历年高考英语真题专项解析 专题23.阅读理解之任务型阅读

这是一份历年高考英语真题专项解析 专题23.阅读理解之任务型阅读，共51页。试卷主要包含了appearance/lk，energetic，psychlgical，Preparing，less，relieve/free，avid/skip等内容，欢迎下载使用。
历年高考英语真题专项解析23
阅读理解·任务型阅读
1.（2020年，江苏卷）
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Humor
If you see humor as an optional form of entertainment, you’re missing some of its biggest benefits: Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people seem entertaining. Studies show that a good sense of humor even makes you seem smarter.
Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. The increase of energy will even make you more willing to exercise, and that will raise your overall energy even more.
Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. Humor lets you better understand life and sometimes helps you laugh at even the worst of your problems.
In my experience, most people think they have a sense of humor, and to some degree that’s true. But not all senses of humor are created equal. So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.
You don’t have to be the joke teller in the group in order to show your sense of humor. You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. Every party needs a straight person. You’ll appear fun and funny by association.
When it comes to in-person humor, effort counts a lot. When people see you trying to be funny, it frees them to try it themselves. So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, you might be freeing the long kept humor in others. People need permission to be funny in social settings because there’s always a risk that comes with humor. For in-person humor, quality isn’t as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.
Some people--and I was one of them--believe that humorous complaints about the little problems of life make humor, and sometimes that is the case. The problem comes when you start doing too much complaint-based humor. One funny observation about problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how smart you think you are. Funny complaints can wear people out.
Self-deprecating(自嘲式) humor is usually the safest type, but here again you don’t want to overshoot the target. One self-deprecating comment is a generous and even confident form of humor. You have to be at least a bit self-assured to laugh at yourself in front of others. But if you do it too often, you can transform in the eyes of others from a confident joker to a Chihuahua dog.
Humor
Benefits of humor
●Humor is form of 1.. Humor can improve one’s2. and personality.
●Humor can make one 3. in his work, study, and life.
●Humor has a positive4. effect when we are in difficulties.
5.to follow
●6. others for a conversation of fun is as good as telling a joke yourself when showing your sense of humor.
●Quality counts 7. than attitude and effort-even stupid joke can 8. others of risk and embarrassment.
Traps to 9.
●One humorous complaint makes funny person. But too many complaints will 10. your audience.
●Self-deprecating comments show one’s assurance. But too much deprecation will make a Chihuahua dog.
【答案】
1.entertainment
2.appearance/look
3.energetic
4.psychological
5.Tips/Suggestions/Advice
6.Preparing
7.less
8.relieve/free
9.avoid/skip
10.bore/tire/exhaust
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幽默的好处，讲遵循的技巧以及所要避开的陷阱。
1.原词再现题。根据文章第一段“If you see humor as an optional form of entertainment, you're missing some of its biggest benefits( 如果你把幽默看作是一种可选的娱乐形式，你就错过了它的一些最大的好处)”可知，幽默是一种娱乐形式。故填entertainment。
2.语意转化题。根据文章第一段“Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people seem entertaining. (幽默能让相貌平平的人看起来可爱，让不感兴趣的人看起来很有趣。)”可知，幽默可以改善一个人的外表和个性。故填appearance/look。
3.词性转换题。根据文章第二段“Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. (最重要的是，幽默能提升你的精力，这会对你在学校、工作或个人生活中所做的一切产生影响。)”可知，幽默能使人在工作、学习和生活中充满活力。句中名词energy转换成形容词energetic故填energetic。
4.语意转化题。根据文章第三段“Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. (幽默还能使你的思维从日常烦恼中解脱出来。)”可知，幽默让你理解生活，有时帮助你在最困难时能够大笑。可以推断出当我们遇到困难时，幽默会对我们的心理产生影响。故填psychological。
5.原词再现题。根据文章第四段“So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.(所以我觉得在日常生活中加入一些幽默技巧会很有用。)”可知，这里为幽默所要遵循的建议或技巧。故填Tips/Suggestions/Advice。
6.语意转化题。根据文章第五段“You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. (你可以把谈话引向有趣的话题，而这些话题已经为其他人增添了幽默感。)”可知，这里指为他人准备一场有趣的对话。所填词中缺少主语，所以用动名词作主语。故填Preparing。
7.语意转化题。根据文章第六段“When it comes to in-person humor, effort counts a lot. (说到个人幽默，努力是很重要的。)”和”For in-person humor, quality isn’t as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.( 对于面对面的幽默，质量并不像你想象的那么重要。你的态度和努力很重要。)”可知，质量没有态度和努力重要。故填less。
8.原词再现题。根据文章第六段“So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, you might be freeing the long kept humor in others. (所以，即使你自己的幽默努力失败了，你也可能释放了别人长期保持的幽默。)”可知，即使是一个愚蠢的笑话也能让别人免于风险和尴尬。短语relieve/free…of…免于……。故填relieve/free。
9.归纳总结题。根据表格此栏后面的内容可知，这里是讲幽默所需要避开的陷阱。故填avoid/skip。
10.语意转化题。根据文章倒数第二段”One funny observation about a problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how smart you think you are. Funny complaints can wear people out. (对生活中某个问题的一个有趣的观察可能很有趣，但五个就是只有抱怨了，不管你认为自己有多聪明。有趣的抱怨会让人筋疲力尽。)”可知，太多的抱怨只会让人厌烦或筋疲力尽。故填bore/tire/exhaust。
2.（2019年，江苏卷）
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The Cost of Thinking
Introduction
• Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 11. of human beings.
The 12. of large human brains
• The larger brains may not be better because of the cost.
• The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.
• The animal brain requires less 13. when the body is at rest.
• Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.
The 14. of walking upright
• Walking upright makes it easy to find food or 15. against enemies.
• Freed hands can serve some 16. purposes and perform complex tasks.
• Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and 17. the size of brains.
• Walking upright results in 18. sufferings.
Conclusion
• With a large brain, human beings 19. other beings in terms of intelligence.
• Weak and marginal, human beings remained 20. of meat-eating animals.
【答案】
11.characteristics
12.disadvantages
13.energy
14.impact(s)
15.guard
16.other
17.limits
18.physical
19.beat
20.fearful/afraid
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。虽然有这些缺点，但仍然使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。
11.考查信息归纳。根据第一段all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。
12.考查信息归纳。72题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑长得比较大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。
13.考查信息来源。根据第三段中的The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。
14.考查信息归纳。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。
15.考查信息转换。根据第五段的第一句Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies.可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来更容易找到食物或发现敌人。发现敌人就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配，意为“防御……”，故本空填写guard。
16.考查信息查找。根据第五段中的their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。
17.考查信息归纳。根据第五段Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，⻣骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。
18.考查信息转换。根据第六段Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为其广阔的视野和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。
19.考查信息归纳。根据最后一段We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.可知，我们假设一个大脑袋会带来巨大的优势。很明显，这些使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出人类的大脑比其他动物大，在智力方面人类比其他动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故本空填beat。
20.考查信息查找。根据最后一段But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但一百万年前的人类也时常生活在对食肉动物的恐惧中。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。
3.（2018年，江苏卷）
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event. “If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect（连锁反应）throughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 million and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.
The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.
Arts as an economic driver
Our communities 21. from arts in terms of economy.
22. of arts’ promoting our economy
Arts activity demands a(n) 23. effort. It involves creation, performance, and 24..
★Artists make a living through their creative work.
★Others get paid by marketing the event.
Arts have a gradually spreading 25.. They could help promote other industries whether they lie inside or outside arts.
★Besides tickets, some jazz lovers will pay their 26. to and from the events.
★Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience and renew their energy.
Investment in arts could produce potential 27. economic results.
★TeCo used a $35,000 art investment to attract an overall support of $400,000.
★In Dallas, one dollar invested in arts could harvest and extraordinary return of nearly $300.
★In Philadelphia the arts have created about 35,000 job opportunities for workers 28. arts industry.
Art students making a good living
With these 29. in mind, art students need not worry about their career and have a(n) 30. plan.
【答案】
21.benefit
22.Ways
23.joint/collective
24.Promotion/marketing
25.Effect
26.fares
27.Positive
28.outside/beyond
29.statistics/data/analyses
30.Alternative
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述艺术是如何促进我们的经济发展的。
21.同义转化题。根据文章第一段But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.(艺术团体给我们的社区带来了更大的价值。)，所填词的主语为Our communities，故应为我们的社区从艺术中收益，所以用短语benefit from从……受益。故填benefit。
22.归纳题。分析右边表格各小点的内容可知，这里应该为艺术提升我们经济的方法，所以用way，注意首字母大写及复数形式。故填Ways。
23.归纳题。根据文章第二段Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art.可以归纳出，艺术活动需要集体共同努力。故填joint/collective。
24.词性转化题。根据文章第三段Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.中的动词promote转化为名词promotion，也可以用同义名词marketing。故填promotion/marketing。
25.原词再现题。根据文章第四段A successful arts neighborhoods creates a ripple effect（连锁反应）throughout a community.中的原词effect可以得出答案。故填effect。
26.归纳题。根据文章第四段Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.可以归纳出，爵士爱好者除了买票之外，还需要付来去交通费、住宿费等费用。故填fares。
27.归纳题。根据文章倒数第三段the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 million and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.可知，艺术品投资可以产生潜在的积极经济效果。故填positive。
28.原词再现题。根据文章倒数第三段the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 million and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.中的outside可以得出答案，也可以用其同义词beyond。故填outside/beyond。
29.归纳题。这里是对文章的总结，艺术生应该考虑到上文这些统计数据或分析，故无需担心他们的职业。故填statistics/data/analyses。
30.同义转化题。根据文章最后一段But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.中的change the patterns转化为同义词alternative。故填alternative。
点睛：任务型阅读以“艺术如何促进我们的经济How Arts Promote Our Economy”为题，重点分析了艺术促进经济的途径。考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致，同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。检查核对初步完成的所要求的任务，注意拼写是否正确以及大小写等。
4.（2017年，江苏卷）
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing? The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations), but you’d be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don’t bend, Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India’s working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.

