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(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课件第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第1讲 谓语动词 (含详解)
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这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课件第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第1讲 谓语动词 (含详解)，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了考点分类突 破，考点一 动词的时态，考点二 动词的语态，考点三 主谓一致，考点四 情态动词，考点五 虚拟语气，点对点练习1，will tell，hired，点对点练习2等内容，欢迎下载使用。
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games. It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exams.
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
注释：①是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为：wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为：have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为：will＋be＋现在分词。
一、词形变化 在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。
二、核心考点 高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的有10种。1.一般现在时(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等时间状语连用。He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
3.一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形或者is/am/are ging t d，常与表示将来的时间状语tmrrw，next week等连用。It is said that he will retire next mnth.据说他将于下个月卸任。
单句语法填空1.The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue (tell) yu the running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r (hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全国甲)
4.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He is playing basketball n the playgrund.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.约翰和姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，ften，cnstantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。The girl is always talking alud in public.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.格林太太今天上午11点正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
6.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃饭。
单句语法填空1.She (play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the Friday I will g t anther cncert.They (play) smething by Mzart at that time.3.—Hi，let’s g skating.—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I (fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
7.现在完成时(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。—I’m srry，but I dn’t quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?—Srry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋时间段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It has been＋一段时间＋since从句This/That/It is the that＋现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8.过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
单句语法填空1.Befre getting int the car，I thught I (learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he (say) t me raised in a family f teachers，I (get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.3.I (expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned
had expected
9.过去将来时(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said she wuld retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道儿子紧接着会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构： was/were ging t＋动词原形；was/were t＋动词原形；was/were abut t＋动词原形。He tld me he was t get married the next week.他告诉我他下周结婚。She was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10.现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我们常常见面。
单句语法填空1.—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.—He went t the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he (be) a famus scientist whse theries (change) the wrld.
has been writing
wuld change
Xia Ming’s Cellphne Xia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ by the basketball club. Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
注释：①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为：had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。
1.不及物动词及动词短语没有被动语态，如happen，ccur，take place，break ut，spread等。An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。A big fire brke ut in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
2.被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加nt，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。如：Trees shuld nt be planted in summer.夏天不应该种树。The man was made fun f by his partner.这个人被他的伙伴取笑了。
3.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成“It be＋dne...”形式。如：It is/was said/reprted that...据说/据报道……It is/was well knwn that...众所周知……It must be pinted ut that...必须指出……It must be admitted that...人们必须承认……It is/was generally cnsidered/suppsed/hped/believed that...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……
It is generally cnsidered that the key t learning a freign language well is nthing but practice.人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。It is reprted that the temperature will decline sharply in ne r tw days.据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。
4.下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。如：(1)feel/taste/smell/lk/sund＋adj.Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(2)want/need/require/be wrth dingThe windw wants/needs/requires repairing.这扇窗户需要修理。The mvie is wrth seeing.这部电影值得一看。(3)wash/sell/write/read/clean＋adv.(well，easily，smthly)Her new bk was very interesting and sld well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。Nyln cleans easily.尼龙容易清洗。
单句语法填空1.Mary’s niece wrte，“The little hme (paint) white.”(2021·浙江6月)2.My washing machine (repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by ，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，___________(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f yu leave the club，yu (nt，allw) back in.
was painted
is being repaired
is regarded
wn’t be allwed
单句语法填空1.Yu can’t help wndering hw hard it (be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.It desn’t impress like Gerge Washingtn’s plantatin n the Ptmac，but Lincln’s hme in dwntwn Springfield，Illinis，_________________(prve) irresistible t visitrs since it pened t the public.(2021·浙江6月)
has prven/prved
3.Currently，abut 35,000 wrks (display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津3月)4.I (walk) acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.(2015·湖南)
are being displayed
was walking
1.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)题干中如有always，ften，seldm，smetimes，usually等，用一般现在时。(2)题干中如有yesterday，last night，a few days ag，the ther day，then等，用一般过去时。(3)题干中如有tmrrw，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。(4)题干中如有nw，at present，currently等，用现在进行时。(5)题干中如有at that time，at six ’clck yesterday等，用过去进行时。
(6)题干中如有at this time tmrrw，frm 1 ’clck t 3 ’clck tmrrw等，用将来进行时。(7)题干中如有since，s far，up t nw，in/ver/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。2.熟记固定句型中的时态(1)be ，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。3.分清主动被动，辨析语态看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用被动语态。
1.语法一致原则 I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注释：该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短语时，谓语动词跟这些短语前面的主语一致。⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语前有each，every，n修饰时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
2.意义一致原则 I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
注释：①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则 There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.
