. We don’t perform all tasks automatically, but many can be performed this way once they are well ____25____.
To be clear, paying attention is important when learning a new skill. But research has also revealed that paying too much attention to what you’re doing can have ____26____ effects, particularly when you perform well-practised skills. In fact, this is one reason why some experts appear to “choke (窒息) under ____27____”: They think too much about the mechanics of the task at hand.
In a classic study, cognitive scientist Sian Beilock and her colleagues had skilled golfers attempt to sink putts (推球入洞) under different experimental conditions. In one scheme, the golfers were simply ____28____ to pay attention to the swing of their club (球杆) and say “stop” when they finished their swing. In another condition, they were directed to listen for a target sound while ____29____ other noises and say the word “tone” when they heard the target sound.
____30____, the skilled golfers performed considerably worse when they focused on their swing than when they paid attention to irrelevant sounds. The effect of paying attention to their swing was so damaging that when they were warming up before the ____31____ began, the golfers actually did better.
Focusing too carefully on the ____32____ of well-practised motor sequences (运动序列) can cause mistakes, which is the important message from this research. ____33____, we should not resign to go through life on autopilot, missing opportunities to make deeper connections with ourselves, one another and our environment. But there are situations where we should let automaticity ____34____.
The next time you ride a bike or join in a sport, don’t ____35____ it.
21. A. lowered B. heightened C. typical D. vague
22. A. attentive B. single-minded C. mindless D. cool-headed
23. A. unnecessary B. unrecognizable C. unusual D. unwelcome
24. A. preparation B. decision C. awareness D. reaction
25. A. assigned B. shared C. fulfilled D. practised
26. A. apparent B. moderate C. positive D. damaging
27. A. attack B. development C. pressure D. observation
28. A. commanded B. instructed C. recommended D. challenged
29. A. making B. reducing C. noticing D. ignoring
30. A. Surprisingly B. Instantly C. Unfortunately D. Inevitably
31. A. assessment B. process C. investigation D. experiment
32. A. performance B. consequence C. influence D. automation
33. A. In contrast B. Of course C. On the other hand D. By the way
34. A. take over B. follow on C. hold up D. get away
35. A. highlight B. outperform C. overthink D. underestimate
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究：虽然基于正念的干预有它的优点，但心理学研究也表明，在某些情况下，不动脑也很重要。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在任何一种正念练习中，目标都是在高度集中注意力的情况下进行日常活动。A. lowered被降低的；B. heightened增强的；被加高的；C. typical典型的；D. vague模糊的。根据下文“To be clear, paying attention is important when learning a new skill.(要清楚的是，在学习一项新技能时，注意是很重要的。)”和空格后的“sense of attention(注意力)”可知，高度集中的注意力是重要的，所以此处用heightened表示“增强的、高度集中的”注意力，符合语境。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词`词义辨析。句意：虽然正念有其优点，但心理学研究也表明，在某些情况下，不动脑也很重要。A. attentive专心的；B. single-minded率直的、真诚的；C. mindless不动脑的；盲目的；D. cool-headed头脑冷静的。根据上文“Although mindfulness has its advantages(虽然正念有它的优势 )”可知，两个分句之间是转折关系，所以此处用 mindless与上文的mindfulness形成对比。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也就是说，当我们开发复杂任务的技能时，我们可以越来越熟练地完成它们，直到注意力似乎是不必要的。A. unnecessary不必要的；B. unrecognizable难以辨认的、不被认可的；C. unusual非同寻常的；D. unwelcome不受欢迎的。根据下文“Everyday examples range from riding a bike to chopping cucumbers to brushing your teeth.(从骑自行车到切黄瓜再到刷牙，这些都是日常生活中的例子。)”可知，这些日常生活中的例子可以熟练地完成，所以此处用unnecessary表示注意力似乎是“不必要的”符合语境，故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些过程在没有意识的情况下进行。A. preparation准备；B. decision决定；C. awareness意识；D. reaction回应。根据下文“Forming this state of “automaticity” are mental processes that can be executed without paying attention to them.(形成这种“自动性”状态的是可以在不注意它们的情况下执行的心理过程。)”可知，此处用awareness与前面的without conscious连用表示在“没有意识的”情况下进行，符合语境。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们不能自动地完成所有的任务，但许多任务一旦练习得很好，就可以用这种方式完成。A. assigned分配；B. shared分享；C. fulfilled实现、履行；D. practised练习。根据上文“We don’t perform all tasks automatically(我们不会自动执行所有任务)”可知,不会自动执行任务，所以此处用practised表示任务需要“被练习”符合语境，故选D项。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但研究也表明，过度关注自己正在做的事情会产生破坏性影响，尤其是当你熟练运用技能时。A. apparent明显的、表面的；B. moderate 普通的、中等的；C. positive积极的；D. damaging破坏性的。根据上文“But research has also revealed that (但研究也表明)”可知，此处表转折关系，所以用damaging表示“破坏性的”影响，有转折的含义，与上文构成转折关系。故选D项。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这就是为什么一些专家似乎“在压力下窒息”的原因之一：他们对手头任务的机制想得太多了。A. attack袭击、攻击；B. development发展；C. pressure压力；D. observation观察。根据下文“They think too much about the mechanics of the task at hand.(但研究也揭示，他们对手头任务的机制想得太多)”可知，他们是有压力的，所以此处用pressure来表示在“压力下”窒息的原因，符合语境。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在一个方案中，高尔夫球手被简单地指示注意挥杆，并在挥杆结束后说“停止”。A. commanded命令；B. instructed指示、指导；C. recommended推荐；D. challenged挑战。根据下文“pay attention to the swing of their club (注意球杆的摆动) ”可知，此处应该是指导球杆摆动，所以用instructed表示“指示、指导”符合语境。故选B项。
【29题详解】
考查动名词词义辨析。句意：在另一种情况下，他们被指示在忽略其他噪音的情况下倾听目标声音，并在听到目标声音时说出“音调”。A. making制作；B. reducing降低；C. noticing注意；D. ignoring忽略。根据上文“they were directed to listen for a target sound(他们被指示去听目标声音)”和下文“say the word “tone” when they heard the target sound.”可知，此处用应该是指忽略噪音的情况下去听目标声音，所以用ignoring表示“忽略”噪音，符合语境。故选D项。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，熟练的高尔夫球手在专注于挥杆时的表现要比关注无关声音时差得多。A. Surprisingly令人惊讶地；B. Instantly立刻；C. Unfortunately不幸地；D. Inevitably不可避免地。根据下文“the skilled golfers performed considerably worse when they focused on their swing than when they paid attention to irrelevant sounds.(熟练的高尔夫球手在专注于挥杆时的表现要比关注无关声音时差得多。)”可知，这是令人惊讶地，所以用Surprisingly表示“令人惊讶地”作状语修饰整个句子，符合语境。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：注意挥杆的效果是如此有害，以至于当他们在实验开始前热身时，高尔夫球手实际上做得更好。A. assessment评估；B. process过程；C. investigation调查；D. experiment实验。根据上文“when they were warming up(当他们在热身的时候)”可知，应该是在试验前热身，所以用experiment表示“实验”符合语境，故选D项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：过分关注练习良好的运动序列的表现可能会导致错误，这是这项研究的重要信息。A. performance表现、表演；B. consequence结果、后果；C. influence影响；D. automation自动化。根据上文的“the skilled golfers performed considerably worse when they focused on their swing than when they paid attention to irrelevant sounds.”可推断，此处用performance表示运动序列的“表现”符合语境，表示过分关注运动序列的表现。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：当然，我们不应该放任自己的生活，错过与自己、他人和我们的环境建立更深层次联系的机会。A. In contrast与此相反；B. Of course当然；C. On the other hand另一方面；D. By the way顺便说一下。根据下文“we should not resign to go through life on autopilot, missing opportunities to make deeper connections with ourselves, one another and our environment.(我们不应该放任自己的生活，错过与自己、他人和我们的环境建立更深层次联系的机会。)”并结合常识可知，此处用Of course表示“当然”符合语境。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：但有些情况下，我们应该让自动性接管。A. take over接管；B. follow on继续下去；C. hold up举起、阻挡；D. get away离开。分析第13题可知，我们不应该放任自己的生活，不能听天由命地过着自动驾驶的生活。再根据空格前“But there are situations(但是有些情况下)”可知，此处表转折关系，但是有时候是需要自动性来接管我们生活的，所以用take over表示让自动性“接管”符合语境。故选A项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：下次当你骑自行车或参加一项运动时，不要想太多。A. highlight突出、强调；B. outperform胜过；C. overthink想太多；D. underestimate低估。根据14题以及上文内容可知，有些情况下，我们应该让自动性接管，所以此处用overthink与前面的 don’t搭配表示“不要想太多”符合语境。故选C项。

