专题10 话题6-发明物的历史及用途（知识梳理+专题过关）-2022-2023学年九年级英语上学期期中考点大串讲（人教版） (2)

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专题10   话题6-发明物的历史及用途【知识梳理】当前，科技发展日新月异，高新产业更是突飞猛进。现代科技改变了人们的生活，也激发了全民学科学、爱科学、用科学的热情，形成了“大众创业，万众创新”的科学热潮。本单元以“谈论发明物的历史及用途”为话题，涉及科普知识与技术等内容，是学生最感兴趣的话题之一。写作体裁多为说明文，写好这类文章一定要抓住事物的特征、功能和用途。在中考中，说明文一般要按照“总一分”结构或并列结构布局，而且在说明一件事物的时候，应按照一定的顺序：如时间顺序、空间顺序或逻提职序等。课文回顾：1.When was it invented？它是什么时候发明的【句型剖析】…was invented …句意为“某物被发明……”，是被动句式。例如：The abacus was invented in the sixteenth century by the Chinese.算盘在十六世纪由中国人发明的。Who was the light bulb invented by？灯泡是由谁发明的？【拓展】被动语态的结构是：主语+be done（及物动词的过去分词），be是随人称和时态变化而变化的。（1）一般现在时的被动语态：am/ is/ are done   例如：The blackboard is cleaned by the students every class.黑板每节课都被学生擦干净。（2）一般过去时的被动语态：was/ were done  例如：The computer was invented last century. 电脑是上个世纪被发明的。（3）一般将来时的被动语态：shall/will be done 例如：A new school will be built in our village next year.明年一所新的学校将在我们村庄建设。（4）现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are being done  例如：A sports meeting is being held in our school now.  运动会正在我们学校举行。（5）现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been done  例如：All of the work has been finished since I came here.自从我来这里以来，所有的工作都已经完成。（6）含有情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/should be done 例如：Your homework must be handed in after school.你们的家庭作业必须在放学后交上。（7）复合宾语的被动语态：原来的句子是“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”，在变被动语态的时候只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语变为被动语态的主语补足语。主动语态中宾语补足语是省掉to的不定式时，在被动语态中需要还原to。They heard her sing an English song at the party.他们在晚会上听到她唱了一首英语歌。变为被动语态是：She was heard to sing an English song at the party.2.Is it really such a great invention? 它真的是如此了不起的一项发明吗？【句型剖析】such用作形容词，修饰名词。主要用法有：(1)such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that从句。He got such a bad cold that he coughed day and night.他得了如此重的感冒以至于整日整夜咳嗽。(2)such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that从句。She has made such great progress that many people like her. 她取得如此大的进步，许多人都喜欢她。(3)such＋adj.＋名词复数＋that从句。They are such interesting books that we all like them. 它们是如此有趣的书，我们都喜欢它们。such (a/an) + adj. + n. 意为＂如此……的(一个)……＂。Why do you buy such expensive clothes?3.For example, it mentioned that zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.例如,它提到拉链是1893年由惠特科姆·贾德森发明的。【句型剖析】mention作及物动词,意为“提到;说到”,后面可接名词、代词、动名词或that从句作宾语。mention+that从句用法        mention sb./sth.(to sb.)(向某人)提起某人/某事mention doing sth.提到做某事He mentioned that the food was invented by a Chinese.他提到这种食物是由一个中国人发明的。Nobody mentioned it to me.没人向我提过这事。Whenever I mention having dinner together, he says he's too busy.无论何时我提起一块儿吃饭,他都说太忙。【拓展】 “Don't mention it.”常用于口语中,多用作回复他人道谢或道歉时的答语,意为“不用谢;没关系”—Thank you very much.多谢你了。—Don't mention it.不客气。—I'm sorry to have troubled you.抱歉打扰你了。—Don't mention it.没关系。4.But at that time, it wasn’t used widely.但在当时，它并没有被广泛使用。【句型剖析】  sth. be used…是被动语态句式，表示“某物被使用……”。常用如下搭配：（1）be used for 意思是“被用来做某事”，for是介词，它的后面用名词或者动名词作宾语。例如：　 Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用来割东西的。（2）be used as意思是“被作为……使用”，as是介词，意思是“作为”。 它强调被当作工具或者手段来使用。例如：Our classroom is used as a reading-room. 我们的教室被用来当阅览室使用。（3）be used by意思是“被……使用”，by后面跟人或者物，表示强调动作的使用者。　 This radio is often used by my mother. 这台收音机经常被我的妈妈使用。（4）be used to do something意思是“被用来做某事”，和be used for doing是同义词短语。It is used for learning English.＝It is used to learn English.  它是被用来学习英语的。5.It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to discover tea as a drink.据说,有一位叫作神农的中国统治者最早发现茶可以饮用。【句型剖析】It is said that…是一个固定搭配的句型，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。它的思是“据说……”。例如： It is said that Mary is very happy in London. （主语从句）= They say that Mary is very happy in London.（宾语从句）据说玛丽在伦敦是非常幸福的。