71_______72_______73_______74_______75_______76_______77_______78_______79_______80_______
【答案】lower size/scale immediate economic old/older earlier living/life equality immigration compensate
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了世界人口的变化对经济的影响，以及如何正确处理好人口变化问题。
71. lower根据第一段最后一句“But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.”可以判断，在21世纪的出生率要低于（lower）20世纪。
72. size/scale根据第二段第二句“Furthermore, around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.”可知，几乎所有的发达国家都在经历着不稳定的人口出生率；据此可以判断，发达国家保持人口规模或出生比率（size/scale）是有难度的。
73. immediate根据第二段最后一句“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades”可知，发展中国家的人口出生率下降会在几十年时间里导致全球劳工的短缺，据此可知，导致的这种结果不是立即（immediate）导致的，而是经过几十年时间。
74. economy根据第三段第二句“First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country”，结合右侧栏的内容可知，该处主要介绍人口的发展对经济（economy）的影响。
75. old/older根据第三段第一句“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance”可知，中国年轻工人人口大量减少；据此可以判断，中国经济发展要面临人口问题，因为现有工人年龄变大了，老了（old/older），却得不到补充。
76. earlier根据第四段第三句中“Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.”可知，官方数据显示，自1993年以来，俄罗斯的人口减少了5%，而俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年的人要短；据此可以判断，俄罗斯人的过早（earlier）死亡率影响了经济的发展。
77. living/life根据第四段倒数第二句中“...but poor diet an above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it”可知，不健康的饮食和长期酗酒对俄罗斯人的健康有着不良的影响，据此可以判断，如果改变俄罗斯人的生活（living/life）方式，则会延长他们的寿命。
78. equality根据第五段最后三句“In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas an lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India’s working-age population has no education. In 2030,a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.”可知，在贫穷的偏远地区，教育水平落后，出生率最高；印度大批工人没有受到教育；据此可以判断，印度经济要想发展，应当让每个人都享有同等（equality）的教育机会。
79. immigration根据第六段第一句“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration”，结合第六段其它内容可知，美国通过移民（immigration）来解决员工短缺问题。
80. compensate根据第六段第一句“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration”和第三句“Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants”可知，美国通过移民补偿了（compensate）员工的短缺。compensate for为固定搭配，意为“赔偿，补偿损失”。
5.（2016年，江苏卷）
请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
An Extension of the Human Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a ＂social prosthetic (义肢的）system.＂ Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a ＂new idea,＂ I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that’s the upside (好处). The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
An Extension of the Human Brain