5黄埔区
In February 1970, a group of activists gathered in Vancouver, Canada to discuss a planned nuclear test on the Alaskan island of Amchitka. They eventually agreed to sail to the test site and ____41____ against the explosion in person. At the end of the meeting, the chairman raised two fingers to the room and shouted “Peace!”. After a brief pause, one young attendee ____42____ with a monumental line: “Let’s make that a green peace”. The group were so ____43____ the phrase that they named their first boat the Green Peace.
Over the last 50 years, the ____44____ movement has become so closely associated with the colour green that it’s almost impossible to see a green poster, label or recycling bag without thinking about our planet’s future. But though that connection is the product of a very recent crisis, its ____45____ go back some way. We have ____46____ green with nature and its processes for thousands of years. Indeed, the very word “green” comes from the ancient Proto-Indo-European word ghre, meaning “grow”.
The human species, which emerged in the green forests and grasslands of Africa about 300, 000 years ago, has a special ____47____ link with green. Our eyes might even have ____48____ specifically to see the green in plants. Unlike most animals, who are red-green colour blind, we humans developed a third cone cell, an additional photoreceptor enabling our ____49____ to spot ripe red and yellow fruits against a backdrop of green leaf, and to distinguish different green leaves from each other. In daylight conditions, human eyes are more ______50______ to green than any other colour.
With the rise of farming, we started to use green as a(n) ______51______ for nature and its processes. Archaeologists have recently found an extraordinary store of green jewels in the Levant, ______52______ some 10, 000 years. The researchers believe that these objects, many of which had come from hundreds of miles away at great cost, were chosen because they ______53______ young leaves and might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.
The ancient Egyptians, who were farming the banks of the Nile from about 8000 B.C., ______54______ use green as identification for their crops. Egyptian painters often represented their god of ______55______, Osiris — who was responsible for flooding the Nile’s banks, filling the soil with nutrients and pushing the first green shoots up through the fields — as a bright green being.
41. A. bump B. protest C. compete D. insure
42. A. objected B. announced C. responded D. highlighted
43. A. curious about B. familiar with C. shocked at D. fascinated by
44. A. environmental B. revolutionary C. multicultural D. deliberate
45. A. results B. origins C. extremes D. streams
46. A. identified B. recognized C. combined D. illustrated
47. A. physical B. artificial C. biological D. physiological
48. A. engaged B. evolved C. dominated D. exchanged
49. A. pioneers B. seniors C. ancestors D. inspectors
50. A. sensitive B. available C. equivalent D. appropriate
51. A. approach B. symbol C. alternative D. signal
52. A. crossing over B. counting for C. according to D. dating back
53. A. described B. reflected C. interpreted D. resembled
54. A. eventually B. similarly C. consequently D. definitely
55. A. agriculture B. vegetation C. cultivation D. generation
【答案】41. B 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. A 47. C 48. B 49. C 50. A 51. B 52. D 53. D 54. B 55. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是自远古以来人类和绿色的联系，旨在告诉我们实现绿色和平的必要性。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们最终同意航行到试验地点，并亲自抗议爆炸。A. bump碰撞；B. protest抗议；C. compete竞争；D. insure投保；承保。根据“against the explosion in person.”可知科学家们对于这次有计划的核爆炸是反对的。故选B项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在短暂的停顿之后，一位年轻的与会者回答说了一句不朽的话：“让我们实现绿色和平吧。”A. objected反对；B. announced宣布；C. responded回复；回应；D. highlighted强调；突出。根据上文“At the end of the meeting, the chairman raised two fingers to the room and shouted “ Peace! ””可知主席大声喊着“和平”，作为回应，一位年轻人的回复是“绿色和平”。故选C项。
【43题详解】
考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这群人对这个短语非常着迷，于是他们把他们的第一艘船命名为“绿色和平号”。A. curious about对......感到好奇；B. familiar with对......熟悉；C. shocked at对......感到震惊；D. fascinated by被......所迷住。根据后文“they named their first boat the Green Peace.”可知他们将自己的第一艘船命名为绿色和平号，可见对这个短语是多么地着迷。故选D项。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在过去的50年里，环保运动已经与绿色紧密地联系在一起，如果不考虑地球的未来，我们几乎不可能看到绿色的海报、标签或回收袋。A. environmental环境的；B. revolutionary革命的；创新的；C. multicultural多文化的；D. deliberate故意的。根据空后“movement has become so closely associated with the colour green that it’s almost impossible to see a green poster, label or recycling bag without thinking about our planet’s future.”可见生活中随处可见绿色产品，所以环保已经和绿色联系在一起了。故选A项。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，尽管这种联系是最近一场危机的产物，但它的起源在某种程度上可以追溯到过去。A. results结果；B. origins源头；C. extremes极端；D. streams溪流。根据后文“We have ________ green with nature and its processes for thousands of years. Indeed, the very word “ green ” comes from the ancient Proto-Indo-European word ghre, meaning “grow””可知环保和绿色的联系在古代就有了。所以这种联系的源头可以追溯到过去。故选B项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几千年来，我们已经确定了绿色与自然及其过程的关系。A. identified识别；确认；B. recognized承认；认可；C. combined结合；D. illustrated说明；表明。根据后文“Indeed, the very word “green” comes from the ancient Proto-Indo-European word ghre, meaning “grow””可知环保和绿色的联系在古代就有了，故许久以来我们已经确定了绿色与自然及其过程的关系。故选A项。
【47题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个人类物种大约在30万年前出现在非洲的绿色森林和草原上，它与绿色有着特殊的生物联系。A. physical身体上的；物理的；B. artificial人造的；C. biological生物的；D. physiological生理学的。根据后文“Our eyes might even have _______ specifically to see the green in plants. Unlike most animals, who are red-green colour blind, we humans developed a third cone cell, an additional photoreceptor enabling our________ to spot ripe red and yellow fruits against a backdrop of green leaf, and to distinguish different green leaves from each other. In daylight conditions, human eyes are more ________ to green than any other colour.”可知我们的人体在生理上有很多与绿色有联系的方面，所以说人类与绿色有着特殊的生物联系。故选C项。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的眼睛甚至可能进化到看到植物的绿色。A. engaged与某人订婚；保证；约定；B. evolved进化；演变；C. dominated支配；D. exchanged 交换；交流。根据后文“Unlike most animals, who are red-green colour blind, we humans developed a third cone cell, an additional photoreceptor enabling our________ to spot ripe red and yellow fruits against a backdrop of green leaf, and to distinguish different green leaves from each other. In daylight conditions, human eyes are more ________ to green than any other colour.””可知人类的眼睛在逐渐进化的过程可以看到绿色。故选B项。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：与大多数红绿色盲动物不同，我们人类形成了第三个锥细胞，这是一种额外的光感受器，使我们的祖先能够在绿叶的背景下发现成熟的红色和黄色果实，并区分不同的绿叶。A. pioneers先锋；B. seniors高年级学生；较年长者；C. ancestors祖先；D. inspectors检查员。根据前文“The human species, which emerged in the green forests and grasslands of Africa about 300, 000 years ago, has a special ________ link with green. Our eyes might even have ________ specifically to see the green in plants.”可知在300000多年以前的人类就和绿色有着特殊的联系了，所以是我们的祖先的眼睛在进化过程中形成了光感受器。故选C项。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在白天，人类的眼睛对绿色比对其他颜色更敏感。A. sensitive敏感的；B. available可用的；可获得的；C. equivalent相等的；相同的；D. appropriate适当的；合适的。根据前文“Unlike most animals, who are red-green colour blind, we humans developed a third cone cell, an additional photoreceptor enabling our_______ to spot ripe red and yellow fruits against a backdrop of green leaf, and to distinguish different green leaves from each other.”可知人类的眼睛在进化过程中，我们的祖先能够在绿叶的背景下发现成熟的红色和黄色果实，并区分不同的绿叶，所以对绿色更敏感。故选A项。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着农业的兴起，我们开始使用绿色作为研究自然及其过程的一种象征。A. approach方法；B. symbol象征；符号；C. alternative可供选择的事物；D. signal信号。根据后文“The researchers believe that these objects, many of which had come from hundreds of miles away at great cost, were chosen because they _______young leaves and might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.”可知科学家们通过研究绿色在大自然形成过程中的作用来了解大自然，这是将绿色作为一种研究农业的象征。故选B项。
【52题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：考古学家最近在黎凡特发现了一处非凡的绿色珠宝商店，这些珠宝可以追溯到大约1万年前。A. crossing over穿越；B. counting for有价值；C. according to依据；D. dating back追溯到。根据空后“some 10, 000 years. The researchers believe that these objects, many of which had come from hundreds of miles away at great cost, were chosen because they ________ young leaves and might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.”可知这些珠宝在大约一万年前就有，它们可以追溯到大约1万年前。故选D项。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员认为，这些以代价高昂被运来的来自于数百里之外的物品之所以被选择是因为它们像嫩叶，可能被早期农民用来祈祷降雨或施肥作物。A. described描述；B. reflected反映；C. interpreted诠释；D. resembled类似。根据后文“might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.”可知这些绿色的珠宝被花高昂的代价运来就是因为像极了曾经被用来祈雨的绿叶。故选D项。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：古埃及人大约从公元前8000年开始在尼罗河两岸耕作，他们同样用绿色作为他们作物标识。A. eventually最终；最后；B. similarly相似地；C. consequently因此；结果；D. definitely确定的；明确的。根据上文“The researchers believe that these objects, many of which had come from hundreds of miles away at great cost, were chosen because they ________ young leaves and might have been used by early farmers to pray for rainfall or fertilise crops.”可知尼罗河流域的人们和10000年前的人类一样在农业方面有着密切的联系。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：埃及画家经常把他们的农业之神Osiris描绘成一个明亮的绿色生物，他负责淹没尼罗河的河岸，使土壤充满养分，推动第一批绿芽穿过田野。A. agriculture农业；B. vegetation植物；草木；C. cultivation耕种；种植；D. generation生殖；产生。根据后文“who was responsible for flooding the Nile’s banks, filling the soil with nutrients and pushing the first green shoots up through the fields”可知Osiris负责的是农业。故选A项。


6.嘉定区
Fear of public speaking is the single most common phobia (恐怖症). Nearly 75% of people admit to ____41____ this, so you aren’t alone in your fear. It can range from slight ____42____ to a nearly paralyzing (瘫痪性的) fear and panic. For many people, this fear is so great that they avoid public speaking situations altogether. However, what if you can’t avoid it? What if your job requires you to speak in front of others from time to time? ____43____, what if you are trying to earn a promotion? You certainly don’t want to be ____44____ due to an inability to speak in public. Here are a few things you can do to manage and reduce your public speaking anxiety.
Practice Relaxation Techniques
When you are facing an uncomfortable situation, your body automatically experiences increased ____45____ activity such as a fast heartbeat, difficulty breathing, and tension in your muscles. You can relax your body and reduce these ____46____ with a variety of techniques. Deep breathing can help you calm your body. You should practice relaxation techniques prior to any public speaking.
____47____ Prepare
The better you know your topic, the less likely you will make a mistake. Oftentimes, the anxiety associated with public speaking comes from fear of ____48____. That’s why it is so important to spend plenty of time preparing yourself. ____49____ yourself as much as possible with the topic so you have a thorough understanding of what you are presenting. Then, practice your speech several times so you are comfortable with the entire ____50____. You should practice in front of people and ask for ____51____. Not only will this help you become more confident speaking in front of others, but the feedback can help you improve your speaking skills so you become even more confident.
____52____ Your Worries and How You Can Conquer Them
When you’re afraid of something, you may overestimate how often bad things will happen. A good exercise is to write down your ____53____ worries. For example, forgetting your material, losing your place, technical difficulties, a question you can’t answer, a bored audience. Once you have written down each worry, note down a(n) ____54____ solution for each one. Knowing you have a ____55____ in place should things go wrong will help you feel more secure about your presentation.
41.A. causing B. experiencing C. dominating D. spreading
42. A. distress B. forgetfulness C. injury D. nervousness
43. A. Furthermore B. Therefore C. Nevertheless D. Meanwhile
44. A. rebelled B. insulted C. dismissed D. overlooked
45. A. physiological B. beneficial C. incredible D. physical
46. A. risks B. pressures C. symptoms D. accidents
47. A. Specially B. Adequately C. Gradually D. Secretly
48. A. showing off B. running out C. messing up D. slowing down
49. A. Familiarize B. Equip C. Content D. Examine
50. A. preparation B. operation C. occasion D. presentation
51. A. success B. encouragement C. feedback D. trust
52. A. Forget B. Express C. Share D. Identify
53. A. health B. considerable C. specific D. unnecessary
54. A. easy B. probable C. fair D. technical
55. A. plan B. question C. lesson D. topic
【答案】41. B 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. C 49. A 50. D 51. C 52. D 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。很多人在公开场合演讲会有害怕的感觉，害怕程度因人而异，文章介绍了三个有助于管理和减少公众演讲焦虑的方法。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：近75%的人承认自己有过这样的经历，所以你并不孤单。A. causing导致；B. experiencing经历；C. dominating支配；D. spreading传播。根据上文“Fear of public speaking is the single most common phobia (恐怖症). (害怕公开演讲是最常见的恐惧症)”，以及后一句“It can range from slight 　　 to a nearly paralyzing (瘫痪性的) fear and panic. (它可以是轻微的紧张，也可以是近乎瘫痪的恐惧和恐慌。)”可知，在公开场合演讲会有害怕的感觉，75%的人经历过，但各自的害怕程度不一。experiencing符合语境。故选B项。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它可以是轻微的紧张，也可以是近乎瘫痪的恐惧和恐慌。A. distress忧虑；B. forgetfulness健忘；C. injury受伤；D. nervousness紧张。根据上文“Nearly 75% of people admit to 　　　1　　　 this, so you aren’t alone in your fear. (近75%的人承认自己有过这样的经历，所以你并不孤单。)”可知，很多人会对在公开场合演讲这事感觉害怕，每个人的害怕程度因人而异，有的人只是有一点点紧张的，有的则紧张得无法动弹；nervousness符合语境。故选D项。
【43题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，如果你想获得晋升呢？A. Furthermore此外，而且；B. Therefore因此；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上文“However, what if you can’t avoid it? What if your job requires you to speak in front of others from time to time? (然而，如果你无法避免呢？如果你的工作需要你时不时地在别人面前讲话，你该怎么办？)”可知，你的工作需要你得时不时在公开场合演讲，furthermore，用于支持或扩展之前的陈述，要想在工作中得到晋升，就得不怕在公开场合演讲。furthermore符合语境。故选A项。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：你当然不想因为没有在公共场合发言的能力而被忽视。A. rebelled反叛；B. insulted侮辱；C. dismissed驳回；D. overlooked忽视，忽略。根据上文“For many people, this fear is so great that they avoid public speaking situations altogether. (对许多人来说，这种恐惧是如此之大，以至于他们完全避免公开演讲。) ”可知，很多人因为害怕，从不在公开场合演讲，这样的人没有存在感，容易被“忽视（overlooked）”。故选D项。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当你面对不舒服的突发情况时，你的身体会无意识地体验到增加的生理活动，如心跳加快、呼吸困难和肌肉紧张。A. physiological生理的；B. beneficial有益的；C. incredible令人难以置信的；D. physical身体的。根据句中的“such as a fast heartbeat, difficulty breathing, and tension in your muscles”可知，心跳加速，呼吸困难，肌肉紧张都属于因为突发事件导致的人体的“生理（physiological）”变化。故选A项。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可以通过各种方法放松身体，减轻这些症状。A. risks风险；B. pressures压力；C. symptoms症状；D. accidents事故。根据上文“When you are facing an uncomfortable situation, your body automatically experiences increased 　　　　 activity such as a fast heartbeat, difficulty breathing, and tension in your muscles. (当你面对不舒服的突发情况时，你的身体会无意识地体验到增加了的生理活动，如心跳加快、呼吸困难和肌肉紧张。)”可知，练习放松技巧可以使“a fast heartbeat, difficulty breathing, and tension in your muscles”这些“症状（symptoms）”减轻。故选C项。
【47题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：准备充分。A. Specially特别地；B. Adequately充分地；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Secretly秘密地。此题考查小标题。根据下文“The better you know your topic, the less likely you will make a mistake. Oftentimes, the anxiety associated with public speaking comes from fear of 　　　　　. That’s why it is so important to spend plenty of time preparing yourself.”可知，要想成功演讲，要在演讲前多花时间，多多了解演讲主题，做“足（Adequately）”准备工作。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：通常，与在公共场合演讲相关的焦虑来自于害怕搞砸。A. showing off炫耀；B. running out用完，耗尽；C. messing up陷入困境，搞砸；D. slowing down减速。根据前一句“The better you know your topic, the less likely you will make a mistake. (你对你的主题越了解，你犯错误的可能性就越小。)”，害怕犯错，即害怕把演讲“搞砸（messing up）”了，会导致焦虑。故选C项。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽可能让自己熟悉主题，这样你就能透彻理解你要展示的内容。A. Familiarize使熟悉；B. Equip装备；C. Content使满意；D. Examine检查。根据后半句“so you have a thorough understanding of what you are presenting.”可知，透彻理解演讲内容是建立在熟悉演讲主题的基础上的。Familiarize符合语境。故选A项。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，把你的演讲练习几次，这样你就会对整个演讲展示感到舒服。A. preparation准备；B. operation操作； C. occasion场合；D. presentation展示。此处指正式演讲前，你得熟悉一下演讲内容和流程，即对“整个展示（presentation）”做到心中有数。故选D项。 　　　　　　　　.
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：你应该在人们面前练习并寻求反馈。A. success成功；B. encouragement鼓励；C. feedback反馈；D. trust信任。根据下文“Not only will this help you become more confident speaking in front of others, but the feedback can help you improve your speaking skills so you become even more confident. (这不仅会让你在别人面前更自信，而且反馈也可以帮助你提高你的演讲技巧，让你变得更自信。 )”，此句中的feedback为复现词，通过在别人面前试着演讲，并得以反馈。故选C项。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：确定你的担忧以及如何克服它们。A. Forget忘记；B. Express表达；C. Share分享；D. Identify确认，发现。此处考查小标题。根据下文“Once you have written down each worry, note down a(n)　　　 solution for each one.(一旦你写下了每一个担忧，为每一个问题写下一个可能的解决方案。)”可知，写下担忧的事，即“确认(Identify )”令你担忧的事，故选D项。
【53题详解】
考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：一个很好的练习就是写下你的具体担忧。A. health健康；B. considerable相当大的；C. specific具体的；D. unnecessary不必要的。根据下文“For example, forgetting your material, losing your place, technical difficulties, a question you can’t answer, a bored audience. (例如，忘记你的材料，失去你的位置，技术困难，一个你无法回答的问题，一个无聊的观众。)”可知，这些都是“具体的（specific）”担忧。故选C项。
【54题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一旦你写下了每一个担忧，为每一个问题写下一个可能的解决方案。A. easy容易的；B. probable可能的；C. fair公平的；D. technical技术的。写下的每个在演讲中担心会遇到的具体的问题，要想见招拆招，得预先拟定相应的解决措施，但也只是“可能”的解决措施，因为前文“When you’re afraid of something, you may overestimate how often bad things will happen. (当你害怕某事时，你可能会高估坏事发生的频率。)”,可能这些事都不会发生。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：知道自己已经有了一个计划，以防出错，这会让你对自己的演讲更有把握的。A. plan计划；B. question问题；C. lesson教训；D. topic话题。根据上文“Once you have written down each worry, note down a(n) 　　 solution for each one. (一旦你写下了每一个担忧，为每一个问题写下一个可能的解决方案。)”可知，万一在演讲中出了岔子，每一个担忧的事，都有应对措施，即有解决这些担忧的“计划”。故选A项。