注释：①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事物，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。如：The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.若主语中有mre than ne 或many a/an，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但mre＋复数名词＋than ne作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。如：Mre than ne student was late.不止一个学生迟到。Mre persns than ne cme t help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
3.“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
单句语法填空1.The teacher and pet ften (give) lectures arund the city.2.I think Tm，rather than yu (be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are but Jim and Mike (be) n the playgrund far as I knw，his family nt very large but the family all music lvers.(be)
5.The pr (be) lked dwn upn in the ld his parents nr I (be) able t persuade him t change his t lud music and rck cncerts (cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh (wear) evening dress.
单句语法填空1.The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It (build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修复).(2021·全国甲)2.Ging t Munt Huangshan (remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3.It is calculated by dividing a persn’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 (cnsider) healthy.(2021·浙江1月)4.Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin (be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
is cnsidered
1.找准句子中的主语，看主语是单数还是复数。2.牢记特殊用法的结构，用对谓语动词的数。3.注意结合时态和语态。
1.can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can’t①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.
M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注释：can/culd的意义及用法①can表能力，意为“能够”。②can表请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb. have dne...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，culdn’t have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2.may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注释：may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3.mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
注释：must的意义及用法①must表必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee，tea either.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注释：shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth. ＝ught (nt) t d sth. (不)应该做某事。
5.shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn’t matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注释：shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6.need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注释：need/dare的意义及用法•dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。•dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。•其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7.will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注释：will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中：can’t/can (无论……也不过分；越……越好)Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.＝Yu can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2.情态动词＋have dne
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1.—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?—Dn’t wrry.He cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.2.I thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.
4.Yu have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.5.I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She have spken at the present will nt believe such a gentleman d play with the knife，r yu may hurt be punished fr what yu have have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10.I have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
1.wish/wuld rather/as if/if nlyMr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
注释：as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词语后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形。
2.条件状语从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注释：•①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne...对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...•⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装，结构为：Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have ＋主语＋t d/Shuld＋主语＋d，主语＋wuld d...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：主语＋wuld have dne...，but 过去的事实主语＋wuld d...，but 现在的事实Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld d(与现在相反)Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld have dne (与过去相反)现在的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld d过去的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld have dne
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气 Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注释：•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有shuld的虚拟语气。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。•上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带shuld的虚拟语气，如②。•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用含有shuld的虚拟语气，如③。•It is (high/abut) time that sb. did/shuld d sth. 也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb. (shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb. (shuld) teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.
注释：在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc. )＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc. )＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
1.当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。(1)The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。(2)The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he shuld nt be sent t hspital.这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
2.错综时间条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
单句语法填空1.The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I ___ (be) there befre!2.Our nly request is that this (settle) as sn as pssible.3.I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he _______________ (arrive) n time.
(shuld) be settled
4.If it (rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a yu (take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the exam.
shuld rain/were t rain/rained
单句语法填空1.It used t be that yu drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)2.Yu (nt) have sclded him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.(2020·天津3月)3.If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I (nt，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)
情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”注意一：若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。注意二：一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。
单句语法填空1.It is the first time that my sn (meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her face t girl (shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the father，as well as his kids， (discuss) where t spend the weekend nw.
is discussing
4.When fat and salt (remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn _____________(graduate) frm the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm ______ (attract) thusands f visitrs during the past factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which (be) saved fr ther purpses.
had graduated
8.They made up their minds that they (buy) a new huse nce Larry changed have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her a pity! The parents culd have survived the earthquake，______ they (nt，cme) back t save their (wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut the stage (be) a number f famus singers，whse sngs are welcmed by the majrity f yung cin has tw sides.Beautiful sngs，smetimes， just be nise t thers.