A prosthetic nature

●The32.can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
●It33.in our daily events, extending our intelligence, comprehending our feelings, and expanding the range of social activities.


Wonderful aspects: memory and judgment

●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without34.them in mind.

●The Internet makes us smarter over35.kinds of things. It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the36.of the matter.
●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to37.our claims, and to38.our actions.


The39.sidesof smartphones

●Smartphones make it easier and more40.to check reality, watch video clips, read weibo.

●Smartphones41.the possibility for new and insightful minds, and steal away our dead time.

【答案】
32.Internet
33.participates/joins
34.keeping
35.all/different/various
36.heart/core
37.check
38.judge
39.mixed/two
40.convenient
41.reduce
【解析】
32.Internet 原词再现。根据第一段第四句Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围，也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。
33.participates/joins 同义句转换。根据第一段最后两句It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.可知动词短语＂participate/join in＂符合句意。
34.keeping 词形转换。根据第二段第一句＂Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details.....＂可知动词短语＂keep...in mind记住＂，在表格中放在介词without的后面，要使用动名词keeping的形式。
35.all/different/various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知原文中＂matters small and large＂就是＂all/different/various＂的事情。
36.heart/core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句＂.....which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning＂可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语＂the core/heart of the matter＂和原文中＂dig into the core＂语义一致。
37.check 同义词转换。根据第三段第四句＂If I have a ＂ new idea,＂ I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.＂可知当我们有了新的观点以后，我们会上网检查核对别人是否已经有了同样的观点，并对自己的行动做出判断。表格中check与原文语义一致。
38.judge 归纳总结。根据第三段最后一句＂Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.＂可知在网络上阅读其他人的信息，让我判断我的行为是否合理，所以表格里使用动词judge。
39.mixed/two 归纳总结。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容，所以使用形容词＂mixed/two＂。
40.convenient 同义句转换。根据第四段后两句I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).可知我们可以使用智能手机随时查信息，看视频，读微博，使用起来非常方便。所以使用形容词＂convenient＂。
41.reduce 句意转换。根据文章最后两句＂The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.＂在过去那些＂dead periods＂时，我总会有一些灵光一现的神来之念，但是现在这些时间都被智能手机占用了。无疑就减少了这些神来之念的可能性。所以表格中使用＂reduce the possibility＂。
6.（2015年，江苏卷）
请阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意: 请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。 每个空格只填一个单词。
People select news in expectation of a reward. This reward may be either of two kinds. One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle, the other to what he calls the Reality Principle. For want of better names, we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.
In general, the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption, accidents and disasters, sports, social events, and human interest. Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs, economic matters, social problems, science, education, and health.
News of the first kind pays its rewards at once. A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved. He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder, shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane, identify himself with the winning team, laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.
News of the second kind, however, pays its rewards later. It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance — as, for example, when he reads of the threatening foreign situation, the mounting national debt, rising taxes, falling market, scarce housing, and cancer. It has a kind of “threat value.” It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared. When a reader selects delayed reward news, he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work. When he selects news of the other kind, he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.
For any individual, of course, the boundaries of these two classes are not stable. For example, a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem, rather than for its immediate reward. A coach may read a sports story for its threat value: he may have to play that team next week. A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting, not for its delayed reward, but very much as his wife reads an account of a party. In any given story of corruption or disaster, a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience, but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness. Therefore, while the division of categories holds in general, an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another, or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.
What news stories do you read?

