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    中考常见单词短语词义和用法辨析(共35组)

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    中考常见单词短语词义和用法辨析(共35组)

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    常见单词短语词义和用法辨析
    一、check in和check out比较
    (一)、check in用法
    1. 在旅馆登记住宿;报到;签到 如:
    Have you checked in at the hotel yet?你在旅馆登记住宿了吗?
    The friends we had invited did not check in until Saturday.我们邀请的朋友直到星期六才到达。
    2. 接收并登记(归还物品) 如:
    I put the books on the library desk,and the librarian checked them in.
    我把书放在图书馆的柜台上,图书管理员验收了这些书。
    (二)、check out用法
    1.结帐离开 如:
    Guests must check out before noon,or they will be charged for the day.
    客人必须在中午前结帐离开,否则将付全日费用。
    2.检验无误;核实 如:
    The accountant checked out the bills and found them OK.会计查对了帐单,发现正确无误。
    Please check out each room to see if it is fit for a guest.请检查每个房间看看是否适合客人住。
    【练习】翻译以下句子:
    ①我们必须在8点到办公楼签到。
    ②我们付了旅馆费以后,就直接去飞机场了。
    ③请检验一下姓名和号码好吗?
    ④两小时前他们办理了离开手续。
    答案:
    ①We have to check in at the office building at 8∶00.
    ②We headed directly for the airport after we had checked out of the hotel.
    ③Would you check out these names and numbers,please?
    ④They checked out two hours ago.
    二、 medicine,drug的用法区别
    medicine指起治疗作用的“药”,通常只指口服的药,一般不用复数形式。
    drug在广义上可以指任何“药剂”,但更多用来指狭义的“麻醉剂”、“毒品”。
    Take some medicine before sleeping. 睡前吃点药。
    The drug is habitforming. 吃这种药会上瘾的。
    三、check,examine,experiment,test的用法区别
    1.check 指“校对(文章、书信等)”或“找错、检查”。
    2.examine 表示“察看或观察以了解情况,仔细检查”。
    3.experiment表示“为了发现或证明某个事实而进行操作”。
    4.test表示“以某种手段来试一试某人或某物是否达到了一定的标准”。
    四、sleeping, asleep,sleepy的用法区别
    sleeping 正在睡觉,例:a sleeping baby
    asleep 睡着,熟睡,只能做表语,例:The baby is asleep.
    sleepy 困的,有睡意的,例:I'm sleepy.
    五、much more…than和many more…than的用法区别
    much more…than 后接形容词或不可数名词
    例:much more water, much more beautiful
    many more…than 后接可数名词,
    例:many more people
    【拓展】no more than, not more than
    no more than 相当于only,仅仅,只有;
    not more than 至多,不超过。
    六、such easy 还是 so easy
    请看一道题:
    The problem is not _________ easy. Think _________ over.
    A. such, it B. that, it C. such, 不填 D. that,不填
    【分析】此题很容易根据汉语字面意思误选C,其实应选B。汉语说“不那么容易”,英语可以说成 not so easy, not that easy 等,但不能说成 not such easy,因为 such 不用作副词,所以它不能用来修饰形容词,有的同学对 not that easy 这一用法不很熟悉,不知道 that 除用作代词外,还可用作副词,其义相当于 so,请看两例:
    I can't walk that far. 我走不了那么远。(不能用 such far)
    I've done only that much. 我只做了那么多。(不能用 such much)
    另外,汉语说“好好想一想”,一般无需带宾语,即一般不会说“好好把它想一想”,但是英语中的think over 是及物动词,如果用它来表示“好好想一想”,应根据上下文的语境让它带上适当的宾语,所以本题应用 think it over,相当于 think the problem over。
    七、sometime、some time、sometimes、some times的区别
    1.sometime
    (1)副词:某个时候。可指过去或将来的某个时候。如:
    ① Would you come to the cinema with me, sometime? 赏脸找个时间和我看场电影吗?(将来)
    ② We'll take our holiday sometime in August. 我们会在八月找个时间度假。(将来)
    ③ I bought this sometime last summer. 这是我在上个夏天买的。(过去)
    ④ This mansion was built sometime around 1980. 这栋大厦是1980年左右建的。(过去)
    (2)形容词:前,过去的。意思类似former。
    ① This is our sometime general manager.这是我们的前任总经理。
    ② Our sometime classmate, Rose, is now a pop star. 我们以前的同学罗斯,现在是明星了。
     2.sometimes 副词:有时候。顺便提一下,at times也是“有时”的意思。
    ① Every man is a fool sometimes, and none at all times. 每个人有时都会犯傻,但没有谁会一直都傻。
    ② I sometimes have letters from him. 有时我会收到他的来信。
    3.some time 某段时间。常与for连用。
    ① We plan to stay in Hainan for some time. 我们打算在海南呆上一段时间。
    ② I will keep the computer for some time, so you can use it.这部电脑我会留着一段时间,你可以用。
     4.some times 几次。several times也可以表示“几次”,但比some times较确定。time作可数名词时可作“次数”解;表示“时间”时是不可数名词。
    ① I am sure that we have met some times before.我肯定我们之前见过几次了。
    ② The newly bought microwave oven failed to work some times.新买的微波炉坏了几次了。
    八、some和any的用法
    (一)、some 一些,某些,某个。可代替名词和形容词。常用于肯定句。在句子中用作主语、宾语、定语。作定语时,它可以修饰单数可数名词和复数可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。
    1. 用于肯定句
    Ask some boys to help you.(修饰复数可数名词)叫些男孩来帮助你。
    Please bring some coffee.(修饰不可数名词)请拿些咖啡来。
    Ask some girl to come here.(修饰单数可数名词)叫(某)个女孩来这儿。some和any的用法
    2. some 用于疑问句时表示“请求、邀请或希望得到肯定的回答”。
    Would you like some coffee?(表示请求、邀请)请喝咖啡。
    Have you some stamps?(希望得到肯定的回答)你有邮票吧?
