医护英语 补充语法(1) 虚拟语气 学案

这是一份医护英语 补充语法(1) 虚拟语气 学案，共6页。
Medical and Nursing English The Supplementary Grammar (1)  虚拟语气 (Subjunctive mood)  I. 语气概述1. 语气(mood)：是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2. 语气的种类：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 (1) 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：    1) There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。    2) Were you busy all day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？    3) How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！ (2) 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：    1) Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。    2) Don’t forget to turn off the light. 别忘了关灯。 (3) 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：    1) If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。    2) I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。    3) May you succeed! 祝您成功！。II. 虚拟语气用法概述条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是虚拟条件句。1. 如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。    If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。2. 如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。    If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。3. 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主、从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。其形式列表如下：时  间动 词 形 式从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be动词用were）would / could / should / might+ 动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would / could / should / might+ have过去分词与将来事实相反动词的过去式（be动词用were）would /could / should / might+ 动词原形should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形注意：主句中的should只用于第一人称，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。 III. 虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法1．虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：(1) If I were you, I should (would, could, might) tell him the truth. 如果我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你）      (2) If she had time, she would (could, might) help me.如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间）2．虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：(1) If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might) have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码）(2) If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t (couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你没听）3．虚拟语气表示与将来事实可能相反的假设或是对将来的愿望。如：      (1) If it should rain, the crops would (could, might) be saved.假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。（是一种愿望，实现的可能性很小） (2) — What would happen if I put the paper on the fire?    — It would burn.— 我若把纸放在火上会怎么样？         — 纸会烧着。（将来不太可能做的动作，实现的可能性很小）注意：1.在表示与将来事实可能相反、或者表示对将来主观愿望的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。如：If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.2.如果条件句中有were，had，should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were，had或should 置于句首。如： Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.Were it to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.Had he seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book.IV. 虚拟语气的其它用法1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that …”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should) + 动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：(1) It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。  (2) It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once.   有必要马上送他去医院。2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。如：     (1). 表示对现在情况的虚拟：谓语动词用一般过去式。1) I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）2) I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。）     (2). 表示对过去情况的虚拟：谓语动词用过去完成式。1) I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。）2) He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance.    他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜。）(3). 表示对对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词用过去将来式。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如：1) I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。2) I wish you would be quiet.   我希望你安静一些。在suggest（建议）, demand (要求), order (命令), propose (建议), insist（坚持要做）, command (命令), request (要求), desire (希望) 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should) + 动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：1) I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。 2) The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.   这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。注意：当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句要用真实语气。比较： (1) His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。(坚持观点)He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（坚持要做）(2) He insists that doing morning exercises is good for you.   他坚持认为做早操对你有益。(坚持观点)  He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.   他坚持他每天都要早操。（坚持要做）2. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法：当主语为advice, suggestion, order,  proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should) + 动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：(1) My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能地经常练习说英语。(2) The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.    司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。V. 虚拟语气的特殊结构1. 虚拟语气用在状语从句中的特殊结构：由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式( be → were )或had + 过去分词。如：(1) The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学生就好像自己的孩子一样。  (2) He speaks as if he had been to the United States.   他说得好像他真到过美国似的。2. 在It is time (that) …句型中：从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”。如： (1) It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该到我们做点事制止污染的时候了。   (2) It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.    到了父亲该去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。3. 虚拟语气用在简单句中：情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中；还用于一些习惯表达中和一些祝福语中（用“May + 动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，May要置于句首。一般多用于正式文体中）。如： (1) Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？   (2) It would be better for you not to stay up too late.    你最好别熬夜到很晚。(3) You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。   (4) I’d rather not tell you the secret..    我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。(5) May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！