【拓展】另外类似的句型有：It is believed…（人们相信），It is reported that …（据报道），It is supposed that… （据猜测）It is known that...众所周知......。例如：It is believed that on December 21st,1981, the first basketball game in history was played.人们相信历史上首次篮球比赛是在1891年12月21日举行的。It is supposed that there is no life on the moon.据推测月球上是没有生命的。It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 据报道又有一颗卫星上天了。 6.It produced a nice smell so he tasted the brown water.它散发出一股香味,因此他尝了一下这棕色的水。【句型剖析】 smell(1)作名词,意为“气味”,常与of连用,表示“......的气味”。There's a delicious smell coming from the kitchen.厨房里传来一阵香味。The air was filled with the smell of flowers.空气中弥漫着花香。(2)作动词时有两种用法:表示“发出......的气味”时,smell是连系动词,表示“闻到”时,smell是及物动词,不用于进行时。The fish smells delicious.鱼闻起来很香。Can you smell something?你闻到什么气味了吗?【归纳】feel,look, sound, smell, taste这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语,说明主语所处的状态,其意思分别为“感觉”,“看”,“听”,“闻”,“尝起来”。I'm feeling terrible.我感到难受极了。The soup tastes delicious.这汤味道不错。These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。7.In England, tea didn’t appear until around 1660, but…在英国，茶直到1660年左右才出现，但…【句型剖析】until意为“直到……”，有下列用法：（1）作介词，后接时间名词，在句中作时间状语。作连词，后接从句，引导时间状语从句。 例如：  She stayed there until 9 o’clock. 她一直等到9点钟。We waited until the rain stopped. 我们等到雨停了。  (2) until用在肯定句中，多与持续性的动词连用。如：stand/wait/stay等，表示主句动作的终止时间。  (3) until可用于否定句中，即not…until…意为“直到……才”，常与非延续性动词连用。如：open/start/leave/arrive等，强调主句动作开始的时间。例如：  The child didn’t go to bed until his father came back. 直到父亲回来，那个孩子才睡觉。8.Even though many people now know about tea culture, the Chinese are without doubt the ones who best understand the nature of tea.即使现在许多人知道茶文化,但中国人无疑是最懂茶之本质的人。【句型剖析】doubt在本句中作名词,意为“疑惑;疑问”。短语 without doubt毫无疑问;的确I had my doubts when she started, but she's getting really good.她刚开始做时我心存疑虑,但她真的做得很好。Without doubt, factory farming is bad news.毫无疑问，工厂化的农场经营管理是坏消息。【拓展】doubt还可作动词,意为“怀疑”,后常接名词、代词或that /if/whether引导的从句作宾语。They doubt the truth of it.(接名词)他们怀疑此事的真实性。We don't doubt that you are right.(接that从句)我们不怀疑你是对的。I doubt if / whether he will come earlier this time. (接if / whether从句)我怀疑这次他是否会早一点儿来。9.George wanted to make the customer happy.乔治想让那位顾客满意。【句型剖析】本句中“make the customer happy”是“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语补足语由形容词充当。除形容词外,介词短语、名词、不带to的不定式、分词都可作宾语补足语。Reading books makes us clever.读书使我们聪明。The boss makes the workers work ten hours a day.老板让工人们每天工作10个小时。10.Then in1936 in Berlin, it became an event at the Olympics.1936年在柏林，它成为奥运会的一个项目。【句型剖析】 the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会与the Olympic Games同义，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。11.Dr.Naismith divided the men in his class into two teams and taught them to play his new game.奈史密斯博士把班上的人分成两队，教他们玩他的新游戏。【句型剖析】 divide...into把……分开其被动结构为 be divided into，意为＂被分为……＂。Let’s divide ourselves into several groups. 让我们分成几个小组吧。divide 及物动词，意为＂分开；分散＂，指把整体分成若干部分。He divided the cake among the children. 他把这个蛋糕分给了孩子们。12.At the same time ,they need to stop the competing team from getting the ball into their own basket.同时，他们需要阻止对手将球打进自己的篮筐【句型剖析】stop ...from ... 阻止……做某事stop sb.from doing sth.相当于prevent sb.from doing sth.，在主动语态中，两者中的from均可省略，但在被动语态中不可省略。No one can stop us (from) carrying out the plan. 没有人能阻止我们实施这个计划。The water must be prevented from polluting by us. 我们必须阻止水被污染。13.Basketball has not only become a popular sport to play, but it has also become a popular sport to watch.篮球不仅已成为一项受欢迎的运动，而且也已成为一种受欢迎的观看运动。 【句型剖析】not only... but also... 不但……而且……以not only ...but (also)... 连接的句子，当not only置于句首时往往引起部分倒装。Not only can I do it but (also) I can do it best. 我不仅能做到而且我能做得最好。not only ... but also... 应连接两个对称的并列成分，连接两个主语时谓语动词要采用就近原则。Not only Mr. Lin but also his son loves the movie. 不但林先生而且他的儿子也喜欢这部电影。【拓展】常见的就近原则的结构有：(1) neither...nor... 既不……也不…… (两者都不)Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。