中考英语专题：倍速记单词构词法

一、转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。1.动词转化为名词（1）They were talking with each other.他们正在交谈。（talk v.）I think we＇d better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。（talk n.）（2）He looked aside when I spoke to him.我对他讲话，他却朝一边看。（look v.）Let＇s have a look first.我们先看一下吧。（look v.）（3） Have you booked the ticket？你订好票了吗？(book v.)What＇s the name of the book？书名叫什么？（book n.)【拓展】book n.书- v.预定 seat n.座位- v.使就位；落座water n.水- v.浇水 shoulder n.肩膀- v.负责任2.名词转化为动词(1)My left hand brushed the wall and found the door.我的左手顺着墙摸过去就找到了门。（hand n.）Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。(hand v.)(2)The sick children are well taken care of by the doctors and nurses.这些生病的孩子得到了医护人员的精心照料。(nurse n.)She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫， 使他恢复了健康。（nurse v.）（3）They begin breakfast at seven.他们7点钟开始吃早饭。（breakfast n.）We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。(breakfast v.)【拓展】try v.尝试 -n.尝试 look v.看 -n.表情swim v.游泳 -n.游泳 dream v.做梦 -n.梦3.形容词转化为动词He is a better man than his father.他为人比他父亲好。（better adj.）We will try our best to better our living conditions.我 们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。（better v.）【拓展】dirty adj.脏的-v.弄脏 slow adj.慢的-v.放慢；减慢right adj.正确的-v.纠正 dry adj.干的-v.变干free adj.自由的-v.解放；使自由 wrong adj.错误的-v.弄错；受委屈4.形容词转化为名词（1）She has long black hair.她有一头乌黑的长发。(black adj.)The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣 服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。（black n.）（2）He came from a rich family. 他出身于富裕家庭。(rich adj.)We don't belong to the rich, but we dong't belong to the poor either. (the rich n.)我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。【拓展】dear adj.昂贵的- n.喜欢的人／物 quiet adj.寂静的- n.寂静total adj.全部的- n.总数【提醒】某些形容词如 old，young，poor，rich，wounded，injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。二、合成法由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。1.合成名词（1）名词＋名词silkworm（蚕） newspaper（报纸）bedroom（卧室） footprint（脚印）glasshouse（温室） afternoon（下午）（2）名词＋动名词sun-bathing（日光浴） handwriting（书法）sight-seeing(观光)（3）形容词＋名词shorthand（速记） hotline（热线）blackboard（黑板） gentleman（绅士）（4）动名词＋名词waiting-room（候车室） sleeping-pill（安眠药）writing-desk（写字台） reading-room（阅览室）（5）动词＋名词pickpocket（扒手） post office（邮局）typewriter（打字机） playground（操场）break-water（防波堤）（6）动词＋副词get-together（联欢会） break-through（突破）take-off（起飞） lookout（岗哨）（7）副词＋动词downfall（垮台） overthrow（推翻）outbreak（爆发） income（收入；所得）(8)其他构成形式的合成名词well-being（福利） good-for-nothing（无用之人）editor-in-chief（总编辑） by-product（副产品）touch-me-not（含羞草） she-wolf（母狼）self-improvement（自我完善） self-criticism（自我批评）flying-fish（飞鱼）【提醒】合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加-s或-es，如by-products，reading-rooms，但应特别注意： passers-by，lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加-s或-es。2.