14.My cmputer didn’t start this mrning.There have been smething wrng with wuld (like) t represent his cuntry in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number f cmpetitrs，and Edwards wasn’t qualified.
1.After Lincln was elected President f the US in 1861，they rented the huse and (sell) mst f their furniture.(2021·浙江6月)2.In cities，hwever，the gain (be) 1.3 in wmen and 1.6 in men.The researchers described “striking changes” in the gegraphy f BMI.(2021·浙江1月)3.By abut 6,000 BC，peple (discver) the best crps t grw and animals t raise.(2020·浙江7月)
had discvered
4.Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it (mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn (cnstruct).”(2020·全国Ⅰ)5.The parts f a museum pen t the public (call) galleries r rms.Often，nly a small part f museum’s cllectin is n display.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)6.Jim says we stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.(2020·天津7月)7.When every pupil in the schl wears the unifrm，nbdy __________ (have) t wrry abut fashin(时尚).(2019·浙江6月)
is cnstructed
8.Amy，as well as her brthers， (give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)9.In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut (reprt) increases in bear sightings arund human settlements，leading t a belief that ppulatins are increasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)10.The musician alng with his band members (give) ten perfrmances in the last three mnths.(2019·江苏)11.What a pity！Yu missed the sightseeing，r we (have) a gd time tgether.(2019·江苏)
have reprted
wuld have had
12.I can’t find my purse.I (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m nt sure.(2018·天津6月)13.It’s strange that he have taken the bks withut the wner’s permissin.(2018·江苏)14.Steam engines (use) t pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant fr the passengers，with all the smke and nise.(2017·全国Ⅱ)15.If the new safety system (put) t use，the accident wuld never have happened.(2017·北京)
culd/might have left
had been put
Passage 1 时态与主谓一致篇
The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.
was established
1.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是过去时态，主语“The first z”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语是the first z，谓语用单数，故填 was established。
Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
2.考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是过去的时间状语，谓语需要用过去式，故填 built。
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.
3.考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 cnsisted。
Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.
4.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zs”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语是the zs，谓语用复数，故填were replaced。5.考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
were replaced
(were) kept
As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.Since then，zs 7._____________ (try) t save many endangered species，
6.考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是过去的时间状语，谓语要用过去式，故填 understd。7.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语是zs，谓语用复数，故填have tried/have been trying。
have tried/have
been trying
but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
8.考查非谓语动词。rely n sb. t d sth. 依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.
9.考查谓语动词的时态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
(are) watched
Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
are playing
10.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语nw可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语prgrams是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情态动词篇
1.因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.
2.我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。
N ne 3. be cmpared with Ellen in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.
3.没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
did/shuld d
4.It is high time sb. shuld d/did sth. 到了某人该做某事的时候了。
Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.Teachers recmmend that parents 6._________________(nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.
5.每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will可以表示现在的习惯。
(shuld) nt allw
6.recmmend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“shuld＋动词原形”，shuld可以省略。
Students 7. bey schl rules.Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8. (nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.
7.学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
didn’t wear
8.如果学生在校期间不穿校服，他会立即受到惩罚。因为主句谓语用wuld d，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式表示对现在的虚拟。
Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
9.根据规定，学生如果想拿奖学金，任一单科成绩不得低于85分。shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应，必须”。
10.我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 shuld在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1.时态的交叉使用典例 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival，which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.运用 (2021·浙江6月)艺术盛宴本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。
The art feast falls in the lecture hall this week.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.
2.利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3.被动语态的适当运用典例 (2020·天津7月)成人礼定于6月8号举行。The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.运用 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.