    (二)、any 的用法
    any 一些,任何。可代替名词和形容词。常用于否定句或疑问句,也可以用于条件状语从句。作定语时,它可以修饰复数形式的可数名词和不可数名词。
    1. 用于疑问句或否定句
    Are there any cows in the fields?(修饰复数形式的可数名词)田里有一些牛吗?
    There won't be any trouble.(修饰不可数名词)没有任何麻烦。
    2. 用于条件状语从句
    If there is any trouble, let me know.如果有什么麻烦,要让我知道。
    3. any 用于肯定句时,通常要重读,修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词。
    Any time you want me, just send for me.什么时候你需要我,随时叫我来。
    Come any day you like.只要你喜欢,随时可以来。
    九、as good as与as well as的用法区别
    1. 用于本义,两者意为“与……一样好”,但 good 是形容词,而 well 是副词。如:
    他说英语说得跟她一样好。
    正:He speaks English as well as her.
    正:His English is as good as hers.
    2. 用于引申义,两者的意思很不相同:
    (1) as good as 意为“几乎”“差不多”(=almost)。如:
    He as good as said I’m a liar. 他无异于说我撒谎。
    We’re as good as ruined. 我们差不多完蛋了。
    习语be as good as one’s word意思是“说话算数”。如:
    You’ll find that she’s as good as her word. 你能了解到她这个人很讲信用。
    (2) as well as 表示“而且”。如:
    She’s clever as well as beautiful. 她不但漂亮,而且聪明。
    He speaks Spanish as well as English and French. 他不仅会说英语和法语,而且会说西班牙语。
    该结构强调的重点是在前面一个词(体会以上例句的译文)。如:
    A as well as B=not only B but also A
    该结构连接两个成分作主语时,其后谓语通常与前面一个主语保持一致。如:
    Mary as well as her friends is going to Paris. 玛丽和她的朋友要去巴黎。
    与动词连用,动词通常要用动名词。如:
    As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿,而且还伤了胳膊。
    He sings as well as playing the piano. 他不但会弹钢琴,而且会唱歌。
    有时也可与主句动词的形式一致或用动词原形(但均不如用动名词常见)。如:
    As well as eating [ate, eat] a seven-course meal, they drank three bottles of wine. 除吃了一顿有7道菜的饭之外,他们还喝了3瓶酒。
    十、lighted和lit的用法区别
    light用作动词时,注意lighted与lit的区别:
    1. 从理论上说,light 的过去式或过去分词有两种形式lighted或lit。但在通常情况下 lit 比 lighted 用得更经常。
    He lit [lighted] a cigarette. 他点燃了一支烟。
    Our streets are lit [lighted] by electricity. 我们的街道用电照明。
    2. 若转化成形容词,则作表语时通常用 lit, 而作定语时通常用lighted。如:
    The match is lit. 火柴已点燃了。
    He was holding a lighted match. 他手里拿着根点燃的火柴。
    3. 当本身带有副词修饰语时,通常用lit。如:
    These streets are very poorly lit. 这些街道的照明很差。
    The room was softly lit by a lamp. 房间里点着一盏灯,光线很柔和。
    但是,此时用lighted仍然是可能的。如:
    People walking in poorly lighted [lit] areas at night should be extremely careful. 夜间在光线差的地方行走的人应当特别小心。
    十一、clean与cleanly的用法区别
    (一)、用作形容词
    1. clean 的用法
    clean 用作形容词时意为“干净的”“清洁的”等。如:
    Apply the paint with a clean brush. 用干净的刷子涂油漆。
    Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water. 猫应该总能喝到新鲜、干净的水。
    Having clean hands is one of the cardinal rules when preparing food. 做饭前首先要把手洗干净。
    The cut will heal up in a few days if you keep it clean and dry. 这个伤口只要保持清洁干爽,过不了几天就会愈合。
    It's clean and well-located, but best of all, it's affordable. 那里很干净,地段也好,而且更不错的是,价格也承受得起。
    2. cleanly 的用法
    cleanly 用作形容词时 意为“(习惯上)爱干净的”。如:
    Cats are cleanly animals. 猫是爱清洁的动物。
    (二)、用作副词
    两者都可用作副词,但词义不同:
    1. clean 的用法
    clean 意为“完全地”“彻底地”。通常连用的词语有动词forget,介词 through, over 等,副词 away, out 等。如:
    The thief got clean away. 那小偷已逃之夭夭。
    The bullet went clean through his shoulder. 子弹射穿了他的肩膀。
    I clean forgot about calling him. 我把给他打电话的事忘得一干二净。
    Sorry, I clean forgot (=completely forgot) your birthday. 对不起,我完全忘了你的生日。
    I clean forgot that I was supposed to be meeting Lucy last night. 昨晚我本来应该跟露西见面的,结果我忘得一干二净。
    He's been cheating his customers for years, and getting clean away with it. 他欺骗顾客多年,还一点事都没有。
    2. cleanly 的用法
    cleanly 用作副词时意思是“利索地;整齐地;诚实地,清白地”。如:
    The boat moved cleanly through the water. 小船在水面上轻快地行进。
    The branch snapped cleanly in two. 树枝啪的一下断成两截。
    Cut the stem cleanly, just beneath a leaf joint. 把茎切整齐点,正好切在叶根下。
    The election campaign was not conducted very cleanly. 竞选活动搞得有点不清不白。