8.金山区

Loans at public libraries fell dramatically during the pandemic (疫情), while website visits rose. If the service is to ____41____ further cuts, it needs users.
Libraries are romantic yet plain places. The romance is that of reading, and the wealth of human imagining and learning that is ____42____ in them. The plain side of libraries is more ____43____. This is the world of buildings, shelving, books, library cards, computers — and people with bodies that ____44____ space as well as minds that can be opened. It would be hard to find anyone who actively ____45____ libraries, and question the principles of self-improvement that they stand for. But when it comes to ____46____, Britain’s libraries are on less solid ground. The sector has been cut ____47____ in the past decade, with around 800 libraries across England disappearing.
The first Covid lockdown caused a new ____48____ of interest in reading, as the idea took hold that people forced to stay at home would spend more time with their noses in books — both finding out more about the virus and escaping from it. But the latest data regarding libraries is ____49____ for anyone who values them as bricks-and-mortar (实体店) places to go. The number of books borrowed in the year ending in March 2021 was 72.9m, down 56% on the previous year. Physical visits also ____50____, from 214.6m to 59.7m, compared with the fact that website visits grew by 18% to 154.7m. Of course, this is the behavior that one would expect during a pandemic. Many libraries were closed during this period, when people were ____51____ from unnecessary mixing.
Private libraries at home, whether large collections or single, untidy bookshelves, appear to be ____52____, with more ones springing up. But the hope must be that visits and loans at public libraries will soon return to their former level too. Like any other service, libraries need users. And while booksellers might in one sense be regarded as rivals (竞争对手), ____53____ the vast majority of those involved in the trade, from publishers to poets, are library lovers — as can be seen from the volumes they have inspired.
This has something to do with the romantic notion of the reader as ____54____, with every book a door to a new store of feeling or understanding. But it also shows the recognition that if books are to form part of our ____55____ life, there must be space in public for them. Books can be treasured possessions, but there is also something special about a copy that arrives in your hands having passed through those of others — and that will go on being passed between strangers who share your curiosity.
41. A. accept B. forbid C. survive D. gain
42. A. contained B. excluded C. assumed D. passed
43. A. realistic B. physical C. significant D. theoretical
44. A. occupy B. provide C. leave D. limit
45. A. boast of B. disapprove of C. set up D. clear up
46. A. capabilities B. readability C. practicalities D. originality
47. A. specially B. carefully C. massively D. completely
48. A. lack B. variety C. conflict D. increase
49. A. inspiring B. worrying C. dramatic D. predictable
50. A. collapsed B. doubled C. coincided D. restarted
51. A. concealed B. distracted C. discouraged D. protected
52. A. fading B. charming C. thrilling D. booming
53. A. in contrast B. in fact C. in addition D. in all
54. A. creator B. communicator C. explorer D. producer
55. A. personal B. independent C. balanced D. mutual
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. C 48. D 49. B 50. A 51. C 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了图书馆是一个浪漫的地方，在图书馆获得知识和文学艺术是非常宝贵的。同时，一些地区的图书馆面临着读者减少的困难，但作者认为图书馆将有一个美好的未来。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果这项服务想要在进一步的削减中存活下来，它需要用户。A. accept接受；B. forbid禁止；C. survive幸存、存活；D. gain获得。根据下文“it needs users(它需要用户)”可知，此处指要想存活下来需要用户，所以用survive表示“幸存、存活”符合语境。故选C项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：浪漫在于阅读，以及其中蕴含的丰富的人类想象和知识。A. contained包含；B. excluded排除；C. assumed假定；D. passed经过。根据空格前的learning可知，此处指知识被包含其中的，所以用be contained表示“被包含”符合语境。故选A项。
【43题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：图书馆朴实的一面更注重实体。A. realistic现实可行的；B. physical有形的、实体的；C. significant意义重大的；D. theoretical理论的。根据下文“This is the world of buildings, shelving, books, library cards, computers”可知，图书馆更注重实体。故选B项。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一个有建筑、书架、书籍、借书证、电脑的世界——还有人，他们的身体既能占据空间，也能拥有可以打开的思想。A. occupy占据；B. provide提供；C. leave离开；D. limit限制。根据空格后的space可知，此处用occupy表示身体能“占据”空间，符合语境。故选A项。
【45题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：很难找到一个积极反对图书馆、质疑图书馆所主张的自我完善原则的人。A. boast of 吹牛；B. disapprove of不赞成；C. set up建立；D. clear up清理。根据“and question”可知，此处用disapprove of与question呼应，表示“不赞成、反对”。故选B项。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但当涉及到实体时，英国的图书馆就没有那么坚实的基础了。A.capabilities能力、功能；B.readability可读性；C.practicalities实用性、实践性；D.originality独创性。根据下文“with around 800 libraries across England disappearing.”可知，此处指图书馆的实体。故选C项。
【47题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在过去的十年里，这个部门被大幅削减，全英国大约有800家图书馆消失了。 A. specially专门地、特殊地；B. carefully仔细地；C. massively大量地、大幅度地；D. completely完全地。根据下文“with around 800 libraries across England disappearing.(全英国约有800家图书馆正在消失。)”可知，此处用massively表示被“大量地”削减，符合语境。故选C项。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：新冠肺炎疫情的首次封锁引发了人们对阅读的兴趣的新增加，因为人们认为被迫待在家里的人会花更多的时间在书本上，既了解更多的病毒，也逃离它。A. lack缺乏；B. variety多样性；C. conflict冲突；D. increase增加。根据下文“as the idea took hold that people forced to stay at home would spend more time with their noses in books(人们认为，被迫呆在家里的人会花更多的时间在书本上 )”可知，人们以为被迫呆在家会促使人们多阅读。故选D项。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，关于图书馆的最新数据让那些把图书馆视为实体场所的人感到担忧。A. inspiring鼓舞人心的；B. worrying令人担忧的；C. dramatic急剧的；D. predictable可预测的。根据下文“The number of books borrowed in the year ending in March 2021 was 72.9m, down 56% on the previous year.(在截至2021年3月的一年中，图书借阅数量为7290万册，比上年下降56%)”可知，这些数据是令人担忧的。故选B项。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在截至2021年3月的一年中，图书借阅数量为7290万册，比上年下降56%。与网站访问量增长18%至1.547亿相比，实体图书馆的访问量也大幅下降，从2.146亿人次降至5970万人次。A. collapsed暴跌、崩溃；B. doubled加倍；C. coincided巧合、同时发生；D. restarted重启。根据下文“compared with the fact that website visits grew by 18% to 154.7m.(相比之下，网站访问量增长了18%，达到1.547亿。)”可知，与网站访问量增长形成对比的是实体图书馆访问量的大幅下降。故选A项。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多图书馆在这一时期关闭了，人们不被鼓励不必要的交往。A. concealed隐藏；B. distracted分心；C. discouraged劝阻，阻碍；D. protected保护。根据上文“Many libraries were closed during this period(许多图书馆在此期间关闭)”可知，图书馆关闭就意味着不鼓励非必要的交往。故选C项。
【52题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：国内的私人图书馆，无论是大量的藏书还是单独的、凌乱的书架，似乎都在蓬勃发展，越来越多的私人图书馆如雨后春笋般涌现。 A. fading褪色的、衰退的；B. charming迷人的；C. thrilling令人激动的；D. booming繁荣的、迅速发展的。根据下文“with more ones springing up.(如雨后春笋般涌现)”可知，此处用booming表示“迅速发展”符合语境。故选D项。
【53题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：虽然书商在某种意义上可能被视为竞争对手，但事实上，从出版商到诗人，绝大多数从事这一行业的人都是图书馆爱好者——从他们创作的书籍中就可以看出这一点。A. in contrast与此相反；B. in fact事实上；C. in addition另外；D. in all总共。根据下文“the vast majority of those involved in the trade, from publishers to poets, are library lovers(从出版商到诗人，从事这一行业的绝大多数人都是图书馆爱好者 )”可知，此处是陈述的事实，所以用in fact表示“事实上”符合语境。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这与读者是探险家的浪漫观念有关，每一本书都是一扇通向新的感觉或理解的门。A. creator创作者；B. communicator交流者；C. explorer探险家、勘探者；D. producer生产者。根据下文“with every book a door to a new store of feeling or understanding.(每一本书都是通向新感觉或新理解的大门)”可知，通向新感觉或新理解与探险有关，此处用explorer表示“探险家”的浪漫观念有关。故选C项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这也表明，人们认识到，如果要让书籍成为我们共同生活的一部分，就必须在公共场所为它们留出空间。A. personal个人的；B. independent独立的；C. balanced平衡的；D. mutual相互的、共同的。根据“there must be space in public for them. ”可知，图书馆是共同生活的一部分。故选D项。