4.虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情态动词＋have dne”表虚拟典例 (2017·浙江11月)我们本来可以愉快地露营，可是妈妈忘了带帐篷。We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.运用 (2021·浙江6月)我本不应该这样自私，因为我应该承担我的责任。
I shuldn’t have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国Ⅱ)多亏了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn what sweet fruits labur wuld result in.
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games. It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exams.
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
注释：①是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为：wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为：have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为：will＋be＋现在分词。
一、词形变化 在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。
二、核心考点 高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的有10种。1.一般现在时(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等时间状语连用。He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
3.一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形或者is/am/are ging t d，常与表示将来的时间状语tmrrw，next week等连用。It is said that he will retire next mnth.据说他将于下个月卸任。
单句语法填空1.The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue (tell) yu the running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r (hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全国甲)
4.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He is playing basketball n the playgrund.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.约翰和姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，ften，cnstantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。The girl is always talking alud in public.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.格林太太今天上午11点正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
6.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃饭。
单句语法填空1.She (play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the Friday I will g t anther cncert.They (play) smething by Mzart at that time.3.—Hi，let’s g skating.—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I (fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
7.现在完成时(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。—I’m srry，but I dn’t quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?—Srry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋时间段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It has been＋一段时间＋since从句This/That/It is the that＋现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8.过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
单句语法填空1.Befre getting int the car，I thught I (learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he (say) t me raised in a family f teachers，I (get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.3.I (expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned
had expected
9.过去将来时(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said she wuld retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道儿子紧接着会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构： was/were ging t＋动词原形；was/were t＋动词原形；was/were abut t＋动词原形。He tld me he was t get married the next week.他告诉我他下周结婚。She was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10.现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我们常常见面。
单句语法填空1.—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.—He went t the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he (be) a famus scientist whse theries (change) the wrld.
has been writing
wuld change
Xia Ming’s Cellphne Xia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ by the basketball club. Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
注释：①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为：had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。
1.不及物动词及动词短语没有被动语态，如happen，ccur，take place，break ut，spread等。An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。A big fire brke ut in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
2.被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加nt，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。如：Trees shuld nt be planted in summer.夏天不应该种树。The man was made fun f by his partner.这个人被他的伙伴取笑了。
3.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成“It be＋dne...”形式。如：It is/was said/reprted that...据说/据报道……It is/was well knwn that...众所周知……It must be pinted ut that...必须指出……It must be admitted that...人们必须承认……It is/was generally cnsidered/suppsed/hped/believed that...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……
It is generally cnsidered that the key t learning a freign language well is nthing but practice.人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。It is reprted that the temperature will decline sharply in ne r tw days.据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。
4.下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。如：(1)feel/taste/smell/lk/sund＋adj.Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(2)want/need/require/be wrth dingThe windw wants/needs/requires repairing.这扇窗户需要修理。The mvie is wrth seeing.这部电影值得一看。(3)wash/sell/write/read/clean＋adv.(well，easily，smthly)Her new bk was very interesting and sld well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。Nyln cleans easily.尼龙容易清洗。
单句语法填空1.Mary’s niece wrte，“The little hme (paint) white.”(2021·浙江6月)2.My washing machine (repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by ，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，___________(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f yu leave the club，yu (nt，allw) back in.
was painted
is being repaired
is regarded
wn’t be allwed
单句语法填空1.Yu can’t help wndering hw hard it (be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.It desn’t impress like Gerge Washingtn’s plantatin n the Ptmac，but Lincln’s hme in dwntwn Springfield，Illinis，_________________(prve) irresistible t visitrs since it pened t the public.(2021·浙江6月)
has prven/prved
3.Currently，abut 35,000 wrks (display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津3月)4.I (walk) acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.(2015·湖南)
are being displayed
was walking
1.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)题干中如有always，ften，seldm，smetimes，usually等，用一般现在时。(2)题干中如有yesterday，last night，a few days ag，the ther day，then等，用一般过去时。(3)题干中如有tmrrw，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。(4)题干中如有nw，at present，currently等，用现在进行时。(5)题干中如有at that time，at six ’clck yesterday等，用过去进行时。
(6)题干中如有at this time tmrrw，frm 1 ’clck t 3 ’clck tmrrw等，用将来进行时。(7)题干中如有since，s far，up t nw，in/ver/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。2.熟记固定句型中的时态(1)be ，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。3.分清主动被动，辨析语态看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用被动语态。
1.语法一致原则 I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注释：该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短语时，谓语动词跟这些短语前面的主语一致。⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语前有each，every，n修饰时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
2.意义一致原则 I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
注释：①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则 There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.
