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    英语初二上册重点知识点讲解
    Module 1 How to learn English
    1. advice
    (1)意思是“意见,建议”,为不可数名词,可用some,much,a piece of,pieces of等修饰,不能说an advice或many/a few advices。
    (2)表示“有关……的建议”时,用介词on,接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。
    e.g. Let’s ask for his advice on what to do next.
    常见搭配: take/follow one’s advice  接受某人的建议
    ask for advice  征求意见
    拓展: advise vt.建议
    常见搭配:advise sb. to do sth.
    e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开。
    2.Each time you will learn something new. I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends. 每次你将会学习一些新东西。我也建议你和朋友们谈论电影或歌曲。
    time的用法:
    (1)time指“时间”用作不可数名词,前面可much, little, a lot of, plenty of等修饰。
    (2)当作“次数;倍数”讲时,time是可数名词。
    e.g.I have been to Beijing three times.
    (3)time构成的短语:
    at a time    一次, 每一次 at one time   曾经,一度
    at times /from time to time 有时,偶尔 all the time   总是,一直
    in time  及时,迟早 on time  准时
    (4)time构成的句型:
    ① It’s time for sb. to do sth./It’s (high) time sb. did sth.该是某人干……的时间了。
    e.g. It’s time for children to go to bed.是小孩睡觉的时候了。
    It’s high time that we started.我们该出发了。
    ② each time(每次),next time(下次),the first/last time(第一次/最后一次……的时候)等。 
    e.g. The last time I went to China, I visited Shanghai. 我上次到中国时,游览了上海。
    3.I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.
    我建议你一天把四个或者五个单词写在纸上并且放在你的房间里。
    suggest,做动词,表示“建议,提议”的意思,对应的名词是suggestion。suggest的用法:

    I suggested his / him giving up the idea. 我建议他放弃那念头。
    She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday.

    Module 2 My home town and my country
    1.It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.
    它(剑桥)位于康河河畔,人口约为12万。
    population n. 意思是“人口,居民”,它是一个集体名词,常用单数形式。
    ① population常与定冠词the连用,作主语用时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
    e.g. The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
    ② 当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时,谓语动词用复数形式。
    e.g. About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
    中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。
    ③ 有时population可用作可数名词,其前可用不定冠词。
    e.g. China has a population of about 1.3 billion.中国大约有十三亿人口。
    ④表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“little”,而要用“large”或“small”。
    e.g. India has a large population.印度人口众多。
    ⑤ 询问某国、某地有多少人口时,不用“How much...?”,而用“How large...?”。在问具体人口时用“What...?”。
    e.g.—What is the population of Canada?
    —The population of Canada is about 29 million.加拿大的人口大约有二千九百万。
    2.It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.它大约有750万人口,所以比剑桥更大更繁忙。
    (1)million是数词,意思是“百万”。它的用法如下:
    ① 当与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of。
    e.g. three million people 三百万人
    ②当不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词。
    e.g. A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds.
    一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。
    拓展:与million有相同用法的数词还有:hundred(百), thousand(千), billion(十亿)。
    学习形容词的比较级的规则变化及用法。
    (1)规则变化:
    类别
    构成方法
    原级
    比较级
     
     
     
    单音节词和少数双音节词
    一般直接加-er
     
    long
    tall
    longer
    taller
    不发音的e结尾时加-r
    late
    large
    later
    larger
    辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-er
    easy
    happy
    easier
    happier
    重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er
    big
    hot
     
    bigger
    hotter
     
    (2)形容词比较级用法
    ① 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A…+比较级+than+B”。
    e.g.Li Lei’s room is bigger than mine.李雷的房间比我的大。
    This mooncake is nicer than that one.这块月饼比那块好吃。
    ② 有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级。
    e.g.I feel even worse now.我现在觉得更难受了。
    It is much colder today than before.今天比以前冷得多。
    ③比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“小多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。
    e.g.I am two years older than he.我比他大两岁。
    This building is 20 meters higher than that one.这栋楼房比那栋高20米。
    ④表示“两者之间最……一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。
    e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. Mary是双胞胎中的高个子。
    ⑤表示“越来越……”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。
    e.g.It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天气变得越来越暖和。
    Module 3 Sports
    进一步学习形容词和副词的比较级的规则变化和不规则变化
    (1)规则变化:
    类别
    构成方法
    原级
    比较级
    多音节词和部分双音节词
    在原级前加more
    careful
    beautiful
    more careful
    more beautiful
    在原级前加less
    important
    useful
    less important
    less useful
    (2)不规则变化:
    原级
    比较级
    good/well(身体好的)
    better
    many/much
    more
    bad/ill
    worse
    little
    less
    far
     
