八年级上册英语外研版(新)各模块知识点归纳总结(全)-文档
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英语初二上册重点知识点讲解
Module 1 How to learn English
1. advice
(1)意思是“意见,建议”,为不可数名词,可用some,much,a piece of,pieces of等修饰,不能说an advice或many/a few advices。
(2)表示“有关……的建议”时,用介词on,接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。
e.g. Let’s ask for his advice on what to do next.
常见搭配: take/follow one’s advice 接受某人的建议
ask for advice 征求意见
拓展: advise vt.建议
常见搭配:advise sb. to do sth.
e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开。
2.Each time you will learn something new. I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends. 每次你将会学习一些新东西。我也建议你和朋友们谈论电影或歌曲。
time的用法:
(1)time指“时间”用作不可数名词,前面可much, little, a lot of, plenty of等修饰。
(2)当作“次数;倍数”讲时,time是可数名词。
e.g.I have been to Beijing three times.
(3)time构成的短语:
at a time 一次, 每一次 at one time 曾经,一度
at times /from time to time 有时,偶尔 all the time 总是,一直
in time 及时,迟早 on time 准时
(4)time构成的句型:
① It’s time for sb. to do sth./It’s (high) time sb. did sth.该是某人干……的时间了。
e.g. It’s time for children to go to bed.是小孩睡觉的时候了。
It’s high time that we started.我们该出发了。
② each time(每次),next time(下次),the first/last time(第一次/最后一次……的时候)等。
e.g. The last time I went to China, I visited Shanghai. 我上次到中国时,游览了上海。
3.I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.
我建议你一天把四个或者五个单词写在纸上并且放在你的房间里。
suggest,做动词,表示“建议,提议”的意思,对应的名词是suggestion。suggest的用法:
I suggested his / him giving up the idea. 我建议他放弃那念头。
She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday.
Module 2 My home town and my country
1.It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.
它(剑桥)位于康河河畔,人口约为12万。
population n. 意思是“人口,居民”,它是一个集体名词,常用单数形式。
① population常与定冠词the连用,作主语用时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
e.g. The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
② 当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时,谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g. About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。
③ 有时population可用作可数名词,其前可用不定冠词。
e.g. China has a population of about 1.3 billion.中国大约有十三亿人口。
④表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“little”,而要用“large”或“small”。
e.g. India has a large population.印度人口众多。
⑤ 询问某国、某地有多少人口时,不用“How much...?”,而用“How large...?”。在问具体人口时用“What...?”。
e.g.—What is the population of Canada?
—The population of Canada is about 29 million.加拿大的人口大约有二千九百万。
2.It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.它大约有750万人口,所以比剑桥更大更繁忙。
(1)million是数词,意思是“百万”。它的用法如下:
① 当与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of。
e.g. three million people 三百万人
②当不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词。
e.g. A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds.
一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。
拓展:与million有相同用法的数词还有:hundred(百), thousand(千), billion(十亿)。
学习形容词的比较级的规则变化及用法。
(1)规则变化:
类别
构成方法
原级
比较级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般直接加-er
long
tall
longer
taller
不发音的e结尾时加-r
late
large
later
larger
辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-er
easy
happy
easier
happier
重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er
big
hot
bigger
hotter
(2)形容词比较级用法
① 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A…+比较级+than+B”。
e.g.Li Lei’s room is bigger than mine.李雷的房间比我的大。
This mooncake is nicer than that one.这块月饼比那块好吃。
② 有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级。
e.g.I feel even worse now.我现在觉得更难受了。
It is much colder today than before.今天比以前冷得多。
③比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“小多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。
e.g.I am two years older than he.我比他大两岁。
This building is 20 meters higher than that one.这栋楼房比那栋高20米。
④表示“两者之间最……一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。
e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. Mary是双胞胎中的高个子。
⑤表示“越来越……”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。
e.g.It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天气变得越来越暖和。
Module 3 Sports
进一步学习形容词和副词的比较级的规则变化和不规则变化
(1)规则变化:
类别
构成方法
原级
比较级
多音节词和部分双音节词
在原级前加more
careful
beautiful
more careful
more beautiful
在原级前加less
important
useful
less important
less useful
(2)不规则变化:
原级
比较级
good/well(身体好的)
better
many/much
more
bad/ill
worse
little
less
far
farther(较远)
further(进一步)
old
older
elder(较年长的)
(3)形容词和副词比较级用法
⑥ 表示“越……就越……”时,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。
e.g.The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越高兴。
Module 4 Planes, ships and trains
学习形容词和副词的最高级的规则变化和不规则变化及其用法
(1)规则变化:
类别
构成方法
原级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般直接加-est
long
tall
longest
tallest
不发音的e结尾时加-st
late
large
latest
largest
辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-est
easy
happy
easiest
happiest
重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-est
big
hot
biggest
hottest
多音节词和部分双音节词
在原级前加most
careful
beautiful
most careful
most beautiful
在原级前加least
important
useful
least important
least useful
(2)不规则变化:
原级
最高级
good/well(身体好的)
best
many/much
most
bad/ill
worst
little
least
far
farthest(更远的)
furthest(最大程度)
old
oldest/eldest(较年长的)
(3)形容词最高比较级用法
① 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。
e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三个男孩子中,他是最强壮的。
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。
② 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A,B or C?”结构。
e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou?