Division of news stories

● People expect to get42.from reading news.
● News stories are roughly divided into two classes.
● Some news will excite their readers instantly while others won’t.

43.ofthe two classes

● News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual44..
● Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and45.similar feelings with those involved.

● News of delayed reward will make readers suffer, or present a46.to them.
● News of delayed reward will induce the reader to47.for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to48.from the reality.

Unstable boundaries of the two classes

● What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their49..
● Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and50.themselves to the reality.
● Thus, the division, on the whole,51.on the reader.

【答案】
42.rewards/rewarded
43.Explanations
44.involvement
45.share
46.threat
47.prepare
48.withdraw
49.profession(s)/intention
50.adapt
51.depends
【解析】文章结合弗洛伊德心理学理论，分析了不同人群对新闻报道的接受习惯和反应特征，从新闻类别、读者反应、异类互渗等角度考察了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。难度较14年有所下降，重点考查考察信息转换题，涉及词性和词义转换，学生“有据可循”，归纳概括题比例明显下降。
42.信息查找题。根据“People select news in expectation of a reward. This reward may be either of two kinds.”可知此处填rewards/rewarded“得到回报/被奖励”。
43.信息归纳题。文章二、三、四段是对“immediate reward（即时回报）”和“delayed reward（迟来的回报）”的解释。
44.信息转换题。根据第三段第二句“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.”可知此处填involvement“参与”。
45.信息归纳题。根据第三段中“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved. He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder … laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.”可知读者会将自己和新闻故事中发生的事紧紧联系在一起，和参与者有相似的感受。因此此处填share“同样有”。
46.信息查找题。根据第四段中“It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance — as, for example, when he reads of the threatening foreign situation, … It has a kind of ‘threat value.’”可知此处填threat“威胁”。
47.信息转换题。根据第四段中“It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.”可知此处填prepare，与后面的介词for搭配“为……做准备”。
48.信息查找题。根据第四段中“When he selects news of the other kind, he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.” 此处填withdraw “退出，离开”。
49.归纳概括题。根据最后一段中“For example, a sociologist may … A coach may …A politician may …”可知读者对新闻故事的期待很大程度上受他们职业的影响。此处填profession(s)“职业”/intention“意图，动机”。
50.信息查找题。根据第四段中“When a reader selects delayed reward news, he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.”可知此处填adapt“使适应”。
51.归纳概括题。根据最后一段中“while the division of categories holds in general, an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another, or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.”可知这一分类取决于读者个体。此处填depends，和后面的介词on搭配“取决于”。
7.（2015年，湖南卷）
52.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Not all print dictionaries are the same, as you will notice when you select one. To make a wise selection, you should know how to distinguish among three kinds of print dictionaries: pocket, desk, and unabridged. You should also know the copyright date of your dictionary, and check is special features.
A pocket dictionary is small. Generally, it contains no more than 75000 entries, making it hardly to carry to class and efficient to use. However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college reference homework. In addition, the information about each word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited. A desk dictionary is medium sized, generally containing over 100,000 entries as well as extra features. For college work, you should own a current desk dictionary. An unabridged dictionary is a complete dictionary. Abridged dictionaries, such as pocket and desk dictionaries, are shortened. Because unabridged dictionaries contain nearly all English words, they are large and heavy. They are often used by schools and libraries.
If the copyright date of your current dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic language that admits new words and recognizes changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an up-to-date dictionary.
In selecting a dictionary, check the features it offers besides vocabulary definitions. Many editions contain signs, symbols and foreign words. Some also contain CD-ROMs and access to special online features.