    farther(较远)
    further(进一步)
    old
     
    older
    elder(较年长的)
    (3)形容词和副词比较级用法
    ⑥ 表示“越……就越……”时,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。
    e.g.The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越高兴。
    Module 4 Planes, ships and trains
    学习形容词和副词的最高级的规则变化和不规则变化及其用法
    (1)规则变化:
    类别
    构成方法
    原级
    最高级
    单音节词和少数双音节词
    一般直接加-est
     
    long
    tall
    longest
    tallest
    不发音的e结尾时加-st
    late
    large
    latest
    largest
    辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-est
    easy
    happy
    easiest
    happiest
    重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-est
    big
    hot
     
    biggest
    hottest
    多音节词和部分双音节词
    在原级前加most
    careful
    beautiful
    most careful
    most beautiful
    在原级前加least
    important
    useful
    least important
    least useful
    (2)不规则变化:
    原级
    最高级
    good/well(身体好的)
    best
    many/much
    most
    bad/ill
    worst
    little
    least
    far
     
    farthest(更远的)
    furthest(最大程度)
    old
    oldest/eldest(较年长的)
    (3)形容词最高比较级用法
    ① 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。
    e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三个男孩子中,他是最强壮的。
    Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。
    ② 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A,B or C?”结构。
    e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou?
    哪个城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州?
    ③ 表示“最……的……之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。
    e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。
    ④ 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最……”。
    e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.长江是中国第一大长河。
    ⑤ 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。
    e.g.This is our last lesson today.这是我们今天的最后一节课。
    ⑥ 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。
    e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的学生。
    =Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高。
    =Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。
    Module 5 Lao She Teahouse
    重点知识讲解
    1.offer做动词,意思是“提供;提议;提出”。常用的搭配:
    ① offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb. 把某物给予某人
    e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus.
    =The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus.
    那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那位老人。
    ② offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
    e.g.She offered to lend me her bike.
    她提出将自行车借给我。
    2.Show show做及物动词,意为“展示;显示;给……看”,show后可接双宾语。
    show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb. 给某人看或者展示某物
    e.g.Show me your pen, please. =Show your pen to me, please.请让我看一下你的钢笔。
    Show your tickets, please.请出示车票。
    此外,show还可用作名词,意为“展览;陈列;演出”,常构成短语on show,意为“陈列,展览” 。
    e.g. His pictures are on show now.他的画现在正在展览。
    难点知识讲解:动词不定式(I)
    (1)动词不定式的构成
    肯定形式: to+动词原形 否定形式: not to do
    (2)动词不定式作宾语的用法
      动词不定式置于谓语动词之后,作动词的宾语,表明意图、希望或决定的内容。
     常见的后面接“to十动词原形”作宾语的动词有:plan, decide, hope, want, would like,agree, offer, try, like, love等。
    注意:某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同的有:




    Module 6 Animals in danger
    1.形容词变成副词的规律。
      一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词。例如:quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly等。
    特殊情况:
    构成方法
    例子
    一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly。
    happy—happily,
    angry—angrily
    有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y。
     
    possible—possibly
    terrible—terribly
    以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly。
    careful—carefully
    温馨提示:副词修饰行为动词。如:
    He is very careful.
    He does everything carefully
    第一句中is是连系动词,用形容词careful;第二句中修饰行为动词does用副词carefully。
    常考的形容词和副词辨析有:hard 努力——hardly 几乎不;late迟的,晚的——lately 近来;deep 深——deeply 深深地;near靠近——nearly 差不多;wide 宽——widely 广泛地;
    free免费的——freely 自由地。
    典例剖析:
    Tom studies ________ but his sister ________ studies.
    A.hard,hard  B.hardly,hardly C.hard,hardly  D.hardly,hard
    答案:C
    解题技巧:
    此题第一个陷阱是hard和hardly的区别,通常我们会认为hard的副词是hardly,事实上hard既是形容词.又是副词,而hardly是另外一个副词.,中文是“几乎不……”。
    4.-ing形容词和-ed形容词的区别。
    -ing形容词
    -ed形容词
    例句
    interesting有趣的
     
    interested感兴趣的
    I have an interesting book.
    He is interested in science.
    exciting令人兴奋的
     
    excited感到兴奋的
     
    Have you heard of the exciting news?
    We are excited about the traveling.
    表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物。
     
    表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed形容词+介词”结构。
    We are all interested in the interesting story.
     