9.静安区

Against all our wishes, advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34-billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, a marketing consultant is correct, trying to ___21___ the advertisement is about to get especially hard.
83% of all forms of advertising principally ___22___ only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically, ads have relied on slogans(广告语)to catch our ear, ___23___ everyday sounds — a steak sizzling(发嘶嘶声), a baby laughing and other sounds we can't help paying attention to. Weave these everyday sounds into an ad campaign and we customers may be ___24___ to resist them.
According to Lindstrom, the everyday sound that is most impressive, both in terms of interest and ___25___ feelings, is a baby laughing. The other high-ranking sounds are also powerful — the sound of a car engine or a soda being poured.
In all of these cases, it doesn’t need an experienced advertisement designer to invent the sounds, associate them with meanings and then play them over and over until the subjects ___26___ them. Rather, the everyday sounds already have meanings and thus can cause a kind of ___27___ : hunger, thirst or happy expectation.
Some TV ads have already given viewers close-up shots of meat with sizzling sounds. And retailers are ___28___ . Lindstrom is now consulting with clients, intending to pipe the sound of filtering coffee or fizzing soda into the drink department or that of a baby laughing sound into the baby-food section.
Of course, this doesn’t mean that advertisers can just press the audio button ___29___ and consumers will come eagerly. Indeed, sometimes customers flee. In the early years of cell-phone use, the ringtone (铃音) of a famous cell phone brand was recognized by many people in the U.K., but soon it became widely ____30____ . That, Lindstrom says, was partly because so few users observed cell-phone manners and ____31____ accidents kept happening in places like movie theaters. The computer start-up sound has taken on the similarly negative ____32____ , because people so often hear it when they’re restarting the computer after it ____33____ . In these cases, manufacturers themselves may as well revise the bothersome sound or ____34____ it entirely.
Lindstrom's experiment also shows that people respond to a sound better when it’s ____35____ . If nothing else, smart marketers may at least keep the volume low.
21. A. tune out B. admit to C. depend on D. take over
22. A. evaluate B. spoil C. engage D. portray
23. A. classifying B. ignoring C. challenging D. representing
24. A. sensible B. selfish C. powerless D. pleasant
25. A. hollow B. positive C. violent D. foreign
26. A. infer B. reject C. internalize D. perform
27. A. consumption B. reaction C. favor D. spread
28. A. following suit B. cooling down C. losing heart D. taking risks
29. A. on guard B. with ease C. under way D. in reality
30. A. disliked B. observed C. represented D. enveloped
31. A. objective B. temporary C. mysterious D. annoying
32. A. association B. agreement C. tip D. symptom
33. A. responded B. revived C. crashed D. persisted
34. A. replace B. rescue C. balance D. refund
35. A. optional B. random C. specific D. faint
【答案】21. A 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了多数广告主要通过视觉方面吸引我们的注意力，但也有不少通过广告标语的播放来引起我们的关注。本文还分析了为什么消费者对于不同的广告声音有不同的反应。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：如果市场营销顾问Martin Lindstrom 是对的，那么尝试不关注广告将会变得特别难。A. tune out不理睬；B. admit to承认；C. depend on依靠；D. take over接管。根据前文“Against all our wishes, advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34-billion-a-year business.”以及后文“83% of all forms of advertising principally ___2___ only one of our senses: sight.”可知，广告行业即使在经济困难时期依然有利可图，而广告主要通过视觉来吸引我们的注意力。换言之，我们想要摆脱掉广告，不去注意它们，不去理会它们相当困难。故选A项。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：83%的广告形式主要是吸引我们的一个感官:视觉。A. evaluate评估；B. spoil毁坏；C. engage吸引；D. portray描绘。根据后文“Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it.”可知，广告商会利用听觉与视觉效果去吸引消费注意力，只不过听觉被利用地很有限。换言之，视觉是主要用来吸引消费者注意力的方式。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：历史上，广告依赖广告标语来吸引我们的耳朵，这些标语使用了我们每天听到的声音——炸牛排发出的嘶嘶声、婴儿的笑声以及我们情不自禁去关注的声音。A. classifying分类；B. ignoring忽视；C. challenging挑战；D. representing代表。根据后文“Weave these everyday sounds into an ad campaign and we customers may be ___4___ to resist them.”可知，广告商会把我们每天常常听到的声音放到广告标语里来吸引我们的关注,因为这些声音很有代表性。故选D项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：把这些声音融入到广告当中，我们消费者可能对此没有抵抗力。A. sensible理智的；B. selfish自私的；C. powerless无能为力的；D. pleasant令人愉悦的。根据后文“According to Lindstrom, the everyday sound that is most impressive,both in terms of interest and ___5___ feelings, is a baby laughing. The other high-ranking sounds are also powerful-the sound of a car engine or a soda being poured.”可知，我们每天常常听到的声音诸如小孩的笑声是有趣且有积极的情感影响，因此对于这些声音放到广告标语里我们是没有能力去抵抗的。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据Lindstrom，婴儿的笑声是我们每天听到的声音中最令人印象深刻的，因为它既有趣又传达积极的情绪。A. hollow中空的；B. positive积极的；C. violent暴力的；D. foreign国外的。根据后文“The other high-ranking sounds are also powerful-the sound of a car engine or a soda being poured. ”可知，其它有影响力的声音还有汽车引擎声以及苏打水喷出来的声音，但这些声音都不如婴儿笑声更令人印象深刻。故选B项。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：所有的例子都表明并不需要一个有经验的广告设计师来发明出声音，赋予它们含义，然后一遍又一遍地播放着这些声音直到广告针对的对象把它们内化到骨子里。A. infer推断；B. reject拒绝；C. internalize使内化；D. perform表演。根据前文“Weave these everyday sounds into an ad campaign and we customers may be ___4___ to resist them.”以及后文“Rather, the everyday sounds already have meanings and thus can cause a kind of ___7___ : hunger, thirst or happy expectation.”可知，我们每天听到的声音有着它们特殊的意义，会带来某种情绪上的反应，所以我们很难不去听广告标语。因此广告标语实际上就是不断重复播放某个声音，然后目标客户自然而然地将这些声音内化了。故选C项。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：反而，那些每天听到的声音已经有它们对应的含义，并且能引起某种反应：饥饿感、口渴或者是快乐的期待。A. consumption消费；B. reaction反应；C. favor赞成；D. spread传播。根据空格后面的“hunger, thirst or happy expectation”可知，饥饿感、口渴以及快乐的期待是这些日常听到的声音所带来的具体的反应。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：一些电视广告给观众看正在发出嘶嘶声的肉的近距离的镜头。一些零售商也跟着效仿。A. following suit效仿；B. cooling down冷却下来；C. losing heart气馁；D. taking risks冒险。根据后文“Lindstrom is now consulting with clients, intending to pipe the sound of filtering coffee or fizzing soda into the drink department or that of a baby laughing sound into the baby-food section.”可知，零售商们在他们要卖的产品的区域播放相关产品的声音来达到吸引顾客的目的。他们的做法其实就是模仿了电视广告的做法。故选A项。
【29题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：当然，这并不意味广告商们只要轻轻松松按下声音的播放按钮，就会有顾客急切地过来消费。A. on guard警戒；B. with ease轻松地、容易地；C. under way在进行中；D. in reality事实上。根据后文“Indeed, sometimes customers flee.”可知，播放顾客熟悉的那些日常声音的做法并不是百试百灵，也要失败的时候，顾客也会选择离开而不去购买相关产品。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在手机刚出现的早些年，英国很多人能够听出某个品牌手机的铃声，但很快这些铃声就不受待见了。A. disliked不喜欢；B. observed观察；C. represented代表；D. enveloped包围。根据后文“That, Lindstrom says, was partly because so few users observed cell-phone manners and ___11___ accidents kept happening in places like movie theaters. The computer start-up sound has taken on the similarly negative ___12___ , because people so often hear it when they're restarting the computer after it ___13___ .”可知，有些声音不适合某些场合使用或者这些声音有着消极的意义。因此，这些声音听久了也会让人厌烦。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Lindstrom说这部分原因是很少手机用户会遵守手机的使用规则，所以像在影院这些地方会经常发生一些令人恼火的事。A. objective客观的；B. temporary短暂的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. annoying令人恼火的。根据前文“In the early years of cell-phone use, the ringtone (铃音) of a famous cell phone brand was recognized by many people in the U.K., but soon it became widely ___10___ .”可知，正是因为某些声音经常被播放，慢慢的就引起人们的反感。因此，在影院等地方听到手机铃声响是令人恼火的。故选D项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：电脑开机的声音让人有着同样消极的联想，因为在电脑崩溃后重启它，人们也会听到这个开机声。A. association联想；B. agreement同意；C. tip提示；D. symptom症状。根据后文“In these cases, manufacturers themselves may as well revise the bothersome sound or ___14___ it entirely.”可知，一些如电脑开机声令人厌烦，生产商该去修改这些声音，因为它们会让人们产生消极的联想。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：电脑开机的声音让人有着同样消极的联想，因为在电脑崩溃后重启它，人们也会听到这个开机声。A. responded回应；B. revived复苏；C. crashed崩溃；D. persisted坚持。根据 本句中的“when they're restarting the computer”可知，重启电脑也会听到开机声。也就是说电脑出故障崩溃了需要重启。故选C项。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这些例子中，生产商们不妨修正一下这些令人厌烦的声音或者完全替换掉它们。A. replace取代；B. rescue救援；C. balance平衡；D. refund退款。根据“manufacturers themselves may as well revise the bothersome sound”可知，要么对这些声音做改进，要么就替换掉它们。故选A项。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Lindstrom的实验也表明了当一个声音很微弱时，人们对这个声音的反应会更好。A. optional可选择的；B. random随机的；C. specific具体的；D. faint微弱的。根据后文“If nothing else, smart marketers may at least keep the volume low.”可知，要是没有其他可想的办法，至少把声音降低或许会更好。因此，播放的声音小的可能有不一样的效果。故选D项。

10.闵行区
Anyone could be in his or her unfavorable situations, whatever their ages and social status. Adults are often ___41___ asking for help. It’s an act that can make people feel ___42___. The moment you ask for directions, after all，you reveal that you may be lost. Seeking someone’s assistance can make you feel like you are broadcasting your ___43___. New research suggests young children don’t seek ___44___ in school, even when they need it, for the same reason.
To learn more about how children think about looking for help, we asked 576 children, aged four to nine, to predict the ___45___ of two kids in a story. One of the characters genuinely wanted to be smart, and the other merely wanted to seem smart to others.
Children thought that the kid who wanted to seem smart would be ___46___ to ask for assistance. They could still conceive of (想象) situations in which the kid who wanted to seem smart would seek help: when assistance could be sought ___47___ (on a computer rather than in person), children thought both characters were equally likely to ask for it.
We also found that they recognize several more behaviors that might make a child appear less clever in front of fellow kids, such as ___48___ failure or modestly downplaying successes. Children are therefore strongly aware of several ways in which a person's actions might make them appear less ___49___ in the eyes of others.
However, a number of ___50___ can be found to help children. Our first ___51___ may be to motivate seeking help by emphasizing its educational benefits. But ___52___ barriers likely require reputation-based solutions. For example, instructors could create activities in which each student becomes an “expert” on a different topic, and then children must ask one another for help to master all of the material. If seeking help is understood as a(n) ___53___ classroom activity, kids may be less likely to think of it as indicative (表明) of one’s ability.
Seeking help could even be framed as ___54___ desirable. After all, asking for help often benefits not just the help seeker but also others listening in who have ___55___ questions or struggles.
41. A. delighted with B. ready for C. serious about D. embarrassed about
42. A. impersonal B. sensitive C. helpless D. desperate
43. A. incapability B. enthusiasm C. generosity D. friendliness
44. A. protection B. individuality C. assistance D. personality
45. A. behavior B. intelligence C. success D. capability
46. A. ready B. unlikely C. comfortable D. desperate
47. A. separately B. moderately C. purposefully D. privately
48. A. admitting B. neglecting C. avoiding D. underestimating
49. A. friendly B. smart C. independent D. reliable
50. A. theories B. reasons C. solutions D. researches
51. A. mission B. advice C. instinct D. barrier
52. A. instructive B. decisive C. intellectual D. reputational
53. A. ordinary B. vivid C. achievable D. virtual
54. A. personally B. mentally C. potentially D. socially
55. A. dominant B. similar C. complex D. original
【答案】41. D 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. A 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. C 51. C 52. D 53. A 54. D 55. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。成年人常常羞于寻求帮助。这是一种会让人感到敏感的行为。新的研究表明，出于同样的原因，年幼的孩子在学校里也不寻求帮助，即使他们需要帮助。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及解决方案。
【41题详解】
考查固定短语辨析。句意：成年人常常羞于寻求帮助。A. delighted with高兴的；B. ready for准备好的；C. serious about认真；D. embarrassed about尴尬。根据后文的研究内容可知，成年人常常羞于寻求帮助。故选D。
【42题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一种会让人感到敏感的行为。A. impersonal非个人的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. helpless无助的；D. desperate绝望的。根据后文“The moment you ask for directions, after all, you reveal that you may be lost.(毕竟，当你问路的时候，你就暴露出你可能迷路了)”可知，寻求帮助是一种会让人感到敏感的行为。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：寻求他人的帮助会让你觉得自己在宣扬自己的无能。A. incapability无能力；B. enthusiasm热情；C. generosity慷慨；D. friendliness友好。根据上文“The moment you ask for directions, after all, you reveal that you may be lost.(毕竟，当你问路的时候，你就暴露出你可能迷路了)”可知，寻求他人的帮助会让你觉得自己在宣扬自己的无能。故选A。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：新的研究表明，出于同样的原因，年幼的孩子在学校里也不寻求帮助，即使他们需要帮助。A. protection保护；B. individuality个性；C. assistance帮助；D. personality个性。对应后文“To learn more about how children think about looking for help”指孩子在学校不寻求帮助。故选C。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了了解更多关于儿童寻求帮助的想法，我们询问了576名4至9岁的儿童，让他们预测一个故事中两个孩子的行为。A. behavior行为；B. intelligence智慧；C. success成功；D. capability能力。根据后文“of two kids in a story”以及“behaviors”可知，研究人员让孩子预测一个故事中两个孩子的行为。故选A。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们认为，想显得聪明的孩子不太可能寻求帮助。A. ready准备好的；B. unlikely不可能的；C. comfortable舒服的；D. desperate绝望的。根据上文“Children thought that the kid who wanted to seem smart would be”以及常识可知，想显得聪明的孩子不太可能寻求帮助。故选B。
【47题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们仍然可以想象那些想显得聪明的孩子会寻求帮助的情况：当可以私下寻求帮助时（在电脑上而不是当面），孩子们认为这两个角色同样可能会寻求帮助。A. separately单独地；B. moderately适中地；C. purposefully有目的地；D. privately私下地。根据后文“on a computer rather than in person”可知是私下里。故选D。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们还发现，他们还发现了其他几种行为，比如承认失败或谦虚地淡化成功，这些行为可能会让孩子在其他孩子面前显得不那么聪明。A. admitting承认；B. neglecting疏忽；C. avoiding避免；D. underestimating低估。根据后文“failure or modestly downplaying successes”可知，其他几种行为，比如承认失败或谦虚地淡化成功，故选A。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，孩子们强烈地意识到，一个人的行为可能会以几种方式使他们在别人眼中显得不那么聪明。A. friendly友好的；B. smart聪明的；C. independent独立的；D. reliable可靠的。对应上文“make a child appear less clever in front of fellow kids”指在别人眼中显得不那么聪明。故选B。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，可以找到一些解决方案来帮助儿童。A. theories理论；B. reasons理由；C. solutions解决方案；D. researches研究。根据后文“may be to motivate seeking help by emphasizing its educational benefits”可知是在提出解决方案。故选C。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的第一本能可能是通过强调其教育效益来激励寻求帮助。A. mission任务；B. advice建议；C. instinct本能；D. barrier障碍。根据后文“may be to motivate seeking help by emphasizing its educational benefits”可知，通过强调其教育效益来激励寻求帮助是第一本能。故选C。
【52题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但声誉障碍可能需要基于声誉的解决方案。A. instructive启发性的；B. decisive果断的；C. intellectual智力的；D. reputational信誉的。根据后文“reputation-based solutions”可知，此处指的是声誉障碍可能需要基于声誉的解决方案。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果寻求帮助被理解为一种普通的课堂活动，孩子们可能不太可能认为这是一个人能力的象征。A. ordinary普通的；B. vivid生动的；C. achievable可完成的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据下文“kids may be less likely to think of it as indicative (表明) of one’s ability.”可知，寻求帮助被理解为一种普通的课堂活动，故选A。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：寻求帮助甚至可以被认为是社会需要的。A. personally个人地；B. mentally心理上；C. potentially潜在地；D. socially社会地。根据后文“benefits not just the help seeker but also others listening”提到了寻求帮助不仅会让寻求帮助的人受益，也会让其他有类似问题或挣扎的听众受益，即是社会需要。故选D。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，寻求帮助不仅会让寻求帮助的人受益，也会让其他有类似问题或挣扎的听众受益。A. dominant占优势的；B. similar相似的；C. complex复杂的；D. original原来的。根据上文“but also others listening in who have”指让其他有类似问题或挣扎的听众受益。故选B。