【答案】
1.Select
2.inadequate
3.word information
4.desk dictionary
5.extra features
6.large and heavy
7.schools and libraries
8.admitting new words
9.cheek
10.access to
【解析】本文讲述了三种字典的类型，旨在告诉读者如何根据需要去选择字典。
1.Select; 本文讲述了三种字典的类型，旨在告诉读者如何根据需要去选择字典。故填Select.
2.inadequate;根据第二段中的第三句话：However, a pocket dictionary doesn’t contain enough entries to be adequate for college reference homework.可知作者认为口袋字典不能用来作为写家庭作业的参考。不能够胜任: inadequate for…。故填inadequate
3.word information;根据第二段的第四句话：the information about each word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited可知口袋字典里每个单词的意思是有限的。故填word information
4.desk dictionary;根据题目中的第二个方框里给出的信息可知作者写完pocket dictionary后接着写第二种字典：desk dictionary。故填desk dictionary
5.extra features;根据第二段中的第五句话：A desk dictionary is medium-sized, generally containing over 170,000 entries as well as extra features.可知中等体积是desk dictionary的外特点。故填extra features
6.large and heavy; 根据第二段中的倒数第二句话：because unabridged dictionaries contain nearly all English words, they are large and heavy;故填large and heavy
7.schools and libraries;根据第二段的最后一句话：They are often used by schools and libraries. 可知unabridged dictionaries适用于学校和图书馆。故填schools and librarie
8.admitting new words;根据第三段的第二句话:可知英语是一种动态的语言，所以字典也应该及时地更新，允许心的单词加入。故填admitting new words
9.check;根据第四段的第一句话：In selecting a dictionary ,check the features it offers besides vocabulary definitions.可知题目中最后一个方框里的三条信息所讲的是选择字典时要检查词汇意外的特点，故填check
10.access to;根据全篇章的最后一句话：Some also contain CD-ROMS and access to special online features.可知，故填access to
8.（2015年，安徽卷）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Put a group of strangers in a room together, and they'll probably start a conversation. "Hot today, isn't it?"one might say. "You said it." another replies.
Why do we talk so much about the weather? When we meet new people, we don't begin by telling them our life story. We start with small talk, a polite conversation about something like traffic or weather.
Research suggests that small talk can build new friendships. When we begin conversations with new people, we want to feel comfortable, and so do they. We use small talk to find common interests. Once we have a common interest, a friendship can begin.
Small talk even helps people get hired. In order to impress at a job interview, you need to bond with the interviewer right away. Proper small talk can make that first impression get you the job.
So, how can you make small talk lead to a new friendship or job? First off, find common ground. Select something around you that you share with the other person.
Next, keep the conversation going. Compliment (赞美) the other person to make himor her feel comfortable, and ask questions to show interest.
Third, keep eye contact (接触). When you look people in the eye, they feel you appreciate what they are saying. It makes you appear honest and builds trust.
Naturally, shy people might not have enough confidence to start up conversations with strangers. Talking to someone you don't know is not the easiest thing to do! Some experts say with more practice, small talk does get easier.
Some people avoid small talk because they dislike discussing things like traffic or weather. For them, they are just too small. However, when you think about it, small talk is anything but small. In fact, it is actually a very big deal!
Title

Small Talk: A Big53.

Introduction

We are likely to make small talk when we54.meet people.

55.

❖ Small talk can help people form56.friendships.

❖Small talk can also help people get a57..

Advice

❖Find some topics58.with the other person.

❖Keep the talk going by making compliments and59.questions. ❖Keep eye contact in conversation to build60..

❖61.more in order to make small talk easier.

Conclusion

Small talk really62.a lot to us.

【答案】
53.Deal
54.first
55.Advantages/Benefits
56.new
57.job/position/post
58.shared
59.asking/rasing
60.trust
61.Practice/Practise
62.matters/means
【解析】文章主要讲的是简短对话的重要性。素不相识的人通常以讨论交通状况或天气来开始他们的交谈。做题时注意联系上下文提取有效信息，并注意是否需要进行词形转换。
53.Deal 根据最后一段“In fact, it is actually a very big deal!”可知，事实上，简短对话非常重要，a big deal是固定短语。
54.first 根据“Put a group of strangers in a room together...”可知，陌生人见面可能会开始简短的聊天，由此可知，他们是首次见面。
55.Advantages/Benefits 根据第三段可知，简短的谈话可以帮助人们形成友谊，帮助人们找到工作，说明这里说的是好处或优点。
56.new 根据第三段“Research suggests that small talk can build new friendships.”可知答案。
57.job/position/post 根据第四段“Proper small talk can make that first impression get you the job.”可知答案。
58.shared 根据第五段“Select something around you that you share with the other person.”可知答案，这里用过去分词作后置定语。
59.asking/rasing 根据第六段“and ask questions to show interest”可知，通过提问问题来表示自己感兴趣，by后跟动名词。
60.trust 根据第七段“It makes you appear honest and builds trust.”可知，眼神接触能使人显得真诚，并建立信任。
61.Practice/Practise 根据倒数第二段“Some experts say with more practice, small talk does get easier.”可知，简短对话经过多加练习之后就会变得容易。
62.matters/means 根据最后一段“small talk is anything but small. In fact, it is actually a very big deal!”可知，简短对话绝非不起眼，事实上，简短对话很重要。matter重要，相当于count。Mean a lot to sb对某人来说意义重大。
9.（2014年，江苏卷）
63.请阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意: 请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。 每个空格只填一个单词。
The expression, “everybody’s doing it,” is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure. It is a strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everybody else does. It can be positive or negative. Most people experience it in some way during their lives.
People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others. This instinct (天性) is why the approval of peers, or the fear of disapproval, is such a powerful force in many people’s lives. It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work, or to answer “fine” when a stranger asks “how are you?” even if it is not necessarily true. There is a practical aspect to this: it helps society to function efficiently, and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.
For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction; in order to satisfy the desire, they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong. Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs, or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior. Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to “keep up with the Joneses.”
However, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades. Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win. This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs, or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one. Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.
Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure. They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong. Similarly, it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.
【答案】
71.feeling
72.influences
73.practical
74.unconsciously
75.individuals
76.moral
77.spirit
78.habits
79.independent
80.no
【解析】文章大意：文章说明了我们在生活中都受到同辈压力的影响。然而同辈压力的影响有积极的，也有消极的。
71.feeling。词义归纳。根据文章第一段对“同辈压力”这一概念的解释可以归纳出the strong feeling强力的感觉。此题概括有难度。
72.influences。原词再现。根据第一段中的It is a strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.，注意用第三人称单数。
73.practical。原词再现。根据第二段中的There is a practical aspect to this: it helps society to function efficiently, and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.可以归纳出答案。
74.unconsciously。词义归纳。根据第二段中讲述人生来是具有社会性动物，周围的人将无意识的影响一个人的生活。
75.individuals。原词再现。根据文中第三段中For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction可以归纳出答案。
76.moral。词义归纳。根据第三段Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs, or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior. Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to “keep up with the Joneses可以得出消极影响包括缺乏道德感、刑事犯罪和过度消费。此题归纳较难。
77.spirit。词义归纳。根据第四段中的Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.可以归纳出“团队精神”。
78.habits。原词再现。根据第四段中的This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs, or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.可以得出答案，注意用复数形式。
79.independent。词义归纳。根据最后一段中的They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.可以归纳出“孩子应当学会独立”。
80.no。词义归纳。根据最后一段They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.中短语的“decline to”转换为短语“say no to”。
10.（2014年，安徽卷）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Many people believe that classical music is not relevant music is not relevant to young people today . However, this issue (问题) frequently causes heated debate.
Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people .For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty.
Others say it is more popular than we first imagine . Many young people listen to classical music without realising .It is often used in films and advertisements. For example.a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup . Not many people could have given its name , but millions enjoyed it .
Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas: for example, it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music.
However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology. To play a classical instrument, such as a violin, you need to study hard and practise for hours. Nowadays, you don't need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.
A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.
So, it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments , but when it comes to enjoying classical music, it depends on the piece of music. It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realise!
Title