    5.复习动词不定式。
    作宾语补足语:动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
    e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机。
    注意:动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词see, watch, hear, feel等词后作宾补时,常省去不定式符号to。help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。
    Let’s see the dolphins.我们去看海豚吧。
    I hear her sing every day.我听见她每天都唱歌。
    M7 A famous story
    1. a girl called Alice.
    此处called为过去分词,修饰girl,放在名词之后。相当于named.
    2.fall down 跌倒,掉下 fall behind 跟不上,落在……后面
    fall into 落入……中 fall off 从……上掉下来 fall asleep 入睡
    Eg: She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday.
    Leaves fall off the trees in fall.
    They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.
    3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.
    in a tree (外来物或人)在树上
    on a tree (树上本身有的东西:apple等)在树上
    Eg: There is a bird in the tree.
    There are a lot of apples on the tree.
    smile at sb 对某人微笑
    Eg:Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.
    4.“到达”的表达:
    arrive in+大地点 get to +地点 reach +地点
    at+小地点 (get home\there\here)
    5. have a tea party 举办茶会
    6. have nothing to do 没什么事可做 nothing\something to eat\drink
    nothing 作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数
    7. once or twice=from time to time 偶尔
    Eg:Once or twice he goes to school on foot.
    once 一次 twice 两次 三次及以上:数词+times three times six times
    8. what……for?=why……? 为什么? ;……有什么用?
    9. nothing strange 没什么奇怪的事
    形容词strange作后置定语,修饰不定代词nothing。在英语中,当形容修饰不定代词something\anything\nothing\everything等时,形容词必须放在不定代词后面,作后置定语。
    Eg:I have something important to do.
    10. hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事
    Eg:I heard her play the piano in the next room just now.
    I hear someone singing in the room.
    11.take sth out of … 把某物从……掏出
    12. across 表示动作是在物体的表面进行,如过河,过桥,过马路。
    through 表示动作是在物体的内部空间进行,如穿过森林、门、隧道,光线射入等
    13. too……to…… 太……而不能……
    Eg:He is too young to carry the heavy bag.
    M8 Accidents
    1. on the phone   通过电话通话(on 表示“通过”)
    2. look pale   看起来很苍白
      此处look作为半系动词,后跟adj. 常见的半系动词有taste\smell\sound\feel.
      Eg:The music sounds good.      The food tastes delicious.
    3. be glad to do sth  很高兴去做sth
       Eg:I am glad to see you again.
    4.   in time   及时          on time  准时,按时
       Eg:I hope you can come back in time.
           Please hand in your homework on time.
    5. fall off = fall down from  从……摔下来你    fall in love with sb  爱上某人   
    6. the risk of  ……的风险  
     7. pay attention to 注意……(to 是一个介词,后接名词或doing)
      Eg:We should pay more attention to developing economy.
    8.  sometimes 有时                     some times  几次;几倍
         sometime  (将来或过去)某个时候      some time  一段时间
      9.  pick up  捡起,拾起(代词只能放中间,名词放在中间或后面均可)
    pick sb up   (开车)接某人      
    Eg:After school, his father drives his car to pick him up everyday.
    10. call sb     call up=ring up  打电话给sb      call on 拜访sb
     11. As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remember the photo.
    lie 此处为不及物动词,意为“躺”。其过去式为lay,现在分词为lying。            
    He was lying on the bed.
    l 2.    as soon as  一……就    I will call you as soon as I get home.
    语法全解:
    when和while 都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生,但二者意义不尽相同。
    1.  when引导的从句可表示时间点,也可表示时间段,从句的位于动词既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词;while引导的从句通常表示时间段,从句中用延续性动词作谓语。
    They arrived while we were watching TV.
    2.  含有when引导的时间状语的主从复合句,如果主句用过去进行时,从句应该用一般过去式,表示一个动作正在进行的时候另一个动作发生,强调后一动作发生的突然性。
    We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went off.
    3.  当主从句的动作都是延续的或同时发生,主从句都用过去进行时的时候,从句多用while引导。 They were reading while we were writing .
    M9 Population
    1. The population of China is about 1.37billion.
     The population of … is……. 表示…有多少人。
     此外用… has a population of……也可以表示…有多少人。
    形容人口(population)的多少用big/ large 或 small 当population 作主语时,谓语动词用单数
    ●询问某地有多少人口.:
    .What’s the population of …
    .注意:询问某地有多少人口时不用how many 和 how much
     hundred\thousand\million\billion等前有数字,用单数形式   three hundredl
        hundred\thousand\million\billion等后有of,用复数形式  thousands of
    2.  noise (n.) 噪音     noisy(adj.)  吵闹的     make noise  发出噪音
     3. prepare 准备    prepare for 为……做准备    prepare to do sth 准备去做某事.
      Eg:They are preparing for the New Year.
          4.  notes 名词复数形式 “笔记 随笔” make notes 记笔记
    5.  too much+不可数名词    much too+形容词.    太……too many+可数名词复数
       Eg:        I have too much homework to do today.
            That dress is much too long for me.
            There are too many people in the shop on Sunday. 
    6. one fifth  五分之一
      分数的表达法:分子在前,用基数词;分母在后,用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母需要用复数   如:two thirds
    9. hang on a minute.  稍等
    10. public services  公共服务       a public telephone   公用电话   in public  在公共场合         
    11. in fact  事实上         all over the world  全世界
    12. leave 离开(某地)  ① leave for+目的地  前往(目的地) 启程去某地
    I’ll leave for Shanghai next week.
    ② leave 还有“忘了带,留下”之意 如:I left my book at home .
    13. 辨析: job 与 work
    job (cn) 指具体的职业或零工 
    work(un)指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动
    【Grammer】:
    冠词:复习笔记
    数字 : 分为基数词和序数词。本模块中,我们重点学习数字的读法。在英语中,每三位数字为一个单位,按照百,十,个位向下读。而进位的读法则为thousand, million , billion向上递增。
    数词的常见用法:
    ①分数表达法
    在英语中,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子是1时,分母用原形;当分子大于1时,分母用复数形式。
    1/3  : one thirds      2/3  : two thirds
    ②百分数的表达:百分数用percent 表示,符号为%   如: 5% 读作 five present .