    十二、如何区别also, too, either与as well
    also, too, either与as well 均可表示“也”,用法及其区别分述如下:
    1. too 和 as well
    两者多用于口语中,语气较轻,通常用于肯定句或疑问句,一般不用于否定句,且通常放在句末。如:
    He divorced her, and a good thing too [as well]. 他和她离了婚,这也是一件好事。
    I will come on condition (that) she is invited too [as well]. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。
    He was just another child from the shelters. There were other children too [as well]. 他只是来自收容所的另一个孩子,另外还有其他一些孩子。
    too 有时也紧跟在主语后(注:as well 不这样用),此用法较正式。如:
    But you, too, can buy coloured metal ones. 但是你也可以买彩色金属制品。
    The Internet, too, it goes without saying, is a good source of information. 不用说,因特网也是一个很好的信息来源。
    在 Me too, You too 这类简略答语中,通常不用 as well, also。如:
    “I’m feeling hungry.” “Me too.” “我觉得饿了。”“我也是。”
    “I love chocolate.” “Me too.” “我喜欢巧克力。”“我也喜欢。”
    2. 关于 aslo
    also 比 too 和 as well 正式,一般也不用于否定句,它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词,即放在行为动词之前,特殊动词之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。如:
    Airplanes are fast and also comfortable. 飞机快而且舒适。
    We bought a new sofa and also a new coffee table. 我们买了一个新沙发,还买了一张新的咖啡桌。
    The school also has the responsibility to develop pupils’characters. 学校也有职责培养学生的品质。
    Dogs, cats and monkeys are all animals, and man is also an animal. 狗、猫和猴子都是动物,而且人也是动物。
    also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号),相当于连词 and。如:
    Also, he has gone abroad. 而且,他已去了国外。
    It’s a nice house, but it’s very small. Also, it needs a lot of repairs. 这所房子不错,就是太小。另外,还需要大修。 
    3. 关于 either
    either(也)通常只用于否定句,且要放在句末。如:
    He can’t hear and he can hardly speak either. 他既听不见也几乎不能说话。
    I didn’t go to the meeting either. 我也没去开会。
    She can’t explain it and I can’t either. 她不能解释,我也不能解释。
    I don’t like John and I don’t like his wife either. 我不喜欢约翰,也不喜欢他的妻子。
    If you don’t go, I will not go either. 你若不去,我也不去。
    有时在肯定句之后跟一个否定句,表示“没有也…”之类的意思,此时英语要用too或also,不用either:
    He came, but she didn’t also came. 他来了,但她没有也一起来。
    He went to Washington, but not to New York too. 他去了华盛顿,但并不是也去了纽约。
    比较:
    He didn’t buy a computer, and she didn’t either. 他没有买电脑,她也没有买。
    He bought a computer, but she didn’t too. 他买了台电脑,但她没有也买台电脑。
    十三、副词almost与nearly用法比较
    1. almost [nearly] 都可用来修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等,此时两者常可换用。如:
    My car almost [nearly] stood still because of a traffic block. 我的车子因为交通阻塞而几乎动弹不得。
    I lost my concentration and almost [nearly] drove into a bridge. 我走神了,驾车时几乎撞上了一座桥。
    It is almost [nearly] late for you to catch the last bus. 天晚了,你快赶不上末班公共汽车了。
    With so much loud music, conversation was almost [nearly] impossible. 音乐声那么大,几乎没法交谈。
    We almost [nearly] came to blows over what colour our new carpet should be. 我们为了用什么颜色的新地毯险些打了起来。
    要注意它们与被修饰词的位置关系。比较并体会以下正误句子:
    据说这个报社平均每天要收到百来篇来稿。
    正:It's said that the paper receive an average of nearly 100 articles a day.
    误:It's said that the paper nearly receive an average of 100 articles a day.
    另外,再比较:
    Everything was almost double the normal price. 样样东西几乎都是平时价格的两倍。
    Almost everything was double the normal price. 几乎样样东西都是平时价格的两倍。
    2. almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前,但 nearly 一般不这样用。如:
    He almost never remarks on how she looks. 他几乎从来不说她长相如何。
    He is very practical—he can make or mend almost anything. 他很能干,几乎会制造或修理任何东西。
    The plots in her books are very strong but there's almost no characterization. 她写的书情节性很强,可是几乎没有对人物的塑造。
    How am I expected to conjure up a meal for six of his friends with almost nothing in the fridge? 冰箱里几乎甚么都没有,我怎么可能给他的六个朋友变出一顿饭来?