注释：①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事物，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。如：The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.若主语中有mre than ne 或many a/an，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但mre＋复数名词＋than ne作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。如：Mre than ne student was late.不止一个学生迟到。Mre persns than ne cme t help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
3.“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
单句语法填空1.The teacher and pet ften (give) lectures arund the city.2.I think Tm，rather than yu (be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are but Jim and Mike (be) n the playgrund far as I knw，his family nt very large but the family all music lvers.(be)
5.The pr (be) lked dwn upn in the ld his parents nr I (be) able t persuade him t change his t lud music and rck cncerts (cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh (wear) evening dress.
单句语法填空1.The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It (build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修复).(2021·全国甲)2.Ging t Munt Huangshan (remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3.It is calculated by dividing a persn’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 (cnsider) healthy.(2021·浙江1月)4.Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin (be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
is cnsidered
1.找准句子中的主语，看主语是单数还是复数。2.牢记特殊用法的结构，用对谓语动词的数。3.注意结合时态和语态。
1.can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can’t①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.
M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注释：can/culd的意义及用法①can表能力，意为“能够”。②can表请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb. have dne...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，culdn’t have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2.may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注释：may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3.mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
注释：must的意义及用法①must表必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee，tea either.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注释：shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth. ＝ught (nt) t d sth. (不)应该做某事。
5.shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn’t matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注释：shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6.need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注释：need/dare的意义及用法•dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。•dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。•其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7.will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注释：will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中：can’t/can (无论……也不过分；越……越好)Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.＝Yu can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2.情态动词＋have dne
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1.—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?—Dn’t wrry.He cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.2.I thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.
4.Yu have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.5.I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She have spken at the present will nt believe such a gentleman d play with the knife，r yu may hurt be punished fr what yu have have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10.I have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
1.wish/wuld rather/as if/if nlyMr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
注释：as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词语后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形。
2.条件状语从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注释：•①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne...对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...•⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装，结构为：Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have ＋主语＋t d/Shuld＋主语＋d，主语＋wuld d...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：主语＋wuld have dne...，but 过去的事实主语＋wuld d...，but 现在的事实Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld d(与现在相反)Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld have dne (与过去相反)现在的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld d过去的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld have dne
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气 Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注释：•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有shuld的虚拟语气。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。•上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带shuld的虚拟语气，如②。•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用含有shuld的虚拟语气，如③。•It is (high/abut) time that sb. did/shuld d sth. 也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb. (shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb. (shuld) teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.
注释：在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc. )＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc. )＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
1.当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。(1)The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。(2)The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he shuld nt be sent t hspital.这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
2.错综时间条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
单句语法填空1.The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I ___ (be) there befre!2.Our nly request is that this (settle) as sn as pssible.3.I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he _______________ (arrive) n time.
(shuld) be settled
4.If it (rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a yu (take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the exam.
shuld rain/were t rain/rained
单句语法填空1.It used t be that yu drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)2.Yu (nt) have sclded him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.(2020·天津3月)3.If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I (nt，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)
情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”注意一：若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。注意二：一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。
单句语法填空1.It is the first time that my sn (meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her face t girl (shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the father，as well as his kids， (discuss) where t spend the weekend nw.
is discussing
4.When fat and salt (remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn _____________(graduate) frm the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm ______ (attract) thusands f visitrs during the past factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which (be) saved fr ther purpses.
had graduated
8.They made up their minds that they (buy) a new huse nce Larry changed have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her a pity! The parents culd have survived the earthquake，______ they (nt，cme) back t save their (wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut the stage (be) a number f famus singers，whse sngs are welcmed by the majrity f yung cin has tw sides.Beautiful sngs，smetimes， just be nise t thers.
