(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题二 需要变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词 (含答案)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题二 需要变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词 (含答案)，共14页。学案主要包含了可数名词，不可数名词等内容，欢迎下载使用。




考点一　名词
一、可数名词

Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows and goats.
注释：1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2．名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但woman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。

1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿　mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人　woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法　series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen先生
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German的复数形式为Germans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析　basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日　blackboard—blackboards黑板　bookshelf—bookshelves书架　gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms　son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on　passer-by—passers-by　story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups　standby—standbys
3.名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)．
3．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He goes to the barber’s(barber) to have his hair cut every month.
二、不可数名词

To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
注释：①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。

不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：
fun乐趣
homework
作业
bread面包
wealth财富
progress
进步
equipment
设备
room空间
weather
天气
work工作
music音乐
news新闻
meat肉
word消息
traffic交通
luck运气
housework
家务
milk牛奶
advice建议
man人类
orange
橙汁
knowledge
知识
furniture
家具
baggage/
luggage
行李
information
信息

点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．Oh，John，what a pleasant surprise you gave us!
2．He gave us some advice(advice) on how to study English.
3．He felt that he needed more knowledge(knowledge) about import and export.


单句语法填空
1．In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Later，they learned to work with the seasons(season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.(2020·浙江7月)
4．Other American studies showed no connection/connections(connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019·浙江6月)

1.根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。
2．单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。
3．注意固定短语中名词的单复数。
4．注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。
5．不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
考点二　数词

Mister Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However，he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital.Later，two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
注释：①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“in one’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：one third,2/3：two thirds。

1．易错基数词
thirteen十三　fourteen十四　fifteen十五　eighteen十八　nineteen十九　twenty二十
thirty三十　forty四十　fifty五十　ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一　second第二　third第三
fourth第四　fifth第五　eighth第八
ninth第九　eleventh第十一　twelfth第十二
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Peter got a model ship from his uncle on his thirteenth(thirteen) birthday.
2．Two thirds(three) of the students in our class have been to Disneyland somewhere.
3．Linda，there are too many mistakes in the ninth(nine) line of your passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his twenties(twenty)．
5．It is reported that the earthquake has left thousands(thousand) of people homeless.

单句语法填空
1．The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化)．They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
2．He did it one third(three) the time it took me.(北京高考)

1．需要使用数词时，要先看清是使用该词的基数词形式还是序数词形式。
2．使用序数词时，注意前面要有定冠词the。
3．注意固定用法中的数词的使用及与冠词、介词的搭配，如in the 1820s，in his 30s，thousands of等。
考点三　形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的基本用法

I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④ in it.
注释：①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。
My mother is reading the novel attentively① now and she is quite① moved by it.Obviously②，she won’t return the book to me soon.
注释：①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。

1．名词、动词变形容词

2．形容词变副词
形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：
(一般直接加)　clear→clearly清楚地
great→greatly很，大大地
(元e去e加)　true→truly真实地
(辅y变i加)　happy→happily高兴地
heavy→heavily沉重地
(-le尾e变y)　terrible→terribly可怕地
gentle→gently轻轻地
(-ll尾只加y)　full→fully完全地
dull→dully迟钝地
(-ic加ally)　basic→basically主要地
scientific→scientifically合乎科学地
3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法
-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，eye(眼神)，expression(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile on his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.
他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。
close靠近地　closely密切地；仔细地
hard努力地　hardly几乎不
late晚，迟　lately最近，不久前
most最，极其　mostly通常；主要地
wide指距离宽　widely广泛地
deep指具体深度　deeply深深地，非常；强烈地
high指具体高度　highly很，非常
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal(person) stories cheerfully.
2．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed(disappoint)．
3．I’ll never forget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to go there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry(hunger)．
5．I found life in the UK quite different(differ) from that in China.
6．The title will be officially(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he also has a cow which produces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible) sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you at the appointed time.
二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

In my family，my mother is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mother，and becoming fatter and fatter④.He is quite worried because the fatter⑤ he is，the more likely⑤ he is to be ill.
注释：①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加more或the most。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。

1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和the most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common，handsome，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-ow，-er结尾的词。
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
good/well—better—best
bad/ill—worse—worst
many/much—more—most
little—less—least
old—older/elder—oldest/eldest
far—farther—farthest(指具体空间上)
far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
No man is better than you in the world.
人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a more interesting novel.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．The more(much) we do for those in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Road safety has aroused wider(wide) attention of the public than before.
3．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest(big) of all operas in China.
4．Mr Green isn’t as strict a teacher as Mr White.
5．I have never met a kinder(kind) teacher than Mrs Smith before.
6．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
7．This restaurant wasn’t half as good(good) as that one we went to.
8．When you study the local map，you’ll find this town is twice the size of that one.