    Tolerant of human frailty in whatever form, she almost never judged people. 她对人性的各种弱点都能够包容,几乎从不评价他人。
    His father found him a cushy job in the office, with almost nothing to do and a whacking great salary. 他父亲给他在事务所找到了一份轻松舒适的工作,几乎什么都不用做,工资还极高。
    但是,两者都可用在否定动词之前。如:
    He almost [nearly] didn't catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。
     
    3. nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰,但 almost 之前不能用这些词。如:
    There are not nearly enough members present to hold a meeting. 出席的会员远没有达到可以开会的人数。
    The shock of Pat's death pretty nearly killed Roy. 帕特的死几乎毁了罗伊。
    They very nearly succeeded in blowing up the parliament building. 他们只差一点儿炸毁议会大厦。
    4. 有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同),此时不用 nearly。如:
    I almost wish I'd stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。
    Our cat understand everything—he's almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂—— 快通人性了。
    十四、never与ever的用法比较
    (一)、never的用法
    1. never主要与肯定动词连用而不与否定动词连用。一般情况下它意为“从未有过”:
    Some people are never satisfied. 有些人从不满足。
    I was never very good at maths. 我在数学方面从来就不很好。
    A clever politician never promises too much. 聪明的政治家从不过多地许诺。
    Have you met Marilyn. I've never met her. 你见到过玛里琳吗? 我从未见到过她。
    2. never+肯定动词有时可以替代一个普通的否定动词:
    I waited but he never turned up. 我等着,可他根本没有来。
    3. never+疑问动词可表示说话人对于未能做到某事而感到惊讶:
    Has he never been to Japan? I'm surprised, because his wife is Japanese. 他从没去过日本吗?我感到很惊讶,因为他妻子是日本人。
    (二)、ever的用法
    1. ever意为“在任何时间”,主要用于疑问句中:
    Have you ever been a teacher? 你当过教师吗?
    Have you ever seen a gorilla? 你看到过大猩猩吗?
    Have you ever seen any film like that? 你看过这样的电影吗?
    Have you ever heard a pop song sung in Japanese? 你听见过有人用日语唱流行歌吗?
    2. ever可与否定动词连用,特别是在与复合时态连用时,可代替never+肯定动词:
    I don't ever want [never want] to see you again. 我永远不想再见到你了。
    He doesn't ever complain.=He never complains. 他从来不抱怨(www.yingyuyufa.com)。
    I promise you, he won't ever [will never] trouble you again! 我向你保证,他绝不会再打扰你了!
    3. ever+肯定动词可以用于比较中,也可以和表示假定和怀疑的词连用:
    I don't suppose he ever writes to his mother. 我想他没有给他母亲写过信。
    十五、wide与widely的用法区别
    两者均可用作副词,区别如下:
    1. wide用作副词主要表示“张大”“睁大”到最大程度,侧重指物体从一边到另一边的距离(联系其形容词用法),通常与wide, apart等连用。如:
    Open your mouth wide. 把口张开。
    The door was wide open. 门敞开着。
    He was standing with his feet wide apart. 他站在那儿,两脚分开的距离很大。 
    2. widely则主要表示距离远、范围大、地域广等,通常连用过去分词。如:
    He has traveled widely. 他曾在广泛地区旅行。
    The most widely distributed is the Hui people. 分布最广的是回族。
    Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating. 现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。
    That the attempt to save her had failed soon became widely known. 想救她而未救成,此事不久已尽人皆知。
    有时也连用某些表示差异或变化的词语(如different, differing, range, vary等)。如:
    The conversation ranged widely. 谈话内容十分广泛。
    Prices vary widely from shop to shop. 各家商店价格悬殊很大。
    Society is made up of people of widely differing abilities. 社会是由能力迥异的人组成的。
    3.在wide awake(完全醒着)这一习语中,一般不用widely。如:
    In bed he lay wide awake. 他睡意全无地躺在床上。
    十六、in the tree与on the tree的区别
    in the tree与on the tree
    外来的东西在树上用in the tree
    如:the bird in the tree;
    树上长的用on the tree
    如:the apples on the tree
    十七、before和ago巧记
    before带在点之前,ago总在段之后。
    before时态不确定,过去时中用ago。
    十八、apologize与apology的用法
    (一)、apologize的用法
    1. 表示“道歉”,通常是不及物动词,要表示向某人道歉,用介词to, 要表示因为某原因而道歉或替某人道歉,用介词 for。如:
    First, I must apologize to you. 首先,我要向你们表示歉意。
    I apologize for not writing before. 我此前未能写信,谨表歉意。
    Karen phoned the other day to apologize for her behaviour. 卡伦前几天打电话来对她的行为表示歉意。
    2. 由于 apologize 是不及物动词,所以在其后接 that从句是错误的。如:
    我因踩了她的脚而向她道歉。
    误:I apologized that I stepped on her foot.
    正:I apologized to her for stepping on her foot.
    (二)、apology的用法
    1. 表示“道歉”,通常是可数名词,可以连用不定冠词,也可用复数形式。如:
    There's no need for apologies. 不必道歉。
    I have to begin with an apology. 我得首先表示歉意。
    2. 要表示向某人道歉,用介词 to;要表示因为某原因而道歉或替某人道歉,用介词 for。如:
    I make no apology to him for what I said. 我没有因说了些什么而向他道歉。
    I must offer her an apology for not going to her party. 我必须为未参加她的晚会表示歉意。
    十九、fun和funny作形容词的区别
    1. fun不仅可以作名词,还可以作形容词,而且作为形容词仅用于名词前作定语,不能作表语,意义相当于enjoyable,汉语意思是“有趣的;令人愉快的”,例如:
    Diving is a fun thing to do. 潜水是很有趣的事。
    a fun day at a theme park. 在主题公园度过的愉快的一天。
    2.funny的意义相对要多:(1) 滑稽的,有趣的,可笑的 (2) 稀奇的,古怪的 (3) 稍感不适的。funny不仅可以修饰名词作定语,还可以作表语。例如:
    He told funny stories. 他讲了几个有趣的故事
    It was the funniest thing I ever heard. 这是我所听到过的最有趣的的事。
    The machine is making a very funny noise. 这部机器发出一种很奇怪的声音。
    The joke is not funny. 那个笑话并不好笑。
    Sometimes he is funny, sometimes he seems like a poet. 有时他很滑稽,有时他又像个诗人。
    He told the doctor that he felt funny all over. 他告诉医生,他感到浑身不舒服。
    3. 如果是修饰人,funny用来指令人发笑的人。而fun用来指令人愉快的或者喜欢与之相处的人。例如:
    She's one of the funniest people I know. 她是我所认识的最有意思的人之一。
    My sister is a fun person. 我妹妹是一个有趣的人。
    二十、a bit和a little的区别 
    a bit和a little 在意思上非常相似,都表示“一点点,有点儿”之意。它们用作副词,表达“程度”时,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或比较级,意思相同,可以互换。例如:
    He is a bit like his father.