合成形容词（1）数词＋名词a five-year plan 五年计划 first-class products一级品one-way 单行的 second-hand goods二手货a four-word 四字成语（2）数词＋名词＋eda three-legged bench三条腿的凳子 a one-eyed camel一只眼的骆驼five-storeyed 五层的（3）数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的 1,000-metre-long 1000米长的（4）名词＋现在分词peace-loving 热爱和平的 meat-eating 食肉的grass-eating 食草的 English-speaking 说英语的history-making 创造历史的（5）名词＋过去分词heart-broken 伤心的 man-made 人造的state-owned 国有的 water-covered 被水覆盖的（6）形容词＋名词＋edabsent-minded 漫不经心的 blue-eyed蓝眼睛的good-tempered 好脾气的 kind-hearted 和善的（7）形容词十现在分词bad-looking 相貌丑陋的 fine-sounding 动听的easy-going 容易相处的 good-looking 相貌好看的（8）形容词十名词short-term 短期的 part-time兼职的high-class 高级的 large-scale 大规模的（9）副词十现在分词hard-working 努力工作的 far-reaching 深远的ever-lasting 永恒的（10）副词+过去分词well-developed 高度发达的 well-known 著名的well-trained 训练有素的（11）其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round全面的 face-to-face面对面的snow-white 雪白的 thank-you感谢的out-of-date过时的 see-through透明的light-blue浅蓝色的 ever-green 常青的fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的 downhill下坡的3.合成动词及其他合成词类：（1）名词＋动词 sleep-walk 梦游（2）形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷（3）副词＋动词overthrow 推翻4.合成副词（1）形容词＋名词hotfoot 匆忙地（2）形容词＋副词everywhere 到处（3）副词＋副词however尽管如此（4）介词＋名词beforehand 事先（5）介词＋副词forever 永远5.合成代词（1）代词宾格＋selfherself 她自己（2）物主代词＋selfmyself我自己（3）形容词＋名词anything 任何东西6.合成介词（1）副词＋名词inside 在···里面（2）介词十副词within在·····之内（3）副词十介词into 进入三.派生法由一个词根加上前缀和（或）后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。1.前缀（1）表示否定意义的前缀，往往使原词变成它的反义词前缀含义词根派生词dis-不like 喜欢dislike不喜欢  appear 出现disappear 消失un-不fair 公平unfair 不公平likely可能的unlikely不可能的il-不；无legal合法的illegal 非法的in-不；非correct正确的incorrect不正确的im-非possible可能的impossible不可能的  patient有耐心的impatient 不耐烦的ir-不；非regular规则的irregular不规则的mis-错误地understand理解misunderstand 误解  lead带领mislead领错non-无；非smoker 烟民non-smoker 不吸烟者  stop停下non-stop 不停（2）其他前缀前缀含义词根派生词En-使courage 勇气encourage 鼓励  able 能够的enable 使能够Fore-前：预先head头forehead 前额Inter-在···之间national 国家的international 国际的  nature 自然natural 自然的Kilo-千meter米kilometer千米Micro-微量的；微小的computer 计算机microcomputer 微机Mid-在······中间autumn 秋天mid-autumn中秋over在····上，过分；超过head头overhead在头顶上的  use利用overuse 过度利用Re-再：重：又build 修建rebuild 重建  read读reread 重读Seimi-半circle 圆semicircle半圆2.后缀通常情况下，后缀不但改变词，还改变词性，常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。（1）动词后缀：前缀含义词根派生词-en变得·..·wide 宽的widen 加宽；变宽  deep深的deepen加深-ify使···beauty 美beautify 使漂亮  simple简单的simplify 简化  pure纯的purify 提纯-ize/ise使··.·real的realize 实现  organ 组织organize 组织（2）副词后缀：前缀含义词根派生词-ly在·····状态中happy 高兴；幸福happily 高兴地；幸福地  angry生气的angrily生气地-ward朝······方向／地方back 后backward 向后；朝后  east 东方eastward 向东（3）形容词后缀：前缀含义词根派生词-able/-ible可······的；能······的comfort 舒服comfortable 舒适的  reason 道理reasonable有道理的-al/-ial属于······的；有···特点practice 练习practical实际的；可行的-ed有·····特性的interest 兴趣interested感兴趣的-ful充满·····的harm 伤害；损伤harmful有害的；致伤的-ish有······属性的self 自己selfish 自私的-ive有······倾向的create 创造creative 创造性的-y有····特征的snow雪snowy雪的  rain雨rainy 下雨的  wind风windy有风的  fog雾foggy 有雾的  sun 太阳sunny阳光灿烂的（4）名词后级：前缀含义词根派生词-ance/-ence指行为、状态perform 表演performance 演出；表演  differ 不同于difference 区别-dom指性质、状态free 自由的freedom 自由-er/or指人的身份work 工作worker 工人  write写writer 作家-ess指人的身份host 招待；主持hostess 女主人  act表演actress 女演员-ese表示国籍China 中国Chinese 中国人  Japan日本Japanese日本人-ian指人的身份music 音乐musician 音乐家-ism与主义有关的social社会的socialism社会主义同步练习一、用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空1.It rained hard yesterday, but (luck)we brought our raincoats and didn't get wet.2.Ted told us an unusual story(call) Mysterious steps.3.Cindy had fun(make) flashcards with her cousin.4.How old was Laura when she became a(skate)champion?5.Tom Cruise is really a(success) actor. I love his movies very much.6. David is good at