哪个城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州?
③ 表示“最……的……之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。
e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。
④ 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最……”。
e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.长江是中国第一大长河。
⑤ 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。
e.g.This is our last lesson today.这是我们今天的最后一节课。
⑥ 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。
e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的学生。
=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高。
=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。
Module 5 Lao She Teahouse
重点知识讲解
1.offer做动词,意思是“提供;提议;提出”。常用的搭配:
① offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb. 把某物给予某人
e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus.
=The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus.
那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那位老人。
② offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
e.g.She offered to lend me her bike.
她提出将自行车借给我。
2.Show show做及物动词,意为“展示;显示;给……看”,show后可接双宾语。
show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb. 给某人看或者展示某物
e.g.Show me your pen, please. =Show your pen to me, please.请让我看一下你的钢笔。
Show your tickets, please.请出示车票。
此外,show还可用作名词,意为“展览;陈列;演出”,常构成短语on show,意为“陈列,展览” 。
e.g. His pictures are on show now.他的画现在正在展览。
难点知识讲解:动词不定式(I)
(1)动词不定式的构成
肯定形式: to+动词原形 否定形式: not to do
(2)动词不定式作宾语的用法
动词不定式置于谓语动词之后,作动词的宾语,表明意图、希望或决定的内容。
常见的后面接“to十动词原形”作宾语的动词有:plan, decide, hope, want, would like,agree, offer, try, like, love等。
注意:某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同的有:
Module 6 Animals in danger
1.形容词变成副词的规律。
一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词。例如:quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly等。
特殊情况:
构成方法
例子
一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly。
happy—happily,
angry—angrily
有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y。
possible—possibly
terrible—terribly
以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly。
careful—carefully
温馨提示:副词修饰行为动词。如:
He is very careful.
He does everything carefully
第一句中is是连系动词,用形容词careful;第二句中修饰行为动词does用副词carefully。
常考的形容词和副词辨析有:hard 努力——hardly 几乎不;late迟的,晚的——lately 近来;deep 深——deeply 深深地;near靠近——nearly 差不多;wide 宽——widely 广泛地;
free免费的——freely 自由地。
典例剖析:
Tom studies ________ but his sister ________ studies.
A.hard,hard B.hardly,hardly C.hard,hardly D.hardly,hard
答案:C
解题技巧:
此题第一个陷阱是hard和hardly的区别,通常我们会认为hard的副词是hardly,事实上hard既是形容词.又是副词,而hardly是另外一个副词.,中文是“几乎不……”。
4.-ing形容词和-ed形容词的区别。
-ing形容词
-ed形容词
例句
interesting有趣的
interested感兴趣的
I have an interesting book.
He is interested in science.
exciting令人兴奋的
excited感到兴奋的
Have you heard of the exciting news?
We are excited about the traveling.
表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物。
表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed形容词+介词”结构。
We are all interested in the interesting story.
5.复习动词不定式。
作宾语补足语:动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机。
注意:动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词see, watch, hear, feel等词后作宾补时,常省去不定式符号to。help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。
Let’s see the dolphins.我们去看海豚吧。
I hear her sing every day.我听见她每天都唱歌。
M7 A famous story
1. a girl called Alice.
此处called为过去分词,修饰girl,放在名词之后。相当于named.
2.fall down 跌倒,掉下 fall behind 跟不上,落在……后面
fall into 落入……中 fall off 从……上掉下来 fall asleep 入睡
Eg: She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday.