Classical Music

Introduction

The issue of whether classical music is64.to young people causes heated debate.

Opinions

Evidence

★ Classical music is associated only with old peonl.

☆65.of the audience at a classical concert are over fifty.

★ Many young people don’t66.
some music they listen to is classical.

☆ Classical music is often found in films and advertisements.

★ Classical ideas provide a67.
for producing new music.

☆ Young people now68.rap in popular music.

★69.has put classical music at a disadvantage.

☆ A young man can write and make music on a computer70.in his bedroom.

★ “Classical music”can refer to various71.of music.

☆ Classical music72.from jazz to pieces for large orchestras.

Conclusion

Classical music may still be73.by young people today.




【答案】
64.relevant
65.Most
66.realize（realize）/know/recognise(recognize)
67.basis
68.use
69.Technology
70.comfortably
71.kinds/ types/sorts
72.ranges
73.enjoyed/loved/liked
【解析】文章介绍是否年轻人喜欢古典音乐的讨论，列出了不同的观点和证明这些观点的证据。
64.原词重现题：根据文章第一段的句子：Many people believe that classical music is not relevant music is not relevant to young people today .可知这篇文章讲的是古典音乐是否和年轻人有关的问题，填形容词relevant“相关的”。
65.词义转化题：根据文章第二段的句子：if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty.可知听音乐会的大部分人都是50岁以上的人。The majority要改成Most of。
66.词性转化题：根据第三段的句子：Many young people listen to classical music without realising .可知很多人听古典音乐却没有意识到这个是古典音乐。文章里面的realizing，在题目中需要谓语，所以填realize（realize）/know/recognise(recognize)
67.词性转化题：根据第四段的句子：Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas:可知人们创作新的音乐是以古典音乐为基础的，这里需要base的名词：basis。
68.词性转化题：根据第四段的句子：it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music.可知人们在流行音乐中使用rap，文章里面是被动含义，题目中用主动，填use。
69.原词重现题：根据第五段的句子：However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology.可知科技超越了古典音乐，填Technology
70.词性转化题：根据第五段的句子：Nowadays, you don't need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom可知年轻人可以舒服的在卧室里面用电脑程序做音乐，这里用副词comfortably修饰动词make music。
71.句意理解题：根据第六段的句子：A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).可知古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。文章中的a great variety of="various" kinds/ types/sorts of.
72.句意理解题：根据第六段的句子：A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).可知古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。填ranges（范围从…到…变化）
73.词性转化题：根据第七段的句子：but when it comes to enjoying classical music, it depends on the piece of music.可知古典音乐今天仍然会被年轻人喜欢，文章的enjoying改成enjoyed/loved/liked。
11.（2014年，湖南卷）
Many of us invest valuable time，energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.
Yet, despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK - but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A classic one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many components (组成部分)• Perhaps you’re planning a trip to Europe, seven cities in 10 days，and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness - time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal，how to get from A to B，or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important.
Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second，don’t spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions
.
【答案】
71.Vacations
72.performance
73.quality of sleep
74.attempt
75.worry
76.good flight deal
77.adding
78.rules
79.choice
80.shopping wisely
【解析】本文是说明文。文章说明了度假虽然对我们有很多的好处，不过与此同时，我们在度假方面也有许许多多的误区。因此，文章作者对我们如何度过快乐的假期给予我们几条实用的建议。
71.考查原词再现。文章多次出现vacation及vacations，因此推断文章主要讲述如何度过一个快乐的假期的建议。填写的时候注意首字母大写以及复数形式。故填Vacations。
72.考查词性转换。根据第一段中的最后一句Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.(假期帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量，减轻我们的抑郁)可以归纳出答案，在工作中更好的表现，形容词better修饰名词，故填performance。
73.考查词义归纳。根据第一段中的最后一句Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression. (假期帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量，减轻我们的抑郁)可以归纳出答案，假期让我们有一个提高了的睡眠质量。故填quality of sleep。
74.考查词性转换。根据第二段中的A classic one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many components (组成部分).( 一个经典的度假规划师正在试图通过规划有太多组件的旅行来最大化金钱的价值)可以归纳出答案，试图最大化钱的价值，原句的动词转换为名词。故填attempt。
75.考查原词再现。根据文中第二段中Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues(另一个错误是我们太担心策略问题)可以归纳出答案，过于担心下列问题。故填worry。
76.考查原词再现。根据第二段的最后such as how to find a good flight deal，how to get from A to B，or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey.(比如如何找到一个好的航班交易，如何从a到b，或者从我们的旅程中添加或减去哪些目的地。)可以得出答案，担心找到好的航班交易。故填good flight deal。
77.考查词性转换。根据第二段的最后such as how to find a good flight deal，how to get from A to B，or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey.由add转换为adding。故填adding。
78.考查原词再现。根据第三段第一句Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules.(事实上，假期快乐是基于以下顶级的规律。)可以归纳出答案。故填rules。
79.考查词性转换。根据第三段中的First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions.中有动词choose转换为词组make a choice，明智的选择旅游同伴。故填choice。
80.考查词性转换。根据最后三段中Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.由shop wisely转换为shopping wisely。明智地购物，故填shopping wisely。
12.（2012年，安徽卷）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Traveling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.
How should we behave when you meet someone for the first time? An American shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in the eye. In many part of Asia, there is no physical contact (接触)at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you want to show, the deeper you should bow. In Thailand, people greet each other by pressing both hands together at the chest. In both countries, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.
Many countries have rules about what you should and shouldn’t wear. In Muslim countries, you shouldn’t reveal (显露)the body, especially women, who Should wear long blouses and skirts .In Korea, you should take off your shoes when entering a house. Remember to place then neatly together where you came in.
In Spain, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Mexico, lunch is the time to relax, and many people prefer not to discuss business as they eat .In Britain, it’s not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.
In most countries, an exchange of business cards is necessary for all introductions. You should include your company name and your position. If you are going to a country where your language is not widely spoken, you can get the back side of your card printed in the local language. In China, you may present your card with the writing facing the person you are giving it to.
Title :good 75.
Aspect
Country
Custom