    He is a little like his father.
    他有点像他的父亲。
    The speaker spoke a bit louder in order to make himself heard more clearly.
    The speaker spoke a little louder in order to make himself heard more clearly.
    讲话人把嗓门提高了一点儿,以便让别人听得更清楚。
    但是,在下列情况下,它们是有区别的:
    1. 当它们用作定语,表达“数量”时,a bit后要加of,a little 则不用。例如:
    She ate a bit of bread for lunch.
    She ate a little bread for lunch.
    她午饭就吃了一点点面包。
    2. 但是,一旦否定,not a bit 和 not a little的意思就大不一样了,甚至相反。
    not a bit 意思是“一点也不”,相当于not at all,not in the least之意。例如:
    He is not a bit like his father.他一点也不像他父亲。
    Are you hungry? --- No, not a bit. 你饿了吗? 不,一点也不饿。
    She is not a bit happy.她很不开心。
    not a little意思是“非常,很”,相当于 very (much), a lot 之意。例如:
    He is not a little like his father.他很像他的父亲。
    I am not a little surprised at the news. 我对这个消息深感惊讶。
    The boy was not a little worried because he hadn't heard from her parents for a long time. 那个男孩很担心,因为好久没收到父母的来信了。
    【注意】有时bit之前,还可以加little,进一步修饰程度之低,如:
    I'm a little bit tired. Let's take a short rest. 我稍有点累了。让我们休息一会儿。
    二十一、first 与 at first的用法区别
    (1) first 意为“先”“首先”,主要用来说明顺序,暗示接下去还有其他的动作或事件要发生,因此其后往往接有或暗示有 then, next, last 之类的词。如:
    First think and then speak. 先想后说。
    First, I must apologize to you. 首先,我要向你们表示歉意。
    (2) at first 意为“起初”“开始”,它主要强调前后对照,暗示接下去的动作与前面的动词不同甚至相反,因此其后通常有but, afterwards, soon, at last 等词语相呼应。如:
    The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. (www.yingyuyufa.com)起初这活儿很累,不过后来我习惯了。
    At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他们生活得很幸福,但后来就开始出问题了。
    注意上,at first与at last不是一对反义词组,后者的意思是“终于”“最终”。如:
    She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切准备好了。
    At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。
    二十二、forget与forget about有何区别
    (一)、基本区别
    1. forget 通常指忘记具体的东西(如名字、号码、地址等),forget about 后者通常指忘记一件事情(如开会、学习、吃饭、锁门等)。比较:
    I forget her name. 我把她的名字给忘了。
    Don't forget about your study. 别忘了学习。
    They were so busy that they even forgot about their own meals. 他们忙得连饭都忘记吃。
    有时两者可换用,尤其是表示“不要把…放在心上”时。如:
    He forgot (about) her birthday. 他把她的生日忘了。
    Let's forget (about) our differences. 咱们不要把彼此的分歧放在心上。
    2.表示“忘记做某事”,除可用 forget to do sth 外,有时也可用 forget about doing sth。如:
    She had forgotten all about posting the letter. 她把寄信的事忘得一干二净。
    另外,一般现在时的forget后可直接跟动名词表示忘记做过某事,但一般过去时的forgot后接动名词时,则通常会先接介词about(有时也有不用about的)。如:
    I forgot about doing it. 我忘记已做此事了。
    (二)、forget (about) it在口语中的用法
    口语中说forget (about) it有以下用法:
    ① 用于回答感谢,意为“不客气”。如:
    A:Thank you very much for your help. 多谢你的帮助。
    B:Forget about it. 不用谢。
    ② 用于回答道歉,意为“没关系”。如:
    A:I'm sorry for what I said. 我为我所说的话道歉。
    B:Forget it! I don't remember anyway. 没关系,反正我也没有记住。
    ③ 用于表示否定或拒绝,意为“不行”。如:
    A:I'll take the small truck. 我要开那辆小卡车。
    B:And leave me to drive the other one? Forget it. 啊,让我开另外那辆? 不行不行。
    ④ 用于表示不想提及某情况或指某情况无关紧要等。如:
    A:How much do I owe you? 我欠你多少钱?
    B:Forget it! 算了吧!