14.My cmputer didn’t start this mrning.There have been smething wrng with wuld (like) t represent his cuntry in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number f cmpetitrs，and Edwards wasn’t qualified.
1.After Lincln was elected President f the US in 1861，they rented the huse and (sell) mst f their furniture.(2021·浙江6月)2.In cities，hwever，the gain (be) 1.3 in wmen and 1.6 in men.The researchers described “striking changes” in the gegraphy f BMI.(2021·浙江1月)3.By abut 6,000 BC，peple (discver) the best crps t grw and animals t raise.(2020·浙江7月)
had discvered
4.Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it (mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn (cnstruct).”(2020·全国Ⅰ)5.The parts f a museum pen t the public (call) galleries r rms.Often，nly a small part f museum’s cllectin is n display.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)6.Jim says we stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.(2020·天津7月)7.When every pupil in the schl wears the unifrm，nbdy __________ (have) t wrry abut fashin(时尚).(2019·浙江6月)
is cnstructed
8.Amy，as well as her brthers， (give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)9.In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut (reprt) increases in bear sightings arund human settlements，leading t a belief that ppulatins are increasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)10.The musician alng with his band members (give) ten perfrmances in the last three mnths.(2019·江苏)11.What a pity！Yu missed the sightseeing，r we (have) a gd time tgether.(2019·江苏)
have reprted
wuld have had
12.I can’t find my purse.I (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m nt sure.(2018·天津6月)13.It’s strange that he have taken the bks withut the wner’s permissin.(2018·江苏)14.Steam engines (use) t pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant fr the passengers，with all the smke and nise.(2017·全国Ⅱ)15.If the new safety system (put) t use，the accident wuld never have happened.(2017·北京)
culd/might have left
had been put
Passage 1 时态与主谓一致篇
The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.
was established
1.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是过去时态，主语“The first z”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语是the first z，谓语用单数，故填 was established。
Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
2.考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是过去的时间状语，谓语需要用过去式，故填 built。
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.
3.考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 cnsisted。
Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.
4.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zs”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语是the zs，谓语用复数，故填were replaced。5.考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
were replaced
(were) kept
As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.Since then，zs 7._____________ (try) t save many endangered species，
6.考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是过去的时间状语，谓语要用过去式，故填 understd。7.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语是zs，谓语用复数，故填have tried/have been trying。
have tried/have
been trying
but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
8.考查非谓语动词。rely n sb. t d sth. 依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.
9.考查谓语动词的时态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
(are) watched
Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
are playing
10.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语nw可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语prgrams是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情态动词篇
1.因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.
2.我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。
N ne 3. be cmpared with Ellen in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.
3.没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
did/shuld d
4.It is high time sb. shuld d/did sth. 到了某人该做某事的时候了。
Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.Teachers recmmend that parents 6._________________(nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.
5.每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will可以表示现在的习惯。
(shuld) nt allw
6.recmmend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“shuld＋动词原形”，shuld可以省略。
Students 7. bey schl rules.Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8. (nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.
7.学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
didn’t wear
8.如果学生在校期间不穿校服，他会立即受到惩罚。因为主句谓语用wuld d，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式表示对现在的虚拟。
Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
9.根据规定，学生如果想拿奖学金，任一单科成绩不得低于85分。shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应，必须”。
10.我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 shuld在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1.时态的交叉使用典例 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival，which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.运用 (2021·浙江6月)艺术盛宴本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。
The art feast falls in the lecture hall this week.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.
2.利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3.被动语态的适当运用典例 (2020·天津7月)成人礼定于6月8号举行。The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.运用 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.
4.虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情态动词＋have dne”表虚拟典例 (2017·浙江11月)我们本来可以愉快地露营，可是妈妈忘了带帐篷。We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.运用 (2021·浙江6月)我本不应该这样自私，因为我应该承担我的责任。
I shuldn’t have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国Ⅱ)多亏了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn what sweet fruits labur wuld result in.
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