76.
America
Japan

Thailand
Shaking hands firmly77._____to show respect
Pressing both hands together at the chest

Dressing
78.________Countries

Korea

Wearing long blouses and skirts
Taking off your shoes at the 79._________



Eating
Spain


Mexico


80.__________
Having a light breakfast and a late dinner
Relaxing while having 81._________
Holding a business meeting over breakfast
Doing
business
Most countries



China
Exchanging business cards when82._______yourself
Presenting a card to a person 83.________it’s front facing him
Conclusion: When traveling 84.________, we should follow local customs.
【答案】
75.Manners/ manners/Behavior/ behavior
76.Greeting
77.Bowing
78.Muslim/ Moslem
79.entrance/ door
80.lunch
81.Britain/England/ UK
82.introducing
83.with
84.abroad/ about/ around/ worldwide
【解析】
75.判断词性为名词（通过 good 可知） 。回到文章第一段，在于刚才所填的内容 结合，便能锁定文章的主题在于 behave，改成名词形式，答案为 behavior，本题属词性转换。
76.判断词性为动名词。既然是小标题，那么根据高考阅读文章规律，大多数主 旨句都在每段首句。因此可定位到第二段首句的动词 meet，改为动名词形式，因此答案为 meeting？错！文本中说的是 meet someone，而 meet 本身无法表示此含义，应该使用 Greeting（问候），本题属同义改写。
77.判断词性为动名词（通过 shaking 与 pressing 可知） ，再找定位词（即实义词） 有 Japan 与 respect，再根据第一步的分析，因此可轻松定位到第二段第三段找到 bow，再 改成动名词形式，因此答案为 bowing，本题属词性转换。
78.通过这一列词的共同属性可知要填一个与国家有关的词。再根据第一步的分 析， 可轻松定位到第三段第一行的 Muslim， 因此答案为 Muslim，本题属原词。
79.判断词性为名词（通过 at the 可知） 。再找定位词有 Korea, take off,与 shoes， 由此可定位到第三段倒数第二行的 when entering a house，当用 at the ____ 形式来表达 时，便很轻易得出答案为 door，本题属同义改写。
80.判断词性为名词（通过 having 可知） 。再找定位词有Mexico 与 relax，再根 据第一步的分析，可定位到第四段第二行，找到定位词后便可找到名词lunch，代入题目后 与文本相符，因此答案为 lunch，本题属原词。
81.又是一个国家。那么从 Mexico 往后找便能选出 Britain，本题属原词。
82.判断词性为动名词。再找定位词有 exchange business cards，由此可定位到 第五段第一行， 找到定位词后便可找到 introduction，因此答案为 introduction？当然不！大家一定要注意词性，我们要填的是动名词而不是名词，所以要改为动名词形式，答案是 introducing，本题属词性转换。
83.判断词性为动名词。再找定位词有 presenting a card, front 与 facing，由此可 定位到第五段倒数第二行，找到定位词后便能找出 with，本题属原词。 接下来我们再看标题与结论。
84.判断词性为副词或名词， 同样根据第一段第一句的 travelling to all corners of the world（满世界旅行） ，再结合题目中的句型，因此可用 travel abroad/around/worldwide 表 示，以上即为答案，本题属同义改写。
13.（2013年，湖南卷）
While there is no widely accepted definition of MOOCs, their key features are open access：they are currently free to participants, no entry qualifications are required, they support an unlimited number of participants and as yet, very few include any form of accreditation (认证).
Currently offered by some famous universities, MOOCs are attractive to people who do not have the financial resources to meet the growing costs of university education, or who do not have formal qualifications. They also allow participants to study at their own pace.
The potential for MOOCs to deliver education is obviously vast—they could be considered as a huge step forwards in widening participation. They also have the potential to provide a unique window on universities that offer popular and valuable courses, they may attract some participants to register for formal fee-paying programmes at the same or other universities and are likely to promote new ways of on-line education.
However, it is still very early days for MOOCs. The quality of the education provision is highly variable, with many courses offering only recordings of lectures, and delivery is particularly difficult in some special fields that require practical classes, research projects or extensive library access. Besides, wider engagement with participants requires very considerable resource. Even limited feedback or examination becomes a major task if there are several thousand students in the class.
Considering the challenges, some people argue MOOCs will soon evaporate (蒸发). But they certainly provide good opportunity for widening higher education, are a means of raising awareness of universities to audiences of tens or hundreds of thousands, and are well worthy of serious consideration. (271 words)