11.浦东新区
TikTok, a social media app dedicated to short-form videos, has emerged as a major firer of food trends — from mushroom coffee and pancake cereal to cloud bread and feta pasta. But another trend, the #whatieatinaday trend, is dominating TikTok, which is nearing 9 billion ____41____.
Even though #whatieatinaday posts may be ____42____ to serve as healthy inspiration for others, there’s a growing feeling that these video diaries of daily eats will likely do more harm than good — especially among young girls or people with a history of disordered eating.
The ____43____ message these posts send is that if you eat like them, then you can eventually look like them. Yet what someone else eats in a day doesn’t mean it’s right for you, since these “____44____” videos are not a completely accurate representation of what someone typically eats.
Often the overly stylized (程式化) meals do not____45____ a nutritionally adequate diet. The posts are ____46____the illusion (幻想) of an ideal day of eating, along with an ideal body size.
Younger audiences, especially girls and young women, internalize the message that they must eat like these creators to achieve and maintain not only health, but also social ____47____. The biggest harm with this trend is that it normalizes disordered or ____48____ eating behaviors. This could prevent someone struggling with an eating disorder from ____49____ support or treatment.
Even if the #whatieatinaday posts are displaying a _____50_____ day of eating, the subtext message of “eat like me, and you will look like me” is harmful because people will not necessarily achieve the same body size as the _____51_____ even if they copied their day of eating bite for bite.
_____52_____, what might be a healthy, adequate day of satisfying meals for one person may be inadequate and unsatisfying to another. Even worse, someone looking at these posts may conclude that they need to be eating half as much to _____53_____.
People making these videos are overwhelmingly thin, young, able-bodied and white. There is a complete lack of body _____54_____. And this encourages harmful comparisons to unrealistic body standards that are _____55_____ to the vast majority of people. Therefore, those of us from marginalized communities are once again unable to see positive representations of our varying bodies, foods and cultural representation in these harmful posts.”
41. A. views B. statements C. analyses D. identities
42. A. emphasized B. simplified C. requested D. intended
43. A. moral B. scientific C. potential D. instant
44. A. modern B. staged C. educational D. labelled
45. A. prioritize B. commercialize C. recognize D. exchange
46. A. promoting B. representing C. spoiling D. perfecting
47. A. welfare B. equality C. desirability D. justice
48. A. individual B. instinctive C. restrictive D. changeable
49. A. attracting B. seeking C. losing D. offering
50. A. fixed B. balanced C. relaxing D. demanding
51. A. reader B. advertiser C. browser D. poster
52. A. Therefore B. Finally C. Additionally D. Meanwhile
53. A. lose weight B. share interests C. assume burden D. make contributions
54. A. language B. diversity C. warmth D. response
55. A. available B. predictable C. inadequate D. unachievable
【答案】41. A 42. D 43. C 44. B 45. A 46. A 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. B 51. D 52. C 53. A 54. B 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了抖音段视频“每天吃什么”的流行和它引发的问题。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但另一个趋势——“每天吃什么”——正在主导抖音，其浏览量已接近90亿次。A. views观点，观看；B. statements声明；C. analyses分析；D. identities身份。根据上文“TikTok”和“But another trend”可知，本段讲的是抖音段视频上的新趋势，结合“nearing 9 billion”可推知，这里说的是浏览量，观看量。故选A项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管“每天吃什么”发布的内容可能旨在为其他人提供健康的启发，但越来越多的人认为，这些记录日常饮食的视频日记可能弊大于利，尤其是在年轻女孩或有饮食失调史的人当中。A. emphasized强调；B. simplified简化；C. requested要求；D. intended打算，想要。根据“to serve as healthy inspiration for others”和“will likely do more harm than good”可知，为其他人提供健康的启发是最初的目的或打算，但事与愿违，结果与打算不一样。故选D项。
【43题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些发布内容传递的潜在信息是，如果你像他们一样吃东西，那么你最终会像他们一样。A. moral有道德的；B. scientific科学的；C. potential潜在的；D. instant立刻的。根据上文可知，“每天吃什么”发布的是记录日常饮食的视频，结合句中“message these posts send is that if you eat like them, then you can eventually look like them.”可知，这些视频会让人们认为“你像他们一样吃东西，那么你最终会像他们一样”，这是这些发布内容传递的潜在信息。故选C项。
【44题详解】
考查形容词义辨析。句意：然而，别人一天吃什么并不意味着它就适合你，因为这些“筹划的”的视频并不能完全准确地反映一个人通常吃什么。A. modern现代的；B. staged组织的，筹划的；C. educational教育的；D. labelled贴上标签的。结合常识和句中“not a completely accurate representation of what someone typically eats.”可知，抖音上发布视频是经过筹划的，并不能真实准确地反应真实情况。故选B项。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常，过于程式化的饮食并没有优先考虑营养充足的饮食。A. prioritize优先考虑；B. commercialize使商业化；C. recognize认识；D. exchange交换。结合选项和“overly stylized (程式化) meals”可推知，过于程式化的饮食不会首先考虑营养问题。故选A项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些发布内容在宣扬理想的饮食和理想的身材。A. promoting推销，促进；B. representing代表；C. spoiling损坏；D. perfecting完美，完善。根据句中“illusion (幻想) of an ideal day of eating”和“ideal body size”可推知，“每天吃什么”发布的内容是在推销它关于饮食和身材的理想概念。故选A项。
【47题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：更年轻的观众，尤其是女孩和年轻女性，内化了这样的信息：她们必须像这些创作者一样吃，以实现和保持健康，以及社会吸引力。A. welfare幸福；B. equality平等；C. desirability吸引力，欲求；D. justice公平。根据上文“The posts are 　　6　　the illusion (幻想) of an ideal day of eating, along with an ideal body size.”可知，“每天吃什么”发布的内容是在推销它关于饮食和身材的理想概念，所以年青女孩会认为这样做不仅可以保持健康，还可以保持好身材，提升社会吸引力。故选C项。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种趋势最大的危害是它使紊乱的或限制性的饮食行为正常化。A. individual单独的；B. instinctive本能的；C. restrictive限制(性)的；D. changeable可改变的。根据“normalizes”可知，下文所说饮食行为是非正常的，与“disordered”是同一类别，结合选项，应选择使用“restrictive”作定语，表示将限制性的饮食行为正常化。故选C项。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可以防碍患有饮食失调症的人寻求支持或治疗。A. attracting吸引；B. seeking寻找；C. losing失去；D. offering提供。根据“someone struggling with an eating disorder”和“support or treatment”可知，患有饮食失调症的人会寻求支持或治疗。故选B项。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使“每天吃什么”的发布内容展示的是均衡的饮食，但“像我一样吃，你就会像我一样”的潜台词是有害的，因为人们不一定会达到和发帖人一样的身材，即使他们完全按照其展示内容吃一天的食物。A. fixed固定的；B. balanced平衡的；C. relaxing令人轻松的；D. demanding苛刻的。根据上文“Even though #whatieatinaday posts may be 　　2　　to serve as healthy inspiration for others”可知，“每天吃什么”的发布内容能为人们提供健康的启发，所以它展示的是均衡的饮食。故选B项。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：即使“每天吃什么”的发布内容展示的是均衡的饮食，但“像我一样吃，你就会像我一样”的潜台词是有害的，因为人们不一定会达到和发帖人一样的身材，即使他们完全按照其展示内容吃一天的食物。A. reader读者；B. advertiser广告商；C. browser浏览器；D. poster海报，发帖人。根据下文“even if they copied their day of eating bite for bite”可知，这里说的拥有好身材的“每天吃什么”上的视频发布人。故选D项。
【52题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，对一个人来说，健康、充足的一日三餐对另一个人来说可能是不充分和不满足的。A. Therefore因此；B. Finally终于；C. Additionally另外；D. Meanwhile与此同时。上文讲即使完全按照其展示内容吃一天的食物，人们不一定会达到和发帖人一样的身材，下文“what might be a healthy, adequate day of satisfying meals for one person may be inadequate and unsatisfying to another.”讲到食物因人而异，适合别人的不一定适合你，上下文都是讲模仿“每天吃什么”的发布内容的不妥之处，是并列关系，用副词additionally。故选C项。
【53题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，看到这些发布内容的人可能会得出这样的结论：他们需要吃一半的量才能减肥。A. lose weight减肥；B. share interests利益共享；C. assume burden承担负担；D. make contributions做出贡献。根据句中“eating half”可推知，少吃是为了减肥。故选A项。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：身体完全缺乏多样性。A. language语言；B. diversity多样性；C. warmth温暖；D. response反应。根据上文“People making these videos are overwhelmingly thin, young, able-bodied and white.”可知，制作视频的人都一个标准，身体缺乏多样性。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这助长了对不切实际的身体标准进行有害的比较，这对绝大多数人来说是无法达到的。A. available可用的；B. predictable可预测的；C. inadequate不充分的；D. unachievable不可实现的。根据“unrealistic body standards”可推知，这样的身体标准是不切实际的，对大多数人来说是不可实现的。故选D项。