单句语法填空
1．When the house was built，it was much smaller(small) than it is today.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Provide financial(finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.(2021·全国乙)
3．The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
4．One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest(fine) work，so that he could choose the best.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
5．As the small boat moved gently(gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6．It’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and meaningful(meaning) college experience.(2019·北京)


1.看到与than连用，要想到用比较级；看到比较级，要想到than。
2．看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)。
3.在句子中如果是作定语、表语、宾补或表示心理状态的状语，则用形容词。
4．如果修饰整个句子、动词或形容词，则用副词。
5．看到and，but，or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级。

层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
2．Then，handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve)．
3．—Why not buy a second­hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one?
—That’s a good suggestion(suggest)．
4．Although he researches cloning，his intention(intend) has never been to create copies of humans.
5．Coming to another country to study requires a big adjustment(adjust) and it takes a while to fit in.
6．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers found that people scored higher on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language.
7．She is the twelfth(twelve) tutor，who has come to look after his children since their mother died.
8．The old man goes to the park every third(three) day，jogging with his fellows.
9．But the successful test drilling for fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for industrial(industry) use.
10．Have you ever been embarrassed(embarrass) because of forgetting something important?
11．The more the students learn about the university，the easier it will be for them to adapt to the environment.
12．The world’s population is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and our environment is facing great pressure.
13．Nowadays it’s the second largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’s a significant economic，educational and cultural center.
14．Indians start practicing yoga at a very young age，so their bodies are even stronger(strong)．
15．There isn’t much traffic on Sunday，so hopefully(hope) we’ll arrive in time for the concert.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside，including lower(low) levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.
(2021·浙江1月)
2．It is calculated by dividing a person’s(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
3．After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time for some action and what better(good) than to ride on a piece of history！(2021·全国甲)
4．Supposedly you can do it in two hours，but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily(day) routines.(2021·全国甲)
5．It will undoubtedly(undoubted) help you get refreshed！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
6．The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the hotter(hot) the spring! Strange，isn’t it？(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．As working from home becomes increasingly(increasing) common，people are finding it easier to combine parenthood with a full-time career.(2021·天津3月)
8．Filled with curiosity(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
9．My name is Mireya Mayor.I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
10．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)
11．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
12．On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
13．He screams the loudest(loud) of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
14．Even worse(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
15．While rock­climbing，you need to remain very focused(focus) so that you won’t make any dangerous errors.(2021·天津3月)

层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
名词篇
(改编自2020·全国Ⅱ)
Decorating with Plants，Fruits and Flowers for Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a 1. (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the
2. (begin) of spring.This is why decorating with plants，fruits and flowers carries special
3. (significant)．They represent the earth coming back to 4. (live) and best wishes for new beginnings.
These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country：
Oranges：Orange trees are more than 5. (decorate)；they are a symbol of good fortune and 6. (wealthy)．They make great gifts and you see them many 7. (time) decorated with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
Bamboo：Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices.Certainly during the holiday period，this plant is 8. must.Bamboo plants are associated with health，abundance and a happy home.They are easy to care for and make great 9. (present)．
10． (branch) of Plum Blossoms(梅花)：The beautiful long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化)．They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国新年常见的三种装饰物——橘子树、富贵竹和梅花枝，以及它们的美好寓意。

1．答案　celebration
解析　考查名词。由空前的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。故填celebration。
2．答案　beginning
解析　考查名词。和前面的the end of winter并列，是名词词组，begin的名词形式为beginning。
3．答案　significance
解析　考查名词。此处作谓语动词carries的宾语，应该用名词形式。故填significance。
4．答案　life
解析　考查名词。作介词to的宾语，用名词或动名词形式，结合句意可知填life。
5．答案　decoration
解析　考查名词。根据句意可知，此处应用名词形式，故填decoration。
6．答案　wealth
解析　考查名词。与good fortune共同作of的宾语，所以用名词形式，故填wealth。
7．答案　times
解析　考查名词的单复数。time表示“次数”，是可数名词，用在many 之后，故填times。
8．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。must此处表示“必须做(或看、买等)的事”，是可数名词，且发音以辅音音素开头，所以填不定冠词a。
9．答案　presents
解析　考查名词的单复数。present作“礼物，礼品”讲时，是可数名词，此处表示泛指。故填presents。
10．答案　Branches
解析　考查名词的单复数。可数名词出现时，要么前面加冠词，要么用复数形式表泛指。此处branch前面没有冠词及其他限定词，所以只能用其复数形式。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填Branches。

1．形容词的名词化表达
某些形容词可以用“be of＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be important＝be of importance　be beneficial＝be of benefit　be valuable＝be of value　be helpful＝be of help　be useful＝be of use　be interesting＝be of interest
典例　(2017·北京)这里是我关于这次旅游的一些建议，希望会对你有益。
Here are some suggestions about this trip，which I hope will be of benefit to you.
运用　(2021·全国甲)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木结构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。
There’s no doubt that the Palace Museum offers a window into Chinese wooden architecture，which is of help for foreigners to know more about Chinese culture.
2．副词的名词化表达
某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger　anxiously＝with anxiety　curiously＝with curiosity　comfortably＝in comfort　peacefully＝in peace　hurriedly＝in a hurry　joyfully＝with joy
典例　(2020·浙江1月)当Poppy看到小狗时，她欢快地叫了起来。
When Poppy saw the small puppy，she barked with joy.
运用　(2020·浙江7月)我们万分焦急地等待着救援的到来。
We waited for being rescued with great anxiety.
3．活用带有比较级的句型
(1)the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..
典例　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越有劲。
The more encouragement I heard，the more energetic I felt.
运用　(2019·全国Ⅱ)你知道，我们练习得越多，比赛时我们表现得就越好。
As you know，the more we practice for it，the better we will perform in the match.
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
典例　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)约翰认为没有什么比帮助别人自力更生更有意义的事情了。
John thought nothing was more meaningful than helping others earn a living by themselves.
运用　(2021·浙江6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。
I realized nothing was more meaningful than contributing the 119 dollars to my family.Not until I handed my Dad the money did I know the true meaning of growing up.