Leaves fall off the trees in fall.
They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.
3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.
in a tree (外来物或人)在树上
on a tree (树上本身有的东西:apple等)在树上
Eg: There is a bird in the tree.
There are a lot of apples on the tree.
smile at sb 对某人微笑
Eg:Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.
4.“到达”的表达:
arrive in+大地点 get to +地点 reach +地点
at+小地点 (get home\there\here)
5. have a tea party 举办茶会
6. have nothing to do 没什么事可做 nothing\something to eat\drink
nothing 作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数
7. once or twice=from time to time 偶尔
Eg:Once or twice he goes to school on foot.
once 一次 twice 两次 三次及以上:数词+times three times six times
8. what……for?=why……? 为什么? ;……有什么用?
9. nothing strange 没什么奇怪的事
形容词strange作后置定语,修饰不定代词nothing。在英语中,当形容修饰不定代词something\anything\nothing\everything等时,形容词必须放在不定代词后面,作后置定语。
Eg:I have something important to do.
10. hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事
Eg:I heard her play the piano in the next room just now.
I hear someone singing in the room.
11.take sth out of … 把某物从……掏出
12. across 表示动作是在物体的表面进行,如过河,过桥,过马路。
through 表示动作是在物体的内部空间进行,如穿过森林、门、隧道,光线射入等
13. too……to…… 太……而不能……
Eg:He is too young to carry the heavy bag.
M8 Accidents
1. on the phone 通过电话通话(on 表示“通过”)
2. look pale 看起来很苍白
此处look作为半系动词,后跟adj. 常见的半系动词有taste\smell\sound\feel.
Eg:The music sounds good. The food tastes delicious.
3. be glad to do sth 很高兴去做sth
Eg:I am glad to see you again.
4. in time 及时 on time 准时,按时
Eg:I hope you can come back in time.
Please hand in your homework on time.
5. fall off = fall down from 从……摔下来你 fall in love with sb 爱上某人
6. the risk of ……的风险
7. pay attention to 注意……(to 是一个介词,后接名词或doing)
Eg:We should pay more attention to developing economy.
8. sometimes 有时 some times 几次;几倍
sometime (将来或过去)某个时候 some time 一段时间
9. pick up 捡起,拾起(代词只能放中间,名词放在中间或后面均可)
pick sb up (开车)接某人
Eg:After school, his father drives his car to pick him up everyday.
10. call sb call up=ring up 打电话给sb call on 拜访sb
11. As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remember the photo.
lie 此处为不及物动词,意为“躺”。其过去式为lay,现在分词为lying。
He was lying on the bed.
l 2. as soon as 一……就 I will call you as soon as I get home.
语法全解:
when和while 都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生,但二者意义不尽相同。
1. when引导的从句可表示时间点,也可表示时间段,从句的位于动词既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词;while引导的从句通常表示时间段,从句中用延续性动词作谓语。
They arrived while we were watching TV.
2. 含有when引导的时间状语的主从复合句,如果主句用过去进行时,从句应该用一般过去式,表示一个动作正在进行的时候另一个动作发生,强调后一动作发生的突然性。
We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went off.
3. 当主从句的动作都是延续的或同时发生,主从句都用过去进行时的时候,从句多用while引导。 They were reading while we were writing .
M9 Population
1. The population of China is about 1.37billion.
The population of … is……. 表示…有多少人。
此外用… has a population of……也可以表示…有多少人。
形容人口(population)的多少用big/ large 或 small 当population 作主语时,谓语动词用单数
●询问某地有多少人口.:
.What’s the population of …
.注意:询问某地有多少人口时不用how many 和 how much
hundred\thousand\million\billion等前有数字,用单数形式 three hundredl
hundred\thousand\million\billion等后有of,用复数形式 thousands of
2. noise (n.) 噪音 noisy(adj.) 吵闹的 make noise 发出噪音
3. prepare 准备 prepare for 为……做准备 prepare to do sth 准备去做某事.
Eg:They are preparing for the New Year.
4. notes 名词复数形式 “笔记 随笔” make notes 记笔记
5. too much+不可数名词 much too+形容词. 太……too many+可数名词复数
Eg: I have too much homework to do today.
That dress is much too long for me.
There are too many people in the shop on Sunday.