12.青浦区

It was thought that Microbes (细菌) in sediments — solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid beneath the seafloor died above 80°C, but scientists have found some that can survive up to 120°C and possibly higher temperatures. The discovery shows that life in seafloor sediments can survive higher temperatures than previously thought.
“I would think that wherever there’s energy that can be exploited by microorganisms, ____41____ find(s) a way.” says Tina Treude at the University of California, Los Angeles. It is possible that there is life at even higher temperatures. “The only way to find out is to go back and ____42____ deeper,” she says, though in lab experiments so far, no microbes have been found to grow above 122°C.
The researchers were also able to ____43____ out and count cells using a special device. Together, the findings show that relatively few cells survive at these temperatures, but those that do have very high metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates. “It was astonishingly high,” says Treude.
This surprised the team because it is the ____44____ of what has been found in shallower sediments, where it is much colder. Microbes are ____45____ there, but their metabolisms are extremely slow and individual microbes might live for millions of years. At 120°C, the heat is doing a lot of damage to cells, so microbes may need high metabolisms to generate enough energy to repair this damage. It is a(n) ____46____ to stay alive, says Treude.
It isn’t clear what these heat-loving, or thermophilic, microbes are, as the team was unable to ____47____ their DNA. Nor is it clear how they came to be in the sediments, given that this would have been a very cold environment for a long time after the sediments that the samples came from were first ____48____.
However, a few thermophilic microbes would have been present when the sediments were deposited, and they may have somehow ____49____ until temperatures began to rise due to being _____50_____ under more material, says team member Felix Beulig at Aarhus University in Denmark.
As the temperatures rose, all the microbes that weren’t _____51_____ of heat would gradually have died off, says team member Florian Schubert at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. “The microbes that cannot _____52_____, they just die,” he says.
Patrick Forterre at the Pasteur Institute in Paris says that while there are _____53_____ results showing microbe growth at 106°C, nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C. “It’s very difficult to _____54_____ the upper temperature limit,” he says.
He is therefore _____55_____ of the idea of microbes living normally at 120°C, but he does think it is possible that they could somehow survive and became active again at lower temperatures.
41. A. life B. energy C. bacteria D. voyage
42. A. think B. research C. practise D. drill
43. A. spread B. figure C. separate D. reach
44. A. opposite B. evidence C. coincidence D. resemblance
45. A. moderate B. existent C. swift D. plentiful
46. A. game B. approach C. race D. solution
47. A. explode B. identify C. locate D. attack
48. A. formed B. deposited C. tagged D. covered
49. A. stuck on B. moved away C. died off D. run out
50. A. exposed B. removed C. buried D. washed
51. A. tolerant B. afraid C. tired D. careful
52. A. translate B. adapt C. escape D. furnish
53. A. various B. false C. reliable D. different
54. A. pass B. break C. outstep D. determine
55. A. capable B. doubtful C. sick D. ignorant
【答案】41. A 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. B 48. B 49. A 50. C 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家发现，一些微生物可以存活到120°C甚至更高的温度。这一发现表明，海底沉积物中的生命可以在比之前认为的更高的温度下生存。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为只要有微生物可以利用的能量，生命就会找到一条出路。A. life生命；B. energy能量；C. bacteria细菌；D. voyage航行。由上文的“wherever there’s energy that can be exploited by microorganisms”和后文的“there is life at even higher temperatures”可知，句子表示“只要有微生物可以利用的能量，生命就会找到一条出路”，故选A。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：唯一的办法就是回去再往深处钻。A. think思考；B. research研究；C. practise练习；D. drill钻孔。由后文的“deeper”可知，此处表示往深处钻，故选D。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员还能够使用一种特殊的设备分离和计数细胞。A. spread传播；B. figure理解，弄懂；C. separate分开；D. reach到达。由后文的“and count cells using a special device”可知，研究人员使用一种特殊的设备分离和计数细胞，故选C。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这让研究小组感到惊讶，因为这与在较冷的浅层沉积物中发现的情况相反。A. opposite对立的人（或物）；B. evidence证据；C. coincidence巧合；D. resemblance相似之处。由上文的“Together, the findings show that relatively few cells survive at these temperatures, but those that do have very high metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates”和后文的“where it is much colder”可知，这与在较冷的浅层沉积物中发现的情况相反，空格处意为“对立的人（或物）”，故选A。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那里有大量的微生物，但它们的新陈代谢极其缓慢，单个微生物可能会存活数百万年。A. moderate温和的；B. existent现存的；C. swift快速的；D. plentiful大量的。由后文的“individual microbes”可知，此处表示“那里有大量的微生物”，故选D。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：特鲁德说，生存是一场赛跑。A. game游戏；B. approach方法；C. race赛跑；D. solution解决办法。由上文“microbes may need high metabolisms to generate enough energy to repair this damage”可知，微生物可能需要高代谢来产生足够的能量来修复这种损伤，因此这是一场赛跑，故选C。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：目前还不清楚这些喜热或嗜热的微生物是什么，因为研究团队无法识别它们的DNA。A. explode爆炸；B. identify识别；C. locate定位；D. attack攻击。由上文的“It isn’t clear what these heat-loving, or thermophilic, microbes are”可知，研究团队无法识别它们的DNA，所以目前还不清楚这些喜热或嗜热的微生物是什么，故选B。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：也不清楚它们是如何出现在沉积物中的，因为在这些样本所来自的沉积物第一次沉积下来之后，很长一段时间里，环境都非常寒冷。A. formed形成；B. deposited沉积；C. tagged给……贴标签；D. covered覆盖。由上文的“the sediments that the samples came from”和下一段的“the sediments were deposited”可知，此处表示沉积物的沉积，故选B。
【49题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，丹麦奥胡斯大学的研究小组成员菲利克斯·贝尤利格说，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，由于被埋在更多的物质下，它们可能以某种方式粘在上面，直到温度开始上升。A. stuck on贴上；B. moved away移开；C. died off相继死亡；D. run out用完。由上文的“a few thermophilic microbes would have been present”可知，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，以某种方式粘在上面，故选A。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，丹麦奥胡斯大学的研究小组成员菲利克斯·贝尤利格说，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，由于被埋在更多的物质下，它们可能以某种方式粘在上面，直到温度开始上升。A. exposed暴露；B. removed去除；C. buried埋葬；D. washed洗。由后文的“under more material”可知，此处表示“埋在更多的物质下”，故选C。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：波茨坦德国地球科学研究中心的研究小组成员弗洛里安·舒伯特说，随着温度的上升，所有不能耐受高温的微生物都会逐渐死亡。A. tolerant忍受的；B. afraid害怕的；C. tired累的；D. careful仔细的。由后文的“gradually have died off”可知，此处表示不能耐受高温的微生物都会逐渐死亡，空格处意为“忍受的”，故选A。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：微生物不能适应，它们就会死亡。A. translate翻译；B. adapt适应；C. escape逃跑；D. furnish为（房间或房屋）配备家具。由上文的“all the microbes that weren’t _____11_____ of heat would gradually have died off”可知，微生物不能适应，它们就会死亡，故选B。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：巴黎巴斯德研究所（Pasteur Institute）的帕特里克·福泰尔(Patrick Forterre)表示，虽然有可靠的结果显示微生物在106°C下生长，但没有人能够完全复制两项声称微生物在122°C下生长的实验室研究。A. various各种各样的；B. false错误的；C. reliable可靠的；D. different不同的。由后文的“nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C”可知，句子表示“虽然有可靠的结果显示微生物在106°C下生长，但没有人能够完全复制两项声称微生物在122°C下生长的实验室研究”，故选C。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：很难确定温度上限。A. pass经过；B. break打破；C. outstep超过；D. determine决定，确定。由上文的“nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C”和下文的“the upper temperature limit”可知，句子表示“很难确定温度上限”，故选D。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，他对微生物在120°C下正常生存的想法持怀疑态度，但他认为它们有可能在更低的温度下以某种方式存活并再次活跃起来。A. capable有能力的；B. doubtful怀疑的；C. sick病的；D. ignorant无知的。由后文的“he does think it is possible that they could somehow survive and became active again at lower temperatures.”可知，句子表示“他对微生物在120°C下正常生存的想法持怀疑态度”，故选B。
13.松江区

Science may never know the secrets to memories of the California sea hare, a foot-long sea snail. But a research team claim to have made progress in ___41___ the simplest kind of memory a mollusk (软体动物) might form, and, with a swift injection, managed to ___42___ one sea snail’s memory to another.
The kinds of memories that start a defensive reaction in the snails are encoded not in the ___43___between brain cells, but in RNA molecules (分子), according to David Glanzman, a biologist at UCLA. To ___44___ the idea, Glanzman implanted wires into the tails of California sea hares and gave them a series of electric shocks. The procedure made the animals so ___45___ that when they were touched, they contracted parts of their bodies intensely. Glanzman compares the reaction to being nervous after an earthquake: the memory of the event causes a(n) ___46___ response to any loud noise. After sensitizing the sea snails, Glanzman took RNA out from them and ___47___ it into new sea snails to see what would happen. He then found the new ones are ___48___ sensitized, suggesting the “memory” of the electrical shocks had been transplanted. According to Glanzman and his research team, the experiment shows that ___49___ parts of the memory trace are held in RNA, rather than in the connectivity of brain cells.
However, the work has not yet found widespread ____50____. “Further work needs to be carried out to determine whether these phenomena are obvious and what is the ____51____ of such phenomena,” said Prof Vann at Cardiff University. “While a sea snail is a fantastic model, we must be very ____52____ in drawing comparisons to human memory processes, which are much more complex.”
Tomás Ryan at Trinity College Dublin, is ____53____. “This work takes us down an interesting road, but I have doubt about it and I don’t think they’ve transplanted a memory,” he said. “This work tells me that maybe the most basic behavioral responses involve some kind of change in the animal.”
____54____, Ryan added that such creative thinking about memory was in great need: “In a field full of acceptance but lacking ____55____, we need as many new ideas as possible.”
41. A. deleting B. disturbing C. refreshing D. understanding
42. A. transfer B. adjust C. compare D. relate
43. A. connections B. conflicts C. secrets D. distances
44. A. promote B. test C. eliminate D. impose
45. A. sensitive B. adaptable C. strong D. relaxed
46. A. necessary B. peaceful C. unconscious D. impossible
47. A. plunged B. invested C. translated D. injected
48. A. crazily B. dangerously C. scarcely D. equally
49. A. optional B. essential C. memorial D. virtual
50. A. association B. recognition C. innovation D. publication
51. A. depth B. application C. basis D. description
52. A. imaginative B. careful C. ambitious D. speedy
53. A. supported B. persuaded C. unappreciated D. unconvinced
54. A. Nevertheless B. Eventually C. For example D. As a result
55. A. expression B. likelihood C. suspicion D. disturbance
【答案】41. D 42. A 43. A 44. B 45. A 46. C 47. D 48. D 49. B 50. B 51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是一个研究小组声称，在理解软体动物可能形成的最简单的记忆方面取得了进展，并且通过快速注射，成功地将一只海螺的记忆转移到另一只海螺身上。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但一个研究小组声称，在理解软体动物可能形成的最简单的记忆方面取得了进展，并且通过快速注射，成功地将一只海螺的记忆转移到另一只海螺身上。A. deleting删除；B. disturbing打扰；C. refreshing使恢复精神；D. understanding理解。由上文的“Science may never know the secrets to memories of the California sea hare”可知，句子表示“一个研究小组声称，在理解软体动物可能形成的最简单的记忆方面取得了进展”，故选D。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但一个研究小组声称，在理解软体动物可能形成的最简单的记忆方面取得了进展，并且通过快速注射，成功地将一只海螺的记忆转移到另一只海螺身上。A. transfer转移；B. adjust调整；C. compare比较；D. relate使有联系。由“one sea snail’s memory to another”可知，是将一只海螺的记忆转移到另一只海螺身上，故选A。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据加州大学洛杉矶分校的生物学家大卫·格兰兹曼的说法，在蜗牛中启动防御反应的那种记忆不是编码在脑细胞之间的连接中，而是编码在RNA分子中。A. connections连接；B. conflicts矛盾；C. secrets秘密；D. distances距离。由“between brain cells”和第9空后的“parts of the memory trace are held in RNA, rather than in the connectivity of brain cells”可知，此处是指脑细胞之间的连接，故选A。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了验证这一想法，格兰兹曼将电线植入加州海兔的尾巴，并对它们进行一系列电击。A. promote促进；B. test测试；C. eliminate消除；D. impose实施。由后文的“Glanzman implanted wires into the tails of California sea hares and gave them a series of electric shocks”可知，为了验证这一想法，格兰兹曼将电线植入加州海兔的尾巴，并对它们进行一系列电击，故选B。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个过程使这些动物非常敏感，当它们被触摸时，它们会强烈地收缩身体的某些部位。A. sensitive敏感的；B. adaptable能适应的；C. strong强大的；D. relaxed放松的。由后文的“when they were touched, they contracted parts of their bodies intensely”可知，当它们被触摸时，它们会强烈地收缩身体的某些部位，说明它们很敏感，故选A。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：格兰兹曼将这种反应比作地震后的紧张：对事件的记忆会导致对任何巨大噪音的无意识反应。A. necessary需要的；B. peaceful和平的；C. unconscious无意识的；D. impossible不可能的。由上文的“the memory of the event causes”和下文的“response to any loud noise”可知，对事件的记忆会导致对任何巨大噪音的无意识反应，故选C。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在对海螺进行敏感处理后，Glanzman从海螺中取出RNA，并将其注射到新的海螺中，看看会发生什么。A. plunged猛推；B. invested投资；C. translated翻译；D. injected注射。由上文的“Glanzman took RNA out from them”和下文的“it into new sea snails to see what would happen”可知，Glanzman从海螺中取出RNA，并将其注射到新的海螺中，故选D。
【48题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后他发现新的海螺同样敏感，这表明电击的“记忆”被移植了。A. crazily疯狂地；B. dangerously危险地；C. scarcely几乎不；D. equally平等地。由下文的“the “memory” of the electrical shocks had been transplanted”和上文的“The procedure made the animals so__5__ that when they were touched, they contracted parts of their bodies intensely”可知，他发现新的海螺同样敏感，故选D。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：格兰兹曼和他的研究团队表示，该实验表明，记忆痕迹的关键部分保存在RNA中，而不是脑细胞的连接中。A. optional可选择的；B. essential必要的；C. memorial纪念的；D. virtual虚拟的。由后文的“parts of the memory trace are held in RNA, rather than in the connectivity of brain cells”可知，该实验表明，记忆痕迹的关键部分保存在RNA中，而不是脑细胞的连接中，故选B。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，这项工作尚未得到广泛认可。A. association协会；B. recognition认可；C. innovation创新；D. publication出版。由后文的“Further work needs to be carried out”可知，这项工作尚未得到广泛认可，故选B。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：需要进行进一步的研究，以确定这些现象是否明显，以及这些现象的基础是什么。A. depth深度；B. application应用；C. basis基础；D. description描述。由后文的“of such phenomena”可知，此处表示“这些现象的基础是什么”，故选C。
【52题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然海蜗牛是一个神奇的模型，但我们必须非常小心地将其与人类的记忆过程进行比较，因为人类的记忆过程要复杂得多。A. imaginative富有想象力的；B. careful仔细的；C. ambitious雄心勃勃的；D. speedy快速的。由后文的“drawing comparisons to human memory processes, which are much more complex”可知，我们必须非常小心地将其与人类的记忆过程进行比较，故选B。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：都柏林三一学院的托马斯·瑞恩对此表示怀疑。A. supported被支持的；B. persuaded被说服的；C. unappreciated未被欣赏的；D. unconvinced怀疑的。由下文的“I have doubt about it”可知，此处表示他对此是怀疑的，故选D。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义和固定短语辨析。句意：然而，瑞安补充说，这种关于记忆的创造性思维是非常需要的。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Eventually最后；C. For example例如；D. As a result结果。由下文的“Ryan added that such creative thinking about memory was in great need”和上文的“I have doubt about it”可知，前后是转折关系，空格处是“然而”，故选A。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在一个充满接受但缺乏怀疑的领域，我们需要尽可能多的新想法。A. expression表情；B. likelihood可能性；C. suspicion怀疑；D. disturbance干扰。由上文的“a field full of acceptance”可知，此处表示“一个充满接受但缺乏怀疑的领域”，故选C。