(2)  either...or...不是……就是…… (两者中的一个)Either you or Lily is a student. 不是你就是莉莉是学生。(3) there be结构There is a pen and two books on the desk. 书桌上有一支钢笔和两本书。14.Many young people look up to these basketball heroes and want to become like them.许多年轻人仰慕这些篮球英雄，并想成为他们一样的人。【句型剖析】look up to 钦佩；仰慕 I looked up to Thomas Edison when I was a child.当我是个孩子的时候我很钦佩托马斯·爱迪生。其反义短语是look down on 看不起，鄙视。【拓展】look的常用短语： look up 向上看；查阅(词典)  look down 向下看look after 照看；照顾     look around 环顾四周look for 寻找     look forward to 盼望【句型剖析】hero /’hɪərəʊ/ n. 英雄 It is believed that all astronauts are real heroes. 人们认为所有的宇航员都是真正的英雄。hero的复数形式是在其后加-es构成的。巧记以o结尾加-es变复数的名词：黑人(Negro) 英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿 (tomato) 炒土豆(potato)。15.These stars encourage young people to work hard to achieve their dreams. 这些明星鼓励年轻人努力实现梦想。【句型剖析】 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 The teacher often encourages us to study hard. 老师经常鼓励我们要努力学习。【拓展】encourage sb. in sth. 意为＂在……方面助长某人的某种行为/鼓励某人＂。Don’t encourage him in laziness. 别助长他的懒惰行为。    【专题过关】评卷人得分  一、补全对话7选5根据对话情景选择合适的选项补全对话。有两项多余。A: What are you making, Tom?B: I’m making a model rocketA: How nice! ____1____B: Of course. ____2____A: Could you tell me something about rockets?B: Sure. Rockets are used for sending satellites into space.A: ____3____B: Yes. And we can also learn much about other planets.A: ____4____B: That’s right, including its speed and direction.A: ____5____B: I hope your dream will come true.A．It will be controlled by this tiny machine.B．Are you sure that it can fly in the sky?C．I wish I could travel to space in the future.D．Spaceships are used for sending astronauts.E．They will be controlled by computers.F．I hope I can make a spaceship as well.G．Will satellites be used to explore other planets?评卷人得分  二、完形填空I find it really hard to write about my favourite invention, because there are so many things in my life that I could choose. ___6___ , I have chosen to write about a pen. Yes, I know that to most people a pen is boring, but to ___7___, it is a symbol of possibility. There are so many things you can do with a pen. You ___8___ write a novel or a song, record information or draw a masterpiece(杰作). For me, a ___9___ is the beginning of something amazing. Every day, I write a new page with my pen, and I am ___10___ paving(铺设) a path for my future. I can get into Stanford University for medicine, ___11___ the Juilliard School for music. Maybe I will be a(n) ___12___ and change the world with my discoveries. Maybe I’ll ___13___ a musician and touch people’s hearts with my music. Or perhaps I will be a writer and move people through words... or a ___14___ and help children grow into the people they will become. There are so many possibilities as to what I will do with my life, but I ____15____ that with my pen in my hand, I will write a good future for myself. Tell me what future you will write for yourself!6．A．Also B．Instead C．Often D．However7．A．him B．her C．me D．others8．A．must B．should C．need D．can9．A．novel B．pen C．song D．job10．A．finally B．hardly C．slowly D．nearly11．A．or B．so C．but D．and12．A．artist B．pilot C．doctor D．scientist13．A．meet B．become C．want D．choose14．A．teacher B．worker C．guide D．coach15．A．say B．know C．find D．realise评卷人得分  三、阅读单选To us, it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But in fact the umbrella was not invented as protection against the rain. Its first use was as a sunshade(遮阳伞). Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the Chinese were the first to use it, back in the 11th century BC．We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing that connected with its use: it was a symbol of honor and power. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in the upper class or by royal people such as kings or queens.In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. The umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece, but it is believed that the first people in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the use of the umbrella almost disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late 16th century. And again it became a symbol of power.The umbrella has not changed much in style during all the time, though it has become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the 20th century that the umbrellas for women began to be made in all kinds of colors.16．Ancient people first used umbrellas as ________.A．a symbol of honor B．protection against the sunC．a symbol of power D．protection against the rain17．According to the passage, the umbrella was probably first used in ancient ________.A．Egypt B．Babylon C．Rome D．China18．The underlined word “royal” might mean “________” in Chinese.A．王室的 B．富裕的 C．中产的 D．平民的19．This passage is mainly about ________.A．the sales of the umbrella B．the differences among umbrellasC．the invention of the umbrella D．the history and use of the umbrellaPaper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The invention of paper meant that more people could be educated because more books could be printed. Paper provided an important way to spread information. According to Chinese written historical records, paper was made in about AD 105 by Cai Lun, an official during the Han Dynasty. He took the inner bark of a tree and bamboo, mixed them with water, and pounded them with a wooden tool. He then put this mixture onto a piece of cloth and let the water through, leaving only the fibers（纤维）on the cloth. After it dried, Cai Lun discovered that he had created a good writing thing—paper. It was easy to make and take. Chinese papermaking was introduced to Korea and Vietnam and later to Japan at the beginning of the 3rd century. It was a valued export in Silk Road trading, but the papermaking process was kept secret. During the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, different kinds of paper were developed including bamboo paper and xuan paper. By the end of the 7th century, the papermaking process reached India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In about AD 751 after an important battle, the secret of papermaking was gotten from two Chinese prisoners（囚犯）caught by the enemies. The invention was then spread to Europe. After many years, the invention had been spread all over the world and people thought it was one of the most important inventions. Today, both paper and paper money are used in all corners.20．More people got the chance to be ________ after the invention of paper.A．introduced B．provided C．educated D．treated21．The underlined word “pounded” in the second paragraph might mean “________” in Chinese.A．按压 B．晾晒 C．覆盖 D．捣碎22．Other countries didn’t know ________ before Chinese papermaking was introduced to them.A．the papermaking process B．the valued exportC．the xuan paper D．the Silk Road trading23．From Paragraph 5, we can learn that ________.A．the two Chinese prisoners were killed by EuropeansB．the methods of papermaking had been spread all over the worldC．the methods of papermaking were spread only in AsiaD．the Chinese didn’t offer the methods of making paper to Europeans24．What’s the passage mainly about?A．The invention and spread of paper.  B．The materials used to make paper.C．The famous ancient inventor Cai Lun. D．Different kinds of paper.