    二十三、write 与write about的区别
    write 与write about的区别。
    1. write your ideas 意思是:把你的想法(观点,看法)写出来。
    2. write about your ideas 意思是:把你想法(观点,看法)的论据(理由)写出来。
    前者表示:动宾关系是“直接”的;后者表示:动宾关系是“间接接”的。
    类似的句子。“读书”是read the book,read about the book不是“读书”,而是“读到关于那本书的介绍”。
    I've read the novel and I think it is very instructive. 我读过那本小说,我认为它很有教育意义。
    I've read about the novel, but I wonder whether it is worth reading at all. 我读过那本小说的介绍,但我不知道它是否值得一读。
    二十四、China's与Chinese的区别
    1. China's为名词所有格,强调所属关系。如:
    China's population is large. 中国人口众多。
    Hainan is China's second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。
    The Yellow River is China's second longest river. 黄河是中国第二大河。
    China's countryside looks its best in May and June. 中国的农村在五六月时景色最美。
    2. Chinese为形容词,表示属性,视所修饰的名词不同,意思稍有不同:
    Maotai is a Chinese wine. 茅台是一种中国酒。
    Are you into Chinese food? 你对中国菜有兴趣吗?
    This book is about Chinese traditkmal medicine. 这本书是讲中医的。
    This was a record set by a Chinese girl. 这是一个中国姑娘创造的记录。
    My strongest memory is when I attended a Chinese wedding. 我印象最深的是我参加的一次中国婚礼的情景。
    Gone are the days when they could to what they liked to the Chinese people. 他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
    Thinking that traditional Chinese medicine might help, they sent for an old Chinese doctor. 他们请了一位老中医,因为他们考虑到也许中医会有效。
    二十五、fit,match,suit的区别
    1.fit 与suit可指衣服“合适”或“适合”的意思。fit 指大小、尺寸合体,suit指颜色,花样或款式适合。
    如:The coat fits me well. 这件上衣我穿着很合身。
    The colour of the cloth suits a woman at my wife's age. 这布的颜色适合我妻子年龄的妇女穿。
    2.match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
    如:The People's Great Hall and the Historical Museum match the Tian An Men beautifully. 人民大会堂和历史博物馆与天安门陪衬得极为优美。
    【练习】
    1. I can't go that far .Long plane trips don't ___ me.
    A. agree with B. agree toC. fit for D. match with
    2. He knows a lot about film .No one in our class can ___ him in that knowledge.
    A. catch B. suit C. compare D. match
    答案:1.A 2.D.
    3. The shirt is two sizes ___ for me. Would you please show me another one?
    A. larger B. too large C. more large D. very large
    答案:B 习惯用语问题。说明:英语中,表示“(衣帽等)太大或太小因而不合适”,须用 too large/small for sb. “对某人大几号为”“sizes too large for sb.”
    二十六、keen on doing sth 与keen to do sth 的区别
    1.keen on doing sth 通常表示“喜欢做某事”,指的是一种兴趣爱好。如:
    The painter is keen on collecting coins 那位画家喜欢收集硬币。
    I’m not keen on gambling. I’m too afraid of losing. 我对赌博不感兴趣。我太怕输了。
    动名词前有时有逻辑主语:
    Mrs Hill is keen on Tom’s marrying Susan. 希尔太太很希望汤姆能和苏珊结婚。
    但有时也表示“渴望做某事”,如《朗文多功能分类词典》中就有这样一句:
    I’m keen on passing this examination. 我渴望通过这次考试。
    2.keen to do sth 主要表示“很想做某事”“渴望做某事”。如:
    I’m not keen to go again. 我不太想再去了。
    He’s keen to see his birthplace again. 他很想重见他的出生地。
    She’s keen to get ahead in her career. 她热望在事业上出人头地。
    She’s keen to get in on any discussions about the new project. 她一心想参加有关新计画的讨论。
    The airline is keen to improve passenger comfort. 该航空公司致力于改善旅客的舒适程度。
    Doctors are keen to highlight this little-known disease. 医生们渴望把注意力集中在这一鲜为人知的疾病上。
    3.有时不定式可以带有逻辑主语,说成keen for sb to do sth(很想某人做某事,渴望某人做某事)。如:
    Parents are always keen for their children to get on. 父母总是热望子女有出息。
    二十七、介词across, along, through的区别
    1. across 和 through 都可表示“横过”或“穿过”,前者主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;而后者则表示从某个空间“穿过”,涉及“体”的概念。如:
    He walked across the road carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
    He walked through the forest alone. 他独自一人走过森林。
    有时 across 表示“横过”也可在“体”内进行,但此时它仍与through 有差别:前者表示从某个“体”的一端到另一端,而后者表示穿过两端。如:
    He walked across the hall. 他从大厅的一端走到另一端。
    He walked through the hall. 他穿过大厅。
    2. along 表示“沿着”,通常用于狭长的东西。如:
    I saw him running along the road. 我看见他沿着这条路跑。
    We walked along the river. 我们沿河散步。
    3. 注意以下习惯用法:
    (1) 与抽象名词连用,表示“通过”,一般只用 through。如:
    He became richer through hard work. 他勤奋致富。
    (2) 在美国口语中,可用 from ... through 表示“从……到”(此时不用along 或 across)。如:
    We work from Monday through Saturday. 我们从星期一到星期六工作。
    二十八、get to do与get doing的三大区别
    (一)用法区别一
    两者均可表示“开始做某事”,其细微区别如下。
    1. get to do往往暗示一个较长的过程,含有“渐渐开始”之意,此时get后接的不定式通常为to know, to like, to hate, to understand, to realize 等表示心理感觉的动词。如:
    I really wanted to get to know America. 我真想逐渐了解美国。
    I shall get to like them in time. 经过一段时间我会变得喜欢他们的。
    The best way to get to know the city is to visit it on foot. 要想了解这座城市,最好的方法是步行游览。
    After a time you get to realize that these things don't matter. 你过些时候就知道这些事无关紧要。
    注:有时也可接表示心理感觉之外的其他动词。如:
    His drinking is getting to be a problem. 他酗酒越来越成问题了。
    He is getting to be a lovely kid. 他慢慢变成一个可爱的孩子了。
    You'll get to speak English more easily as time goes by. 时间一长,你的英语就会说得流利一些。
    2. get doing主要用于非正式文体中,通常表示某种特定动作的开始,尤其用于get moving, get going, get thinking等搭配中。如:
    We'd better get moving—it's late. 我们还是走吧——时间不早了。
    They soon got talking together. 他们不久就开始谈了起来。
    He got to thinking that she perhaps wouldn't come after all. 他已意识到也许她根本不来了。
    (二)用法区别二
    get to do可以表示有机会做某事或被许可做某事,但get doing没有这样的用法。如:
    He never got to go to college. 他从无机会上大学。
    We didn't get to see her—she was too busy. 我们没有见到她——她太忙了。
    When do I get to see your new baby? 我什么时候能去看看你那刚出生的孩子呀?