14.徐汇区

Farmers around the world face serious challenges in growing food more effectively. Climate warming increases the risk of crop damage from insects, fungi (真菌), and bacteria. So to manage the threat, farms are turning to artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and computer vision to target pests more ____41____.
In 2019 the United Nations reported on the pest ____42____ causing crop losses of between 20 and 40 percent of global production each year. Damage from plant diseases, it said, costs the world economy an estimated $220 billion annually, and invasive insects around $70 billion.
Smart farming is one way to combat the problem, using AI and robotics to kill bugs and reduce reliance on pesticides while ____43____ skilled worker shortages and adapting to climate change. Technologies include soil and crop sensors, satellite and drone monitoring, plus computer vision and AI data analysis to reduce the number of affected plants and increase crop ____44____.
Insect monitoring services like the UK’s Spotta offer ____45____ real-time data on invasive species. The company uses internet-connected dry traps to catch red palm weevils (象鼻虫) that attack date palms, causing more than $1 billion of losses in the Middle East, Africa, and North America each year.
Traps alert plantation workers to trees infested (寄生) with weevils so they can eliminate them before they cause any real damage. And this targeted approach means less pesticide is used, ____46____ the impact on other species.
____47____, the Californian agriculture technology startup FarmSense uses visual sensors and machine learning algorithms (算法) trained to find and track insects in real-time. With non-native invasive insect species ____48____ to increase 36 percent worldwide by 2050, these technologies could give farmers a huge advantage in eco-friendly pest control and food growing.
Precision spot spraying linked to AI is another valuable add-on that aims to ____49____ pesticide and herbicide use. Spraying entire crops can harm insect pollinators (传花粉者) like bees and becomes part of agricultural run-off when it is washed out of soil. But targeting weeds or insects using cameras and directed sprays can vastly reduce ____50____ use.
In the Czech Republic, scientists at Mendel University in Brno have built a sample robot that patrols greenhouses and can identify the different ____51____ of insect growth. It then ____52____ just enough insecticide to kill individual pests, working 24 hours a day to keep things under control.
Companies like Root AI and 80 Acres Farms are banking on indoor growing and AI-controlled systems as the future of farming. In the case of 80 Acres, its pesticide-free indoor farms are ____53____ by AI every step of the way. Robots do a lot of the work and computer vision lets them know if crops need more nutrients or if pests are causing ____54____.
Their efforts are part of what analysts say will be a $2.6 billion AI-farming market by 2025. Reimagining how farming operates will be crucial says the World Bank – reducing its greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss. And technology will play its part in helping farmers improve their all-around crop ____55____.
41. A. effectively B. temporarily C. desperately D. enthusiastically
42. A. mystery B. burden C. control D. challenge
43. A. conducting B. strengthening C. employing D. addressing
44. A. fields B. diseases C. yields D. sensors
45. A. targeted B. enlarged C. analysed D. downloaded
46. A. increasing B. having C. reducing D. measuring
47. A. Generally B. Similarly C. Hopefully D. Unfortunately
48. A. forecast B. growth C. cultivation D. migration
49. A. make B. direct C. instruct D. minimize
50. A. valuable B. physical C. chemical D. scientific
51. A. stages B. types C. species D. options
52. A. submits B. applies C. reduces D. produces
53. A. constructed B. demonstrated C. monitored D. managed
54. A. threat B. treatment C. evolution D. damage
55. A. association B. cultivation C. measurement D. management
【答案】41. A 42. B 43. D 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了世界各地的农民在更有效地种植粮食方面面临严峻挑战，气候变暖增加了昆虫、真菌和细菌对作物造成损害的风险。为了应对威胁，农场正在转向人工智能、机器人技术和计算机视觉来更有效地清理害虫。
【41题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，为了应对威胁，农场正在转向人工智能、机器人技术和计算机视觉来更有效地瞄准害虫。A. effectively有效地；B. temporarily暂时地；C. desperately绝望地；D. enthusiastically热情地。根据前文的“Climate warming increases the risk of crop damage from insects, fungi, and bacteria. （气候变暖增加了昆虫、真菌和细菌对作物造成损害的风险。）”和第一句中的“effectively（有效地）”可知，农场想要更加有效地应对害虫带来的威胁。故选A项。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：2019 年，联合国报告了每年造成全球产量 20% 至 40% 的作物损失的害虫负担。A. mystery神秘；B. burden负担；C. control控制；D. challenge挑战。根据后文的“causing crop losses of between 20 and 40 percent of global production each year...costs the world economy an estimated $220 billion annually（每年造成全球产量的 20%至40% 的作物损失，每年给世界经济造成的损失估计为2200亿美元）”可知，害虫为农业生产带来了巨大的负担。故选B项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：智能农业是解决这一问题的一种方法，它使用人工智能和机器人技术来杀死虫子并减少对杀虫剂的依赖，同时解决技术工人短缺和适应气候变化的问题。A. conducting实施；B. strengthening增强；C. employing雇佣；D. addressing解决。根据前文的“combat the problem（解决问题）”可知，while后面表达的也是解决问题之意。故选D项。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：技术包括了土壤和作物传感器、卫星和无人机监测，以及计算机视觉和人工智能数据分析，以减少受影响植物的数量并提高作物产量。 A. fields田地；B. diseases疾病；C. yields收益，产量；D. sensors感受器。根据第2题的分析可知，害虫导致作物产量降低，采取新技术手段是为了增加作物的产量。故选C项。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：英国的 Spotta 等昆虫监测服务公司提供有针对性的入侵物种实时数据。 A. targeted有针对性的；B. enlarged扩大的；C. analysed分析的； D. downloaded下载的。根据下文的“this targeted approach means less pesticide is used（这种有针对性的方法意味着使用更少的农药）”可知，新方法能够有针对性地提供入侵物种的实时数据。故选A项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意： 而这种有针对性的方法意味着使用更少的农药，减少对其他物种的影响。A. increasing增加；B. having拥有；C. reducing减少；D. measuring测量。根据前文的“less pesticide is used（使用更少的农药）”可知，其他物种受到的影响会减少。故选C项。
【47题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：类似地，加利福尼亚农业技术初创公司 FarmSense 使用经过训练的视觉传感器和机器学习算法来实时发现和跟踪昆虫。 A. Generally大体上；B. Similarly类似地；C. Hopefully充满希望地；D. Unfortunately不幸地。根据第5题的分析和后文的“find and track insects in real-time（实时查找和跟踪昆虫）”可知，两家公司都是采用新技术来应对害虫带来的威胁。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过预测，到 2050年全球非本地入侵昆虫物种将增加36%，这些技术可以为农民提供生态友好型害虫防治和粮食种植方面的巨大优势。A. forecast预测；B. growth生长；C. cultivation培养；D. migration移民。根据后文的“increase 36 percent worldwide by 2050（到2050年全球增长 36%）”可知，这是对非本地入侵昆虫物种的一种预测。故选A项。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：与人工智能相关的精确点喷是另一个有价值的附加功能，旨在最大限度地减少杀虫剂和除草剂的使用。 A. make制作；B. direct指导；C. instruct命令；D. minimize减少。根据后文的“vastly reduce... use（大大减少……的使用）”可知，此处应该填入reduce的同义词。故选D项。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是使用摄像头和定向喷雾瞄准杂草或昆虫可以大大减少化学品的使用。 A. valuable有价值的；B. physical身体的；C. chemical化学的；D. scientific科学的。根据前文的“reduce pesticide and herbicide use（减少杀虫剂和除草剂的使用）”可知，杀虫剂和除草剂都是化学药品。故选C项。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在捷克共和国，布尔诺孟德尔大学的科学家们建造了一个样本机器人，它可以在温室中巡逻，并可以识别昆虫生长的不同阶段。A. stages阶段；B. types种类；C. species物种；D. options选择。根据后文的“insect growth（昆虫生长）”可知，这是一个过程，它自然分为不同的阶段。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，它使用足够的杀虫剂杀死个别害虫，每天 24 小时工作以控制昆虫的乘长。 A. submits提交；B. applies申请，使用，应用；C. reduces减少；D. produces生产。根据后文的“enough insecticide to kill individual pests（足够的杀虫剂杀死个别害虫）”可知，机器人使用杀虫剂杀死害虫。故选B项。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：以 80 英亩为例，其无农药室内农场的每一步都有 AI 监控。A. constructed建设；B. demonstrated示范；C. monitored监测；D. managed设法做成。根据前文的“Companies like Root AI and 80 Acres Farms are banking on indoor growing and AI-controlled systems as the future of farming. （Root AI 和 80 Acres Farms 等公司将室内种植和人工智能控制系统视为农业的未来。）”可知，这些公司使用人工智能技术来监控农业生产。故选C项。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：机器人做了很多工作，计算机视觉让它们知道农作物是否需要更多的营养，或者害虫是否正在造成损害。 A. threat威胁； B. treatment对待；C. evolution演化；D. damage损害。根据第2题的分析可知，害虫带来的是损害。故选D项。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：科技将发挥作用，帮助农民全面提高作物管理水平。A. association联系；B. cultivation培养；C. measurement测量；D. management经营，管理。根据前文的“reimagining how farming operates（重新构想农业的运作方式）”可知，这是与农场的经营管理有关的。故选D项。