    M10 The weather
    1.关于天气的单词:
    名词   cloud, rain, snow, sun, wind, fog….
    形容词 cloudy, rainy, snowy, sunny, windy, foggy….
    2. Are you joking? 
      joke  n. 笑话;玩笑      play a joke on sb    make a joke of\about ab
     4. minus   减去, 零下(温度)
       Eg:       The temperature is minus 3 degrees.
    5.although   尽管;虽然(although与but不能连用)
       Eg:It isn’t warm today, although the sun is shining.
    6. what’s the weather like (in …)?
    Eg:---What is the weather like in Jinhua today?
           ---It is cold today.
     询问天气还可以用how is the weather (in …)?
    7.as well 也;还(放句末)    too也(放句末)     also 也,而且(放句中)
    8. better get going.= had better g now. 最好现在就走
       had better do sth 最好做sth
    Eg:It’s late now, we had better hurry up.
    9. compared to = compared with   和……相比较
       Eg:I compared my computer to\with hers. 重点语法:
    情态动词may, might的用法。
    Module 11 Way of life
    重点语法:
    1. what a surprise! 真惊讶啊! 此句是感叹句,用来表达赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情,同样用how也可引导感叹句。结构如下:
    what +(a\an)+adj.+n.(+主语+谓语)!
    how +adj.\adv. (+主语+谓语)!
    Eg:How beautiful the girl is!= What a beautiful girl she is!
    2. you needn’t wait. 你不必等了。
    need在这里用作情态动词,表示“需要”,常用于否定句、疑问句及must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答,其后用动词原形。(needn’t=don’t have to)
    Eg: You needn’t come to school this afternoon.
    ---Must I finish my homework today?
    ---No, you needn’t.
    【拓展】need作实义动词时,其后可接to do,表示“需要做…”
    3. difference(n.) 不同之处,区别→different(adj.)不同的 be different from
    4. do some cleaning 打扫卫生(这是一个由do+some+doing构成的短语)
    Eg:You should help your mother do some cleaning after school.
    【拓展】do some washing\cooking\shopping\sewing
    5. traditional(adj.) 传统的 → tradition(n.) 传统
    6. stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事

    Module 12 Help
    重点知识点:
    1. furniture(n.) 家具(不可数名词) a piece of furniture
    glass 玻璃(不可数名词) There is some glass on the ground.
    玻璃杯(可数名词) There are two glasses on the desk.
    2. what’s wrong with…?=what’s the matter with …? ……怎么了?
    Eg:---What’s wrong with him?
    ---He has a cold.
    3. have trouble\problem (in) doing sth 做……有困难
    get into trouble 陷入麻烦 be in trouble 处于困境中
    Eg:I have trouble in learning English.
    4. harmful(adj.) →harm(n.) be harmful to sb\sth do harm to sb\sth 对…有害
    Eg:Smoking is harmful to health.
    It does harm to our environment.
    5. cover ……with…… 用……盖上……
    6. warn sb about\of sth 提醒某人注意某事;警告某人某事.
    warn sb to do sth 警告某人去做某事 warn sb not to do sth 警告某人不要去做某事
    Eg: Our parents warn us not to play on the street.
    7. stay away from……=move away from…… 远离……
    keep calm 保持冷静 calm down 安静;淡定 keep clear of 避开……
    8. be careful of sth 小心某事/某物
    doing sth =be careful to do sth 小心去做sth
    Eg:Be careful of driving.
    He is careful to open the door.
    9. in short 总之;简而言之 Eg:In short, he is a kind boy.
    10. be proud of sth = take pride in 以……为骄傲
    doing sth
    Eg:Mike’s parents are proud of him.

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