6. one fifth 五分之一
分数的表达法:分子在前,用基数词;分母在后,用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母需要用复数 如:two thirds
9. hang on a minute. 稍等
10. public services 公共服务 a public telephone 公用电话 in public 在公共场合
11. in fact 事实上 all over the world 全世界
12. leave 离开(某地) ① leave for+目的地 前往(目的地) 启程去某地
I’ll leave for Shanghai next week.
② leave 还有“忘了带,留下”之意 如:I left my book at home .
13. 辨析: job 与 work
job (cn) 指具体的职业或零工
work(un)指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动
【Grammer】:
冠词:复习笔记
数字 : 分为基数词和序数词。本模块中,我们重点学习数字的读法。在英语中,每三位数字为一个单位,按照百,十,个位向下读。而进位的读法则为thousand, million , billion向上递增。
数词的常见用法:
①分数表达法
在英语中,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子是1时,分母用原形;当分子大于1时,分母用复数形式。
1/3 : one thirds 2/3 : two thirds
②百分数的表达:百分数用percent 表示,符号为% 如: 5% 读作 five present .
M10 The weather
1.关于天气的单词:
名词 cloud, rain, snow, sun, wind, fog….
形容词 cloudy, rainy, snowy, sunny, windy, foggy….
2. Are you joking?
joke n. 笑话;玩笑 play a joke on sb make a joke of\about ab
4. minus 减去, 零下(温度)
Eg: The temperature is minus 3 degrees.
5.although 尽管;虽然(although与but不能连用)
Eg:It isn’t warm today, although the sun is shining.
6. what’s the weather like (in …)?
Eg:---What is the weather like in Jinhua today?
---It is cold today.
询问天气还可以用how is the weather (in …)?
7.as well 也;还(放句末) too也(放句末) also 也,而且(放句中)
8. better get going.= had better g now. 最好现在就走
had better do sth 最好做sth
Eg:It’s late now, we had better hurry up.
9. compared to = compared with 和……相比较
Eg:I compared my computer to\with hers. 重点语法:
情态动词may, might的用法。
Module 11 Way of life
重点语法:
1. what a surprise! 真惊讶啊! 此句是感叹句,用来表达赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情,同样用how也可引导感叹句。结构如下:
what +(a\an)+adj.+n.(+主语+谓语)!
how +adj.\adv. (+主语+谓语)!
Eg:How beautiful the girl is!= What a beautiful girl she is!
2. you needn’t wait. 你不必等了。
need在这里用作情态动词,表示“需要”,常用于否定句、疑问句及must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答,其后用动词原形。(needn’t=don’t have to)
Eg: You needn’t come to school this afternoon.
---Must I finish my homework today?
---No, you needn’t.
【拓展】need作实义动词时,其后可接to do,表示“需要做…”
3. difference(n.) 不同之处,区别→different(adj.)不同的 be different from
4. do some cleaning 打扫卫生(这是一个由do+some+doing构成的短语)
Eg:You should help your mother do some cleaning after school.
【拓展】do some washing\cooking\shopping\sewing
5. traditional(adj.) 传统的 → tradition(n.) 传统
6. stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事
Module 12 Help
重点知识点:
1. furniture(n.) 家具(不可数名词) a piece of furniture
glass 玻璃(不可数名词) There is some glass on the ground.
玻璃杯(可数名词) There are two glasses on the desk.
2. what’s wrong with…?=what’s the matter with …? ……怎么了?
Eg:---What’s wrong with him?
---He has a cold.
3. have trouble\problem (in) doing sth 做……有困难
get into trouble 陷入麻烦 be in trouble 处于困境中
Eg:I have trouble in learning English.
4. harmful(adj.) →harm(n.) be harmful to sb\sth do harm to sb\sth 对…有害
Eg:Smoking is harmful to health.
It does harm to our environment.
5. cover ……with…… 用……盖上……
6. warn sb about\of sth 提醒某人注意某事;警告某人某事.
warn sb to do sth 警告某人去做某事 warn sb not to do sth 警告某人不要去做某事
Eg: Our parents warn us not to play on the street.
7. stay away from……=move away from…… 远离……
keep calm 保持冷静 calm down 安静;淡定 keep clear of 避开……
8. be careful of sth 小心某事/某物
doing sth =be careful to do sth 小心去做sth
Eg:Be careful of driving.
He is careful to open the door.
9. in short 总之;简而言之 Eg:In short, he is a kind boy.
10. be proud of sth = take pride in 以……为骄傲
doing sth
Eg:Mike’s parents are proud of him.