15.杨浦区

Osley Cook, a music teacher, has worked in education for 27 years and he knows how to help his students learn. He used to ____41____ the emails for digital teaching tools that appeared in his inbox. However, the coronavirus pandemic ____42____ Cook to adapt, adopting some of those same digital tools in order to facilitate remote and hybrid learning(混合式学习). And even after ____43____ to in-person instruction, he’s welcoming new technology, like a smart classroom camera system.
“When I’m teaching a mixed class, if I walk over to percussion(打击乐), then the camera ____44____ me, meaning whoever is watching on the digital side can see the entire lesson going on.” Cook says. Actually when it comes to change, Cook isn’t ___45___. Education is changing in many ways.
Parents Are Becoming “Co-teachers”
____46____ redefined traditional borders between school and home. Educators had to cooperate with parents like never before, creating a “co-teacher system.” Research shows that parents can have a positive influence on academic achievement by supporting learning at home, especially ____47____ low-income students. “This year, it felt more like a team. Parents were more ____48____ to listen to what you have to say. And several were much more vocal with helping me to help their child.” says Melissa, an elementary-school teacher.
Education Is Becoming More ____49____
Consisting of more than 14,000 school districts across 50 states, the American primary-education system is extensive, diverse, and decentralized. In normal times, all of that works against rapid _____50_____. But the pandemic proved that educators can act quickly and creatively when _____51_____ to do so.
At Rolling Hills Elementary School, principal Cherish Pip organized an event in which roughly 120 students and their families drove through the school’s parking lot to collect books and take-home activities. “Our high-school band came to play. We had our mascot (吉祥物)there. It was just _____52_____” he says.
Educators now see an opportunity to release the “enormous _____53_____ for innovation that is inactive in many education systems.” That means addressing the socioeconomic inequalities that _____54_____ affect academic and social outcomes; repairing aging buildings and facilities; offering more services to students in need.
For many educators, education is changing. They can’t go back, for that’s just not a(n) _____55_____.
41. A. answer B. ignore C. receive D. forward
42. A. cautioned B. forced C. tempted D. guided
43. A. responding B. opposing C. returning D. sticking
44. A. freezes B. transmits C. removes D. follows
45. A. alone B. apart C. alike D. away
46. A. Exposures B. Locations C. Closures D. Expansions
47. A. in the light of B. in the hope of C. in the case of D. in combination with
48. A. careful B. optimistic C. reluctant D. willing
49. A. Temporary B. Flexible C. Compulsory D. Predictable
50. A. campaign B. change C. assembly D. resistance
51. A. authorized B. reminded C. forbidden D. guaranteed
52. A. festive B. normal C. noisy D. dizzy
53. A. appeal B. demand C. potential D. evidence
54. A. positively B. mechanically C. subjectively D. negatively
55. A. parallel B. option C. initiative D. reference
【答案】41. B 42. B 43. C 44. D 45. A 46. C 47. C 48. D 49. B 50. B 51. A 52. A 53. C 54. D 55. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍疫情给教育带来巨大变化，促使家长更多地参与教育也使得教育更加灵活。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他过去常常忽略收件箱里出现的电子教学工具的邮件。A. answer回复；B. ignore忽视；C. receive接收；D. forward发送。根据下文“However, the coronavirus pandemic ____2____ Cook to adapt, adopting some of those same digital tools in order to facilitate remote and hybrid learning(混合式学习).”可知，他以前根本不理会这些邮件。故选B。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，冠状病毒大流行迫使库克适应，采用了一些相同的数字工具，以促进远程和混合式学习。A. cautioned注意；B. forced强迫；C. tempted怂恿；D. guided指导。根据空前的“the coronavirus pandemic”可知，是疫情迫使库克不得不适应。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使在回归到面对面教学之后，他也很欢迎新技术，比如智能教室摄像系统。A. responding回复；B. opposing反对；C. returning返回；D. sticking刺入。根据上文可知，库克是在疫情期间选择远程教学，而空后的“in-person instruction”是原本的教学方式，所以是回归原本的教学方式。故选C。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“当我教一个男女混合的班级时，如果我走过去教打击乐，摄像机就会跟着我，这意味着通过数字设备观看的人可以看到整个课程。”库克说。A. freezes结冰；B. transmits传输；C. removes去除；D. follows跟随。根据下文的“meaning whoever is watching on the digital side can see the entire lesson going on.”可知，摄像机是跟着他，这样别人才能看到整个课程。故选D。
【45题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上，说到改变，库克并不孤单。A. alone独自；B. apart分开；C. alike相像；D. away远离。根据下文“Education is changing in many ways.”可知，有很多事物都在变化，所以说变化的不仅仅是库克，也就是他并不孤单。故选A。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：封锁重新定义了学校和家庭之间的传统界限。A. Exposures暴露；B. Locations位置；C. Closures关闭、封锁；D. Expansions扩大。根据下文“Research shows that parents can have a positive influence on academic achievement by supporting learning at home”以及上文的疫情，可知这里指的是由于疫情被封锁在家。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：研究表明，父母可以通过支持在家学习对学业成绩产生积极影响，尤其是对低收入家庭的学生来说。A. in the light of由于；B. in the hope of希望；C. in the case of至于、对……来说；D. in combination with与……结合。根据上文的“Research shows that parents can have a positive influence on academic achievement by supporting learning at home”可知，低收入家庭的孩子会尤其受益。故选C。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“今年，我感觉更像一个团队。父母更愿意听你说什么。“还有一些人更愿意帮助我帮助他们的孩子。”小学老师梅丽莎说。A. careful仔细的；B. optimistic乐观；C. reluctant不情愿；D. willing乐意的。根据下文“And several were much more vocal with helping me to help their child.” says Melissa, an elementary-school teacher.”可知，父母乐意参与教育。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：教育变得更加灵活。A. Temporary暂时的；B. Flexible灵活的；C. Compulsory义务的、强制的；D. Predictable可预测的。根据下文“Consisting of more than 14,000 school districts across 50 states, the American primary-education system is extensive, diverse, and decentralized.”可知，教育方式更加灵活。故选B。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在正常时期，所有这些都不利于快速变化。A. campaign活动；B. change改变；C. assembly集合；D. resistance抵制。根据上文“But the pandemic proved that educators can act quickly and creatively”可知，在疫情期间，美国初等教育的分散不利于快速变化。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但疫情证明，教育工作者在得到授权后可以迅速和创造性地采取行动。A. authorized批准；B. reminded提醒；C. forbidden禁止；D. guaranteed保证 。根据上文可知，由于美国初等教育分散广布，所以不利于其发生快速变化，但是疫情期间，只要有授权，教育者就可以迅速行动。故选A。
【52题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我们高中的乐队来演出了。我们的吉祥物在那里。这就是节日气氛。”他说。A. festive喜庆的；B. normal正常的；C. noisy吵杂的；D. dizzy眩晕的。根据上文“Our high-school band came to play. We had our mascot (吉祥物)there.”可知，有了乐队和吉祥物，就有了节日的气氛。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：教育工作者现在看到了一个机会，可以释放“在许多教育系统中缺乏的巨大创新潜力”。A. appeal吸引、呼吁；B. demand要求；C. potential可能性、潜力；D. evidence证据。根据下文“That means addressing the socioeconomic inequalities that ____14____ affect academic and social outcomes; repairing aging buildings and facilities; offering more services to students in need”可知，这都是解决一些问题的可能性。故选C。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这意味着要解决对学术和社会结果产生负面影响的社会经济不平等问题；修复老化的建筑物和设施；为有需要的学生提供更多服务。A. positively积极地；B. mechanically机械地；C. subjectively主观地；D. negatively消极地、负面。根据上文“the socioeconomic inequalities”可知，社会经济不平等应该是产生负面影响。故选D。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于许多教育工作者来说，教育正在发生变化。他们不能回去，因为那不是一个选择。A. parallel平行；B. option选择；C. initiative主动权；D. reference参考。根据上文“They can’t go back”可知，回去不是教育者的选择。故选B。


16.长宁区
There aren’t enough resources to identify and cure the factors that are causing populations of animals around the world to decline. Artificial intelligence might have the power to change that.
When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it ____21____ “very much like the laser noise from Star Wars,” says preservation biologist Marc Travers. He should know, as his team from the Endangered Seabird Recovery Project recorded thousands of hours of audio to determine if power lines ____22____ local seabirds. Travers was trying to establish how ____23____ birds were killed by power lines on the island of Kauai in Hawaii in 2011.
His team recorded 600 hours of audio and sent the recordings to Preservation Metrics, a company that assists preservation efforts with AI ____24____. Preservation Metrics used a program to “listen” to the recordings and check off the sounds that signified bird electrocutions (电击). The result was ____25____, as the number of bird electrocutions was in the thousands. ____26____ proof that power lines were killing a significant number of birds, the team worked with the local utility (公共设施) service to reduce bird deaths.
In science fiction stories such as The Matrix, AI-powered machines take over the world and end life on the planet as we know it. But ____27____, programs that use AI to sort through mountains of data might just save some species from disappearing permanently.
By many ____28____, humans have been poor keepers of the planet. Humans have altered as much as 97 percent of land ecosystems. Key populations of monitored animals have declined as much as 68 percent since 1970. The decline in ____29____ around the world has created a miserable situation. Preservation efforts ____30____ key resources they need to be effective.
Humans, ____31____, fortunately have AI-based tools that can help now. AI can quickly and accurately sort through large amounts of data created by observations in the field. Then other programs such as PAWS (Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security) can help analyse the data and suggest the most effective ways to focus preservation efforts.
In large national parks and wildlife reserves, ____32____ hunters are a danger for animals both big and small. Some animals are worth a lot of money on the black market. Park keepers are left with a(n) ____33____ task because there is too much land to cover. But the PAWS programme allows park keepers to focus their efforts. PAWS has even ____34____ the existence of trap lines in areas not yet watched by park keepers!
We still face many challenges to ____35____ the loss of wildlife, but AI-powered programs promise to be a powerful preservation tool.
21. A. makes a sound B. catches fire C. keeps the distance D. takes chances
22. A. affected B. preserved C. recorded D. attracted
23. A. unlawfully B. instantly C. frequently D. deliberately
24. A. fiction B. significance C. factors D. resources
25. A. deceiving B. doubtful C. desirable D. disturbing
26. A. Engaged in B. Qualified for C. Armed with D. Exposed to
27. A. in addition B. in reality C. in return D. in fact
28. A. measures B. programs C. services D. species
29. A. biodiversity B. production C. population D. economy
30. A. distribute B. pool C. lack D. exploit
31. A. meanwhile B. however C. otherwise D. besides
32. A. big-game B. professional C. local D. illegal
33. A. impossible B. dangerous C. urgent D. thankless
34. A. disproved B. explained C. predicted D. ignored
35. A. estimate B. reverse C. experience D. sustain
【答案】21. A 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了人工智能有望在野生动物保护领域发挥重要作用。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：保护生物学家马克·特拉弗斯（Marc Travers）说，当一只濒临灭绝的海鸟撞上电源线时，它发出的声音“非常像星球大战发出的激光噪音”。A. makes a sound发出声音；B. catches fire着火；C. keeps the distance保持距离；D. takes chances冒险。根据后文的“very much like the laser noise from Star Wars”可知，它发出了“非常像星球大战发出的激光噪音”的声音。故选A。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他应该知道，因为他的濒危海鸟恢复项目的团队记录了数千小时的音频，以确定电线是否会影响当地的海鸟。A. affected影响；B.preserved保护；C. recorded记录；D. attracted吸引。根据前文“When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it makes a sound”可知，当海鸟撞上电源线时，它发出声音，然后他的团队来确认电线是否影响了海鸟。故选A。
【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：2011年，特拉弗斯试图确定夏威夷考艾岛上的电线导致鸟类死亡的频率。A. unlawfully非法的；B. instantly立即，马上；C. frequently频繁地；D. deliberately故意地。根据6空后“that power lines were killing a significant number of birds,”可知，特拉弗斯团队研究结果发现电线杀死了太多的鸟，所以推断本空他试图确定由于电击导致鸟死亡的频率。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意： 他的团队录制了600个小时的音频，并将录音发送给Preservation Metrics公司，该公司利用人工智能资源协助保护工作。A. fiction小说；B. significance重要性；C. factors因素；D. resources资源。根据后文的“AI-based tools ”及“other programs such as PAWS”可知，这些都是人工智能资源。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：结果是令人不安的，因为鸟类被电击致死的人数已达数千。A. deceiving欺骗的；B. doubtful怀疑的；C. desirable想要的；D. disturbing令人不安的。根据后文鸟类被电击致死的人数已达数千，我们可知这种结果是令人不安的。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究小组有证据表明电线导致大量鸟类死亡，他们与当地公共事业服务部门合作，以减少鸟类死亡。A. Engaged in 从事；B. Qualified for有资格； C. Armed with配备，拥有；D. Exposed to暴露于……。 根据“ the team worked with the local utility (公共设施) service to reduce bird deaths.”推知，研究小组拥有了证据，故选C。
【27题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在现实中，使用人工智能对堆积如山的数据进行分类，可能只是为了拯救某些物种以免其永久消失。A. in addition另外，还有；B. in reality在现实中；C. in return作为回报；D. in fact事实上。 根据转折连词but可知此处与上文的“In science fiction stories (从科幻小说中)”构成对比，也就是 “在现实中”。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：从许多方面来看，人类一直都是这个星球的糟糕守护者。A. By many measures从许多方面来看；B. By many programs通过许多程序；C. By many services通过许多服务； D. By many species由许多物种 。结合常识和下文“Humans have altered as much as 97 percent of land ecosystems”可推知，人类是糟糕的守护者，从许多方面来看，都表现得很差。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界各地生物多样性的减少造成了一种悲惨的局面。A. biodiversity生物多样性；B. production生产；C. population人口；D. economy经济。根据上文“By many measure, humans have been poor keepers of the planet. ”可知，从许多方面来看，人类是糟糕的守护者，人类改变了生态系统，被监视动物的数量在下降，生物的多样性在减少。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：保护工作缺乏有效的关键资源。A. distribute分配；B. pool集中资源；C. lack缺乏；D. exploit开发。联系上文可知，这句与前三句并列，是人类表现不好的另一方面，所以是保护工作缺乏关键资源。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，幸运的是，人类现在有了基于人工智能的工具可以提供帮助。A. meanwhile同时；B. however然而；C. otherwise否则；D. besides除此之外。上一段说的是人类做的不好的地方，由后文“fortunately ”可知，这里与上文构成转折关系。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在大型国家公园和野生动物保护区，非法狩猎者对大小动物都是一种危险。A. big-game大型的；B. professional专业的；C. local当地的；D. illegal不合法的。 根据后文“a danger for animals both big and small”可知，非法的狩猎者是危险的。故选D。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：公园管理员面临着一项不可能完成的任务，因为有太多的土地要覆盖。A. impossible不可能的；B. dangerous危险的；C. urgent紧急的；D. thankless吃力不讨好的。根据后文的“ because there is too much land to cover”可知，这是一项不可能的任务。故选A。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：PAWS甚至预测在公园管理员还没有注意到的区域存在陷阱线！A. disproved不赞同；B. explained解释；C. predicted预测；D. ignored忽视。根据上文“illegal hunters are a danger for animals both big and small.”可知，偷猎者会铺设捕捉动物的陷阱，而PAWS可以作出预测。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：要扭转野生动物的损失，我们仍然面临许多挑战，但人工智能驱动的项目有望成为一种强大的保护工具。A. estimate估计；B. reverse使反转；C. experience体验，经历； D. sustain维持。根据后文“ AI-powered programs promise to be a powerful preservation tool.”可知，人工智能成为一种保护工具是在扭转野生动物的损失。故选B。