    Did you get to visit the Louvre when you were in Paris? 你在巴黎的时候有机会去参观卢浮宫吗?
    (三)用法区别三
    get to do还可以表示努力或设法做成某事,但get doing没有这样的用法。如:
    At last he got to knock it down. 最后他设法把它敲了下来。
    Did you get to buy the tickets? 你设法买到票了吗?
    How did you get to be captain? 你是怎样当上船长的?
    二十九、because, since, as, for的用法区别
    1.关于 because:语气最强,表示直接原因,可用于回答 why 提出的问题、引导表语从句、用于强调句等,而其余三者均不行:
    “Why didn't he come?” “Because he was ill.” “他为什么没来?”“因为他病了。”
    My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛,因为苹果吃得太多。
    That's because you can't appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。
    It is because he is honest that I like him. 是因为他诚实我才喜欢他。
    2.关于 since 与 as:
    a. 两者所表示的原因都是人们已知的,即对已知事实提供理由,而不是表示直接原因。since 比 as 语气稍强,且比 as 略为正式,它们引导的从句通常放在主句之前,有时也放在主句之后:
    As you weren't there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿,我留了个口信。
    Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然错了,就应该道歉。
    b. since 可用于省略句,而其他三者不行:
    Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此,我无话可说。
    3.关于 for:是并列连词(其余三者为从属连词),它有时可表示因果关系(通常要放在主句之后,且可与 because 换用);有时不表示因果关系,而是对前面分句内容的解释或推断(也要放在主句之后,但不能与because 换用)。比较:
    The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是湿的,因为昨晚下过雨。
    It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚一定下过雨,你看今天早上地面是湿的。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)
    三十、onto 与 on to 的用法区别
    1. 两者都用作介词,合写一词的 onto 在意上相当于 to+on,即表示某物向另一物运动(to),然后停落在另一物之上(on)。使用时两者常可换用。如:
    He jumped onto [on to] the horse. 他跳上马。
    He put the dictionary onto [on to] the desk. 他把字典放到桌上。
    2. 以下情况的 on to 不能合写为一词(onto):
    (1) on 为副词时。如:
    We must walk on to the next village. 我们必须继续走路去下一个村庄。
    Pass this on to the next person after signing it. 签名之后请把它传给下一位。
    (2) on 后的 to 为不定式符号时。如:
    He went on to tell us an interesting story. 接着他给我们讲了个有趣的故事。
    He had to hang on to avoid being washed overboard. 为了不至于被冲入水里,他只好紧紧抓住不放。
    三十一、healthy与healthful用法辨析
    1. healthy 有两个意思,一是指“人本身健康的”,二是指“有益于健康的”。如:
    Good food keeps you healthy. 好的饮食使你健康。
    Cycling is certainly healthier than driving. 骑车肯定比开车有利于健康。
    有时用于比喻义。如:
    That book is not healthy reading for children. 那本书供小孩读不健康。
    2. healthful通常只表示“有益于健康的”。如:
    Doing morning exercises is very healthful. 做早操对健康很有益。
    Why don't you eat such healthy [healthful] foods? 你为什么不吃那些有益于健康的食物?
    此词在现代英语中用得不多(已属过时用法),一般用healthy代替。
    三十二、borrow 与 lend 的同与异
    1. 两者都可表示“借”,但是 borrow 指“借入”,而 lend 则指“借出”,两者其实是一对反义词,而不是同义词。如:
    Can I borrow your bike? 我可以借用你的自行车吗?
    I never lend books; you never get them back. 我的书决不外借,因为总是有去无回。
    Some people neither borrows nor lends. 有的人既不借也不贷。
    2. 从句型上看,lend 可接双宾语,即可用于 lend sb sth,该句型也可说成lend sth to sb。如:
    She lent him some money. 她借给他一些钱。
    She lent some money to him. 她借给他一些钱。
    这样用的 lend 有时还可用于被动语态。如:
    You were lent ten thousand pounds last year. 去年借给你1万英镑。
    但是注意,borrow 不能接双宾语,即不能用于 borrow sb sth;要表示向某人借某物,英语可用borrow sth from sb。如:
    误:He borrowed her some money.
    正:He borrowed some money from her. 他向她借了一些钱。
    3. 两者本来是非延续性动词,但有时可以与一段时间连用,表示借用的时间。如:
    Can I borrow your pen for a moment? 你的钢笔我可以借用一会儿吗?