【答案】
1.MOOCs
2.no requirement
3.cannot afford
4.no formal qualification
5.Potentials
6.providing
7.Challenges
8.evaporating
9.particularly difficult delivery
10.considering
【解析】
1.根据文章第一段MOOCs的特征可知。
2.根据文章第一段：No entry qualification are required可知，不需要资格论证。关键词require，而题中要填入的形式是名词形式，故用no requirement。
3.根据第二段：MOOCs Are attractive to people who do not have the financial resources to meet the growing costs of university education,or who do not have formal qualifications.这一句中前面部分who do not have the financial resources 可知。没有满足大学教育的成本增长的财政资源的人也可以上大学。
4.根据第二段：MOOCs Are attractive to people who do not have the financial resources to meet the growing costs of university education,or who do not have formal qualifications.这一句后半部分，who do not have formal qualifications可直接得出答案。
5.根据第三段：The potential for MOOCs to ····和其后它的作用可知。
6.根据文章第三段：They also have the potential to provide a unique window on ····可直接得出答案。
7.根据最后一段第一句：considering the challenges,可知，上面一段在说这MOOCs所面临的挑战。
8.and delivery is particularly difficult in some special fields that....可知。
9.根据文章最后一段第一句：considering the challenges, some people argue MOOCs will soon evaporate可知。关键词evaporate。
10.根据文章最后一句：and are well worthy of serious consideration.可知，关键词：consideration.
14.（2013年，江苏卷）
Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious
The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.
Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.
Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.
There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.
But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.
When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.


【答案】
1.Strict
2.helpful/ good
3.Functions/ Roles/ Importance/ Significance
4.running/ working/ going/ operating/ functioning
5.performance(s)
6.fired/dismissed/ jobless
7.problems/ troubles
8.higher/ subjective/ unfair/ unjust/ prejudiced
9.tense/ damaged/ poor/ bad
10.discourage/ affect/ damage
【解析】本文是议论文，描述的是“认真尽责”这种美德的特征、在人们的生活和工作等方面发挥的重大作用和可能由这种美德所引起的问题。文章难度适中，但是所需要的词汇有5道题在原文中不能找到，需要学生归纳总结信息，所以有一定的难度。
1.从第一段第一句可知认真尽责的人准时、工作认真、自律性强、处理问题一丝不苟，所以说他们对自己要求严格。
2.从第一段第二句可知认真尽责的人乐于助人。
3.从第二段第一句“Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.”可知认真尽责有很大的作用和意义。
4.第二段表明工作的各个环节的顺利进行都离不开认真尽责的态度。
5.原文可以找到“outstanding performance”。
6.原文用“against the threat of job loss”
7.第三段第一句中给出答案“---lead to problems”。
8.第四段，原文用“giving them higher evaluations than objective measures---”.
9.第五段最后一句用“which damaged their relationships”
10.最后一段第一句用“it can discourage creativity”.
15.（2011年，江苏卷）
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?
Why Difficult?
When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we’re acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony—while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly?
Why Now?
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.
Why Bother?
Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.
Why Refuse?
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a high-risk strategy.


【答案】
1.performance/act/activity
2.easy
3.properly/appropriately/successfully/rightly
4.urgent
5.culture
6.growing/increasing/rising
7.expected/supposed/required
8.public
9.likely
10.harm/damage
【解析】
1.根据第一段第四句可知，此处应为performance或类似内容。
2.根据第一段的小标题Why Difficult?可判断出，领导人道歉是不容易的事情。
3.根据第一段倒数第三句可知，道歉必须合适。
4.根据第二段第一句可知，领导人公开道歉已经成为紧要的事情。
5.根据第二段第二句可知，此处指的是“道歉文化”。
6.根据第二段第三句可知，当众道歉的重要性不断增长。
7.根据第三段第四句可知，人们对领导人的期望值很高。
8.根据第三段倒数后两句可知，领导人公开道歉必须有充分的理由。
9.根据第四段第三句可知，作为公众人物，道歉可能会在心理上觉得不舒服。
10.根据第四段第四句可知，领导人担心承认错误可能会对他们的机构有害。