drawing and he's going to be an(art) when he grows up.7.A large number of(foreign) visit the Great Wall in Beijing these years.8.When I first ate in a(west) restaurant, I didn't know what to do.9.I have already known the(important) of studying English.10.Learning more English is(help).11.The students may feel(sleep)in class if the teacher can't make his class interesting.12.1 like(music) who play different kinds of music.13.Thanks for the(invite) to your birthday party.14.Did you have a(discuss) about your summer holiday plan?15.More and more(Europe) come to China for a visit every year.答案:1.luckily 2.called 3.making 4.skating 5.successful6.artist 7.foreigners 8.western 9.importance 10.helpful11.sleepy 12.musicians 13.invitation 14.discussion 15.Europeans二、从B组中选出可与A组组成合成词的词。如：water＋fall-waterfall 瀑布A:sun home no down moon rain book loud hard glass take may grand tooth getB:stairs work body coat seller light speaker topped away working children ache be together答案:1.sunlight 阳光 2.homework 家庭作业 3.nobody 没有人4.downstairs 楼下 5.moonlight月光 6.rain-coat 雨衣7.bookseller 书商 8.loudspeaker 喇叭 9.hardworking 努力工作的10.glass-topped 玻璃罩的 11.takeaway 外卖的 12.maybe 也许13.grandchildren （外）孙子，（外）孙女 14.toothache 牙痛 15.get together聚会三、单项选择1.That man wasenough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. carefulC. careless D. carelessness【解析】此处应该是形容词作表语，意为“那人足够谨慎而没有告诉经理他不愿意干那份工作做”。【答案】B2.The soldier died for saving the child, so his is heavier than Mount Tai.A. die B. deadC. died D. death【解析】his后面要接名词，构成 his death 作主语。意为“那位战士为救儿童而牺牲了，因此他的死比泰山还重”。【答案】D3.The child lookedat his brother who was badly wounded.A. sadly B. sadnessC. sadly D. sad【解析】此处是副词作状语修饰 looked，意为“悲伤地看着”；注意不要看成look（看上去）＋adj.（作表语）结构。【答案】A4.The three-chair isn't suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. leggedC. legs D. leged【解析】这是合成词中的“数词十名词＋ed”形式，three-legged 是形容词，意为“三条腿的”。【答案】B5.-What are you doing here?-Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage about in English.-You can writepassage in English?A.600 words; a 600-words B.600-word;a 600-wordsC.600 words; a 600-word D.600 words; a 600-words【解析】第二个空是一个合成词，是“数词十名词”形式，其中的“名词”用单数。此处意为“一篇600字的文章”。【答案】C6. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is thenews about Iraq War?A. lately B. latestC. later D. latter【解析】此处应该选择形容词修饰名词news，其中lately是副词，首先排除；later是比较级，因为没有比较的意思，也要排除；latter是“后者的”，与“前者”相对，因此排除；latest是late的最高级，意为“最近的；最新的”。【答案】B7.Canada is mainly an country.A. English-speaking B. speak-EnglishC. spoken-English D. English-spoken【解析】此处是合成词形容词的“名词十现在分词”形式，意为“讲英语的”。注意speaking的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词counyry，因此属于主动关系，即“这个国家讲英语”，不能用English-spoken，属于被动关系。【答案】A8.The black people were against slavery and fought for theirbravely.A. free B. freelyC. freedom D. frees【解析】句意为“黑人反对奴隶制而为了他们的自由英勇的斗争”，their后接名词 freedom。【答案】C9.It'sto persuade him to give up smoking. He＇s very stubborn（固执的）.A. possible B. possiblyC. impossible D. impossibility【解析】这是一个it is＋adj.＋to do句型，因此排除possibly（adv.）和possibility（n.）；根据第二句“他很固执”，一次“要说服他戒烟是不可能的”，possibly加否定前缀im即impossible，意为“不可能的”。【答案】C10.The old man's condition waswith the doctors and nurses' care.A. hope B. hopedC. hopeful D. hopeless【解析】句意为“有了医生护士的照料，老人的情况是有希望的”，因此选形容词作表语。【答案】C