    He borrowed a car from a friend for a few days. 他向朋友借汽车用了几天。
    Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow? 你借给我5英镑,明天还你,行吗?
    三十三、work 和 do 在口语中的用法
    请看下面的这道题:
    —How do you feel after taking the medicine?
    —Oh, it __________. I'm feeling much better now.
    A. costs B. loses C. does D. works
    分析:此题应选D。容易误选C。在口语中,动词do, work有两个用法值得注意。如:
    1. work 表示“行得通”或“奏效”等。如:
    The plan worked well. 这个计划很起作用。
    The drug will not work. 这药不会起作用。
    It worked like a charm. 这产生了奇效。
    Your idea won't work in practice. 你的想法实际上行不通。
    Will these new methods work? 这些新方法会奏效吗?
    I think your suggestion will work. 我想你的建议会奏效的。
    The medicine worked and the pain went away soon. 这药效很好,疼痛很快就消失了。
    2. do 表示“行”、“适合”、“凑合”。如:
    Will that do? 那行吗?
    Any dictionary will do. 什么词典都行。
    This won't do. I'll take that. 这个不行,我要那个。
    I'm terribly hungry. Get me something to eat, please. Anything will do. 我饿极了,请给我弄点吃的东西来,什么都行。
    —When shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面?
    —Any time will do. It's all the same to me. 什么时候都行,我无所谓。
    三十四、slow up和slow down是同义词还是反义词
    1. 请先观察以下短语,这几组短语至少在表示某一意思时它们是反义词:
    (1) up 与 down 是一对反义词,前者表示“向上”,后者表示“向下”。如:
    He continued to jump up and down like a boy at a football match. 他不停地上蹿下跳,活像个足球赛中的男孩。
    Aircraft can avoid each other by going up and down, as well as by altering course to left or right. 飞机可以通过上下升降和左右移动改变航线来避免相撞。
    (2) upstairs 与 downstairs是一对反义词,前者表示“楼上”,后者表示“楼下”。如:
    The bedrooms are upstairs and the dining-room is downstairs. 寝室在楼上,餐厅在楼下。
    (3) go up 与 go down 是一对反义词,前者表示“上升”,后者表示“下降”。如:
    The incomes of skilled workers went up. Meanwhile, unskilled workers saw their earnings go down. 熟练工的收入上升了,而与此同时,不熟练工发现他们的收入下降了。
    (4) turn up 与 turn down 是一对反义词,前者表示“开大音量”,后者表示“关小音量”。如:
    The baby fell asleep, so I asked him to turn the TV down, but a few minutes later he turned it up again. 宝宝睡着了,所以我叫他把电视机音量调小些,但是没过几分钟他又把音量调大了。
    【练习】请从所给的四个选项中选择一个最佳答案填空:
    slow up 与 slow down 是一对 ________。
    A. 同义词 B. 反义词 C. 无关词 D. 互补词
    如果你选择的答案是“反义词”,你就错了,正确答案是填“同义词”。尽管up和down是一对反义词,并且确实也有不少含有up和down的短语也是反义词,但是,slow up和slow down却是一对同义词。
     slow up和slow down均表示“变缓”“变慢”“减速”等,从使用的广泛性来看,slow down比slow up用得更多、更广泛。
    两者的具体用法如下:
    1. 表示“(使)慢下来”“(使)减速”
    (1) slow down的用例:
    I put on the brakes and slowed the car down. 我踩下刹车降低车速。
    The train slowed down as it went around the bend. 火车在转弯处减速了。
    She slowed down her pace so I could keep up with her. 她放慢脚步好让我跟上她。
    The train slowed down to a crawl as it approached the station. 火车进站时慢了下来。
    You see drivers speeding up when they should be slowing down. 你可以看到有些司机在应该减速时却加速。
    (2) slow up的用例:
    The bus slowed up as it approached the junction. 公共汽车在驶近交叉路口时放慢了速度。
    The roadworks are slowing the traffic up in the mornings. 道路施工使早上的交通迟缓下来。
    2. 表示“(使某人)松弛”“(使发展)减缓”
    (1) slow down的用例:
    The economy has slowed down. 经济放缓了。
    He looks ill, and he should slow down. 他看上去不太舒服,应该放松一下。
    (2) slow up的用例:
    Output has slowed (up) a little. 生产已放慢了一点。
    They claim they can slow up the ageing process. 他们声称能够减缓老化的速度。
    用法联想与拓展
    跟slow down与slow up用法类似的还有close up与close down。但close up与close down在表示“关闭”时,只是意义相近,并不完全相同:close down表示公司或商店等永久性关闭(即“倒闭”),而close up则表示公司或商店等临时性关闭(如“歇业”“打烊”)。如:
    The factory closed down ten years ago. 这家工厂10 年前就倒闭了。
    All the shops had closed up for the night. 深夜所有的商店都已经打烊了。
    有些含有up和down的相似短语,既不是同义词或近义词,也不是反义词,它们各自有各自的意思和用法。如:
    back up(验证;支持;备份;倒车;后退)
    back down(认错;认输;退让)
    bring up(养育;教养;提出)
    bring down(使落下;打倒;降低;减少)
    三十五、more than与over的关系
    over做介词表“超过”时,可用more than代替。
    例:he has stayed here over a year.= he has stayed here more than a year.(他已待在此地一年多。)
    he has stayed here more than over a year.(x)
    he has stayed here much over a year.(×,much应删除)
    over five students are here.= more than five students are here.(这里的学生有五人以上。)


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