评卷人得分  四、多任务混合阅读任务型阅读You may think that inventions are far away from your everyday life. But in fact almost everyone can invent. It’s just that they do not recognize that their ideas could be the start of an invention.Once inventors see their ideas have some practical value they don’t let them slip away.For example, the inventor of the dishwasher American Josephine Cochrane loved to give dinner parties. But she found it took long to wash her dishes by hand and too many of them broke. She decided that a machine could do the job faster and with fewer mistakes. So in 1886 she set out to make one for herself.Cochrane’s most wonderful inventions are created to solve the problem. So the first and most important step is to find the problem.You can start by looking at what is wrong with the things you are using now. You can ask grandparents or neighbors if they remember ever saying: “I wish someone would invent something for ...” Or you can look at people in different areas — such as on the street or at school. Then you might notice situations or things in need of improvement. Remember to record your ideas and work. This will help you develop your invention and protect (保护) it when it is completed.The next step is to think about possible solutions. An invention is a new way of solving a problem. So think of many varied (各种各样的) and unusual ways. You can often come up with a solution to a problem by looking at it from a different angle (角度) or thinking about it in a new way.And the hardest part of inventing even for a lot of inventors is finding a problem and coming up with a solution. Once you have an idea you can always get help to build your invention.This problem-solving technique can also work in your everyday lives. So why not try it in your studies, in your relationship with others or even in the way you look at the world?25．完成句子。Josephine Cochrane found it took long to wash her dishes _________________.26．用英语表达文中画线单词one所指代的内容：____________________________________27．找出并写下第四段的主题句。__________________________________________________________________28．What is the hardest part of inventing?__________________________________________________________________29．将文中画线句子翻译成汉语。__________________________________________________________________评卷人得分  五、短文语境提示填空根据课文内容填空。Do you like sports? Do you love basketball? Basketball is one of the most popular sports around the world. People play basketball for fun and ____30____. It is ____31____ that the first basketball game in history was played on December 21, 1891. And it became an event at the ____32____ in 1936 in Berlin. A ____33____ doctor named James Naismith invented basketball. He ____34____ the game when he was a college teacher. He ____35____ the men in his class into two teams and taught them how to play the new game. Players on the same team must work ____36____ to get the ball in the other team’s ____37____ and stop the competing team from getting scores. Today, the popularity of basketball has risen around the world. People not ____38____ play the sport, but also watch it. Many young people dream of becoming famous players. In their hearts, these famous players are ____39____. ____40____ America’s NBA games are the most famous, the CBA games are becoming more popular in China. The ____41____ of foreign players, including Chinese players, in the NBA has ____42____. Many young people look ____43____ to those basketball stars. This encourages young people to work hard to ____44____ their dreams.评卷人得分  六、材料作文45．假设这周你们学校的英语角谈论的话题是“手机的发展史”。请你从手机的发明时间、外观和用途等方面，和同学们谈论一下它的发展变化，并描述你对未来手机的畅想。提示内容：1. 发明时间：1973年；2. 外观：large，heavy；3. 用途：talk to others，take photos，listen to music。要求：1. 词数80左右；2. 须包含提示内容，可适当发挥；3. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。Mobile phones are becoming more and more important in our daily life. Do you know the history of mobile phones?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________